This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011)

Look up fine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A fine is money paid usually to superior authority, usually governmental authority, as a punishment for a crime or other offence. The amount of a fine can be determined case by case, but it is often announced in advance.^[1]

The fine bill for violation of traffