Eve covers herself and lowers her head in shame in Rodin's Eve after the Fall.

Shame is, variously, an affect, emotion, cognition, state, or condition. The roots of the word shame are thought to derive from an older word meaning "to cover"; as such, covering oneself, literally or figuratively, is a natural expression of shame.^[1]

Description[link]

Nineteenth century scientist Charles Darwin, in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, described shame affect as consisting of blushing, confusion of mind, downward cast eyes, slack posture, and lowered head, and he noted observations of shame affect in human populations worldwide.^[2] He also noted the sense of warmth or heat (associated with the vasodilation of the face and skin) occurring in intense shame.

A "sense of shame" is the consciousness or awareness of shame as a state or condition. Such shame cognition may occur as a result of the experience of shame affect or, more generally, in any situation of embarrassment, dishonor, disgrace, inadequacy, humiliation, or chagrin.^[3]

A condition or state of shame may also be assigned externally, by others, regardless of one's own experience or awareness. "To shame" generally means to actively assign or communicate a state of shame to another. Behaviors designed to "uncover" or "expose" others are sometimes used for this purpose, as are utterances like "Shame!" or "Shame on you!"

Finally, to "have shame" means to maintain a sense of restraint against offending others (as with modesty, humility, and deference) while to "have no shame" is to behave without such restraint (as with excessive pride or hubris).

Shame vs. guilt and embarrassment[link]

Person hiding face and showing posture of shame (while wearing a Sanbenito and coroza hat) in Goya's sketch "For being born somewhere else". The person has been shamed by the Spanish Inquisition.

The location of the dividing line between the concepts of shame, guilt, and embarrassment is not fully standardized.^[4]

According to cultural anthropologist Ruth Benedict, shame is a violation of cultural or social values while guilt feelings arise from violations of one's internal values. Thus, it is possible to feel ashamed of thought or behavior that no one knows about and to feel guilty about actions that gain the approval of others.

Psychoanalyst Helen B. Lewis argued that, "The experience of shame is directly about the self, which is the focus of evaluation. In guilt, the self is not the central object of negative evaluation, but rather the thing done is the focus."^[5] Similarly, Fossum and Mason say in their book Facing Shame that "While guilt is a painful feeling of regret and responsibility for one's actions, shame is a painful feeling about oneself as a person."^[6] Following this line of reasoning, Psychiatrist Judith Lewis Herman concludes that "Shame is an acutely self-conscious state in which the self is 'split,' imagining the self in the eyes of the other; by contrast, in guilt the self is unified."^[7]

Clinical psychologist Gershen Kaufman's view of shame is derived from that of Affect Theory, namely that shame is one of a set of instinctual, short-duration physiological reactions to stimulation.^[8][9] In this view, guilt is considered to be a learned behavior consisting essentially of self-directed blame or contempt, with shame occurring consequent to such behaviors making up a part of the overall experience of guilt. Here, self-blame and self-contempt mean the application, towards (a part of) one's self, of exactly the same dynamic that blaming of, and contempt for, others represents when it is applied interpersonally. Kaufman saw that mechanisms such as blame or contempt may be used as a defending strategy against the experience of shame and that someone who has a pattern of applying them to himself may well attempt to defend against a shame experience by applying self-blame or self-contempt. This, however, can lead to an internalized, self-reinforcing sequence of shame events for which Kaufman coined the term "shame spiral".^[8]

One view of difference between shame and embarrassment says that shame does not necessarily involve public humiliation while embarrassment does, that is, one can feel shame for an act known only to oneself but in order to be embarrassed one's actions must be revealed to others. In the field of ethics (moral psychology, in particular), however, there is debate as to whether or not shame is a heteronomous emotion, i.e. whether or not shame does involve recognition on the part of the ashamed that they have been judged negatively by others. Immanuel Kant and his followers held that shame is heteronomous; Bernard Williams and others have argued that shame can be autonomous.^[10][11] Shame may carry the connotation of a response to something that is morally wrong whereas embarrassment is the response to something that is morally neutral but socially unacceptable. Another view of shame and embarrassment says that the two emotions lie on a continuum and only differ in intensity.

Subtypes[link]

• Genuine shame: is associated with genuine dishonor, disgrace, or condemnation.

• False shame: is associated with false condemnation as in the double-bind form of false shaming; "he brought what we did to him upon himself". Author and TV personality John Bradshaw calls shame the "emotion that lets us know we are finite".^[12]

• Secret shame: describes the idea of being ashamed to be ashamed, so causing ashamed people to keep their shame a secret.^[13]

• Toxic shame: describes false, pathological shame, and Bradshaw states that toxic shame is induced, inside children, by all forms of child abuse. Incest and other forms of child sexual abuse can cause particularly severe toxic shame. Toxic shame often induces what is known as complex trauma in children who cannot cope with toxic shaming as it occurs and who dissociate the shame until it is possible to cope with.^[14]

• Vicarious shame: In the 1990s, psychologists introduced the notion of vicarious shame, which refers to the experience of shame on behalf of another person. Individuals vary in their tendency to experience vicarious shame, which is related to neuroticism and to the tendency to experience personal shame. Extremely shame-prone people might even experience vicarious shame even to an increased degree, in other words: shame on behalf of another person who is already feeling shame on behalf of a third party (or possibly on behalf of the individual proper).

Narcissism[link]

It has been suggested that narcissism in adults is related to defenses against shame^[15] and that narcissistic personality disorder is connected to shame as well.^[16][17] Psychiatrist Glen Gabbard suggested that NPD could be broken down into two subtypes, a grandiose, arrogant, thick-skinned "oblivious" subtype and an easily hurt, oversensitive, ashamed "hypervigilant" subtype. The oblivious subtype presents for admiration, envy, and appreciation a grandiose self that is the antithesis of a weak internalized self which hides in shame, while the hypervigilant subtype neutralizes devaluation by seeing others as unjust abusers.^[16]

Social aspects[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (September 2007)

Shame is considered one aspect of socialization in all societies. According to the anthropologist Ruth Benedict, cultures may be classified by their emphasis on the use of either shame or guilt to regulate the social activities of individuals. Shared opinions and expected behaviours and potential associated feelings of shame are in any case proven to be effective in guiding behaviour of a group or society.

Shame may be used by those people who commit relational aggression and may occur in the workplace as a form of overt social control or aggression. Shaming is also a central feature of punishment, shunning, or ostracism. In addition, shame is often seen in victims of child neglect and child abuse.

Shame campaign[link]

A shame campaign is a tactic in which particular individuals are singled out because of their behavior or suspected crimes, often by marking them publicly, such as Hester Prynne in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. In the Philippines, Alfredo Lim popularized such tactics during his term as mayor of Manila. On July 1, 1997, he began a controversial "spray paint shame campaign” in an effort to stop drug use. He and his team sprayed bright red paint on two hundred squatter houses whose residents had been charged, but not yet convicted, of selling prohibited substances. Officials of other municipalities followed suit. Former Senator Rene A. Saguisag condemned Lim’s policy.^[18]

Despite this criticism, the shame campaigns continued. In January 2005, Metro Manila Development Authority Chair Bayani Fernando announced a shame campaign to target jaywalkers by splashing them with wet rags. Sen. Richard Gordon disagreed with the shame tactic, and Rep. Vincent Crisologo called this approach "martial law tactics". Rep. Rozzano Rufino Biazon argued jaywalkers were being treated like cattle.^[19][20]

See also[link]

• Badge of shame
• Cognitive dissonance
• Lady Macbeth effect
• Name and shame
• Psychological projection
• Shame society
• Slut-shaming

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Bradshaw, J. (1988) Healing the Shame That Binds You, HCI. ISBN 0-932194-86-9
• Gilbert, P. (2002) Body Shame: Conceptualisation, Research and Treatment. Brunner-Routledge. ISBN 1-58391-166-9
• Gilbert, P. (1998) Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture. ISBN 0-19-511480-9
• Goldberg, Carl (1991) Understanding Shame, Jason Aaronson, Inc., Northvale, NJ. ISBN 0-87668-541-6
• Hutchinson, Phil (2008) Shame and Philosophy. London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0-230-54271-9
• Lewis, Michael (1992) Shame: The Exposed Self. NY: The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-918881-4
• Middelton-Moz, J. (1990) Shame and Guilt: Masters of Disguise, HCI, ISBN 1-55874-072-4
• Miller, Susan B. (1996) Shame in Context, Routledge, ISBN 0-88163-209-0
• Morrison, Andrew P. (1996) The Culture of Shame. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-37484-3
• Morrison, Andrew P. (1989) Shame: The Underside of Narcissism. The Analytic Press. ISBN 0-88163-082-9
• Nathanson, D., ed. (1987) The Many Faces of Shame. NY: The Guilford Press. ISBN 0-89862-705-2
• Schneider, Carl D. (1977) Shame, Exposure, and Privacy. Boston: Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-1121-5
• Vallelonga, Damian S. (1997) An empirical phenomenological investigation of being ashamed. In Valle, R. Phenomenological Inquiry in Psychology: Existential and Transpersonal Dimensions. New York: Plenum Press, 123-155.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shame

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Shame

Look up shame in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Sample chapter from Phil Hutchinson's book Shame and Philosophy
• Understanding Shame and Humiliation in Torture
• US Forces Make Iraqis Strip and Walk Naked in Public
• Shame
• Humiliation is Simply Wrong (USA Today Editorial/Opinion)
• Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law
• Shame and Psychotherapy
• Shame and Group Psychotherapy
• Sexual Guilt and Shame
• Social usage of shame in historical times

v t e Emotions (list) Emotions Adoration Affection Agony Awe Amusement Anger Anguish Annoyance Anxiety Arousal Attraction Caring Compassion Contempt Contentment Defeat Dejection Depression Desire Despair Disappointment Disgust Ecstasy Embarrassment Empathy Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Fear Frustration Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hysteria Infatuation Insecurity Insult Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Loneliness Longing Love Lust Melancholy Neglect Optimism Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Sentimentality Shame Shock Sorrow Spite Suffering Surprise Sympathy Tenseness Thrill Revenge Wonder Worry Diligence Zest Worldviews Compatibilism Existentialism Fatalism Incompatibilism Metaphysics Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Social justice Weltschmerz Source: Parrott, W. (2001), Emotions in Social Psychology, Psychology Press, Philadelphia.

Michael Fassbender
Fassbender in March 2012.
Born	(1977-04-02) 2 April 1977 (age 35) Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany
Nationality	Irish, German
Alma mater	Drama Centre London
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1994–present

Michael Fassbender (born 2 April 1977) is an Irish-German actor. He is perhaps best known for having played Lieutenant Archie Hicox in the war film Inglourious Basterds (2009), Magneto in the superhero film X-Men: First Class (2011), and the android David in the science fiction film Prometheus.

His other credits include the fantasy action film 300 (2007); the drama film Fish Tank (2009); the romantic drama film Jane Eyre (2011); the historical film A Dangerous Method (2011), directed by David Cronenberg, in which he plays psychologist Carl Jung; as well as the biographical film Hunger (2008) and the drama film Shame (2011), both directed by Steve McQueen. For his role in Shame, he won the Volpi Cup best-actor award at the 68th Venice International Film Festival held in August 2011 along with being nominated for a Golden Globe Award and BAFTA.

Early life and education[link]

Fassbender was born in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany (now Germany). His mother is from Larne, County Antrim in Northern Ireland, and his father, Josef Fassbender, is German.^[1][2] According to Fassbender's "family lore", his mother is the great-great-niece of Michael Collins, an Irish leader during the War of Independence.^[1][3] When he was two years old, his parents moved to Killarney, County Kerry, in the Republic of Ireland, where they ran the West End House, a restaurant where his father worked as a chef.^[1][2] Fassbender was brought up as a Roman Catholic and served as an altar boy.^[4]

He attended St. Brendan's, Killarney (The Sem) and the Drama Centre London.^[5]

Career[link]

Early work[link]

Fassbender first played the part of Burton "Pat" Christenson in Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg's award-winning television miniseries Band of Brothers. He played the character of Azazeal in both series of Hex on Sky One and he also starred as the main character in the music video for the song "Blind Pilots", by the British band The Cooper Temple Clause. In the video, he plays the part of a man on a stag night with his friends, only to slowly transform into a goat due to wearing a cowbell necklace.

Fassbender played the part of Jonathan Harker in a ten-part radio serialization of Dracula produced by BBC Northern Ireland and broadcast in the Book at Bedtime series between 24 November and 5 December 2003. He was also seen in early 2004 in a Guinness television commercial, The Quarrel, playing a man who swims across the ocean from Ireland to apologize personally to his brother in New York.

During the 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Fassbender played Michael Collins in Allegiance, a play by Mary Kenny based on the meeting between Winston Churchill and Collins, of whom Fassbender's mother is a great-niece.^[6] In addition, he produced, directed and starred in the stage version of Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs, along with his production company.

He appeared in Angel (UK title: The Real Life of Angel Deverell), about the rise and fall of an eccentric young British writer (played by Romola Garai) in the early 20th century. Fassbender plays her love interest and average painter Esmé. The drama – the first English-language effort by French director François Ozon and based on the novel by Elizabeth Taylor – premiered on 17 February 2007 at the Berlin International Film Festival and on 14 March 2007 in Paris. He then made a brief appearance in Wedding Belles as Barney, speaking with a Scottish accent.

Mainstream success[link]

Michael Fassbender at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival

In 2006, Fassbender played the role of Stelios, a young Spartan warrior, in 300, a fantasy action film directed by Zack Snyder. The film was a commercial success.^[7]

In preparation for his role as Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoner Bobby Sands in Steve McQueen's 2008 film Hunger, Fassbender underwent a crash diet that restricted him to 600 calories a day. He received the British Independent Film Award for his performance.^[8]

One year after his success at the Cannes Film Festival with Hunger, he appeared in two films. The first was Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds, in which he played the British officer Lieutenant Archie Hicox. The other film was Fish Tank directed by Andrea Arnold. Both films were critically acclaimed and Fassbender's work in them also well received.

In 2010, Fassbender appeared as Burke in Jonah Hex, a Western film.^[9] In an interview at San Diego Comic-Con International, a comic book convention, Fassbender commented of the role: "I kind of developed this character and really pushed it – I’ll see how far I pushed it ... I had this idea about the character, he’s kind of psychotic, he gets his kicks in perverted ways. I didn’t want to make it very obvious or like something you’ve seen before".^[10] Hex received predominately negative reviews.^[11] Responding to criticism of Jonah Hex in 2011, Fassbender commented: "Pretty awful, was it? I haven't seen it myself."^[12]

He also portrayed Quintus Dias in Neil Marshall's war-thriller-drama film Centurion.^[13] and was cast as 'Richard Wirth' in the Joel Schumacher film Blood Creek alongside Dominic Purcell. The story centers on a West Virginia man who comes to terms with his moral qualms and helps his brother wipe out a family that had been protecting a Nazi occultist and who had kept his brother captive for him to feed off for years.

Fassbender played Edward Rochester in the 2011 film Jane Eyre, featuring Mia Wasikowska in the title role, with Cary Fukunaga directing.^[14]

Fassbender (right), Josh Brolin and Megan Fox promoting the 2010 film Jonah Hex at Comic-Con in 2009.

Fassbender portrayed Magneto in the superhero blockbuster X-Men: First Class, the prequel to X-Men. Set in 1962, it focuses on the friendship between Charles Xavier (played by James McAvoy) and Magneto and the origin of their groups, the X-Men and the Brotherhood of Mutants. The film was released on 3 June 2011 to general acclaim and financial success and promoted Fassbender to being more of a popular movie star.

In 2011, Fassbender starred in A Dangerous Method by director David Cronenberg, playing Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Carl Jung. The film premiered at the 2011 Venice Film Festival.^[15] He also starred in Shame, as a man in his thirties struggling with his sex addiction. Shame reunited him with director Steve McQueen and premiered at the 2011 Venice Film Festival, where Fassbender won a Volpi Cup best actor award for his portrayal of Brandon.^[16] Fassbender was a serious contender for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, but he was not nominated, and according to various sources his full-frontal nudity and depiction of sexual encounters inspired voters "to fantasize, and not actually vote."^[17][18] Fassbender achieved critical acclaim for his performance in Shame and received nominations for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.

In 2012, he appeared in Haywire, an action-thriller directed by Steven Soderbergh.^[19]

Future projects[link]

Due to a schedule conflict, Fassbender had to pull out of negotiations to work with Oscar-winning director, Danny Boyle, in his new film, Trance.^[20]

Fassbender signed to star in actor Brendan Gleeson's directorial debut of At Swim-Two-Birds,^[21] a film adaptation of Irish author Flann O'Brien's novel. He will also team up for a third time with McQueen to co-star in a yet-to-be-determined role, with Chiwetel Ejiofor, portraying Solomon Northup, in Twelve Years A Slave, filming to commence in late summer of 2012.

Together with a screenwriter Ronan Bennett, Fassbender formed a production company Finn McCool Films. Fassbender and Bennett are currently developing a film about the Irish mythological hero Cú Chulainn.^[22]

In February, Fassbender signed on to play a title role as a lawyer in The Counselor, a film directed by Ridley Scott and based on the Cormac McCarthy script, filming is to start in mid-June.^[23]

He is also going to play Thomas Wolfe in a movie Genius about a famous literary editor Max Perkins, to be played by Colin Firth.^[24]

In 2013, Fassbender is set to take on the role of Harry Flashman in a film adaptation of the books by George MacDonald Fraser.

Personal life[link]

Shifting between British films and American films, Fassbender resides in London, England where he has lived for the last 15 years, while making career-related visits to Los Angeles, California.

He speaks conversational German, though he has stated that he needed to brush up a bit on his spoken German before filming Inglourious Basterds, as it was a bit rusty.^[25][26] He has also expressed interest in performing in a German-language film or theater production one day.^[27]

Fassbender is currently dating his Shame costar Nicole Beharie. ^[28]

Filmography[link]

Television[link]

Fassbender was at the Top Gear studios in Surrey, England, on 8 February 2012 to film Star in a Reasonably Priced Car, where celebs try to set a fastest lap time of the Top Gear test track in a low-spec family hatchback. The lap and his interview with Jeremy Clarkson was aired on BBC2 on 19 February 2012.

See also[link]

• List of awards and nominations received by Michael Fassbender

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michael Fassbender

• Michael Fassbender at the Internet Movie Database

Carey Mulligan
Mulligan at the Toronto International Film Festival 2010
Born	Carey Hannah Mulligan (1985-05-28) 28 May 1985 (age 27) Westminster, London, England
Occupation	Actress
Years active	2004–present
Spouse	Marcus Mumford (2012–present)

Carey Hannah Mulligan^[1] (born 28 May 1985)^[2] is an English actress. She made her film debut as Kitty Bennet in Pride & Prejudice (2005). She had roles in numerous British programmes and, in 2007, made her Broadway debut in The Seagull to critical acclaim.

In 2009, she gained widespread recognition for playing the lead role of Jenny in An Education, winning a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and also being nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for her performance. She went on to star in dramatic films such as The Greatest, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps, Never Let Me Go, Drive and Shame.

Early life[link]

Mulligan was born in Westminster, London, England.^[3] Her father, Stephen, was originally from Liverpool, and her mother, Nano (née Booth), a college lecturer, came from Llandeilo in West Wales.^[1][3][4] Her paternal great-grandfather emigrated from Ireland.^[5] Mulligan has one sibling, an elder brother.^[3][4] At the age of 3, she moved with her family from England to Germany after her father accepted the job of managing the European arm of Intercontinental Hotels. Due to her father's job, her family lived in expensive hotels for 8 years.^[6] She was "quite shy" during her childhood^[3] and a tomboy until the age of 15.^[7] She was also "quite straight-laced" and very academic until age 14, having then become more interested in acting.^[8] She was educated at Woldingham School, a girls' boarding school. ^[9]

Her interest in acting sparked from watching her brother perform in a school production of The King and I^[3] (she would later participate in plays at her school) and attending Broadway plays as a teen.^[10] Before acting professionally, she had once secretly applied to and been rejected by three drama schools specified on her UCAS application form.^[3][7] After failing an audition, the rejections made her question whether to pursue an acting career and go through what she called a "confusing time". Aside from rejection, she had also questioned being an actress due to her parents' disapproval of pursuing a job in entertainment. They insisted she attend university and believed Mulligan's desire would wear off.^[10] Around this time, she had a brief job as a barmaid at a local pub.^[7] She later said that those negative experiences made her know how much she wanted to act.^[11]

Career[link]

2005–2010[link]

In 2004, Mulligan began her acting career by winning the role of Kitty Bennett in Pride & Prejudice, the 2005 period piece film adaptation of the Jane Austen novel. She received the role with help from her school's headmistress, after Mulligan had written to her explaining that she did not want to go to university and asking for help in getting in touch with actor Julian Fellowes, who had spoken at Mulligan's school. After she met Fellowes, he introduced her to a casting agent who was looking to cast an unknown in the film.^[7] Later that year, she appeared in a recurring role in the BAFTA award-winning BBC adaption of Charles Dickens' Bleak House, as orphan Ada Clare^[12] and onstage in The Hypochondriac.^[13] Among her 2007 projects were My Boy Jack, starring Daniel Radcliffe that features her in a supporting role. Mulligan identified with her role Elsie, who vociferously opposes her brother going to war.^[12] She earned a Constellation Award for playing the main character Sally Sparrow in an episode of Doctor Who.^[14] She rounded out 2007 by appearing in an acclaimed revival of The Seagull, in which she played Nina to Kristin Scott Thomas' Arkadina and Chiwetel Ejiofor's Trigorin. The Daily Telegraph said her performance was "quite extraordinarily radiating'" and The Observer called her "almost unbearably affecting."^[12] While in the middle of the production, she had to have an appendectomy, preventing her from being able to perform for a week.^[12] For her debut Broadway performance in the 2008 American transfer of The Seagull, she was nominated for a Drama Desk Award, but lost to Angela Lansbury.^[15]

Mulligan with co-star Peter Sarsgaard at a premiere for An Education in October 2009

At 22, she was cast in her first leading role as 16 year old Jenny in the coming-of-age 2009 release drama An Education,^[16] which got rave reviews and commissioned $26 million against a $7.5 million budget at the box office.^[17] She received critical acclaim for her performance, as the press began referring to her as an "It girl".^[18] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly and Todd McCarthy of Variety both compared her performance to that of Audrey Hepburn.^[16][19] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers described her as having given a "sensational, starmaking performance,"^[20] while Claudia Puig of USA Today felt that Mulligan had one of the year's best performances,^[21] and Toby Young of The Times felt she anchored the film.^[22] Writing in The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw concluded that she gave a "wonderful performance."^[23] For her work, she garnered Golden Globe, Academy Award and Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations, as well as receiving a British Academy Film Award. Mulligan was a recipient of the Shooting Stars Award from the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival^[24] and received a BAFTA Rising Star Award nomination, which is voted on by the British public.^[25]

She next starred in The Greatest (2010) as the pregnant girlfriend of a boy who dies; her involvement with the project helped it "tremendously", according to the director.^[26] It opened to mostly indifferent reviews, with Ty Burr of the Boston Globe criticising it for being "grueling and gently contrived", but was more positive in his assessment of Mulligan.^[27] After being selected to join The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences,^[28] she won a British Independent Award for Never Let Me Go, an adaption of the 2005 Kazuo Ishiguro's novel, which she starred in and narrated and was released in September 2010 - competing against her other project, the Oliver Stone-directed film Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps.^[25] The latter, a sequel to the 1987 movie, is about a new story of greed and power. Screened out of competition at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival,^[29] it was her first major studio project.^[30] Later that year she also provided vocals for the song "Write About Love" by Belle & Sebastian.^[31]

2011 onward[link]

Mulligan returned to the stage in the Atlantic Theater Company's off-Broadway play Through a Glass, Darkly from 13 May – 3 July 2011,^[32] acting as the central character, a mentally unstable woman, to glowing praise from reviewers.^[33] Ben Brantley, theater critic for The New York Times, wrote that Mulligan's performance was "acting of the highest order"; he also described her as "extraordinary" and "one of the finest actresses of her generation."^[34] Script adjustments were made to accommodate Mulligan as Irene, who was originally written as a Latina woman in her late twenties, in the 2011 neo-noir thriller movie Drive, which also starred Ryan Gosling.^[35] Mulligan began filming Steve McQueen's sex-addiction drama Shame alongside Michael Fassbender in New York in January 2011.^[36] Both films were shown at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, and received vast critical acclaim. Of her performance in Shame, Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers wrote, "Mulligan is in every way sensational."^[37] Away from acting, Mulligan will be a co-chairmen alongside Anna Wintour for the 2012 Met Ball Gala.^[38] She will also star opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in the film adaption of The Great Gatsby, playing the role of the superficial Daisy Buchanan; its release date is set for Christmas 2012.^[39]

Additionally, the actress will reunite with Drive filmmaker Nicolas Winding Refn for I Walk With the Dead, play the female lead in the Coen Brothers' Inside Llewyn Davis, and star in Spike Jonze's next film written by Charlie Kaufman.^[40] Other upcoming projects for her include the lead roles in an adaptation of My Fair Lady and On Chesil Beach,^[41] as well as a part in the science fiction project titled, Outback, developed by GK Films.^[42]

Personal life[link]

Mulligan dated American actor and Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps co-star Shia LaBeouf from August 2009 to October 2010.^[43][44] In August 2011, she became engaged to Mumford & Sons lead singer Marcus Mumford.^[45] The couple married on 21 April 2012 in Somerset, England.^[46]

Mulligan was among the actresses who took part in the Safe Project - each was photographed in the place she feels safest - for a series to raise awareness of sex trafficking.^[47] She donated the Vionnet gown she wore at the 2010 BAFTAs to the Curiosity Shop, which sells its donations to raise money for Oxfam.^[48]

Filmography[link]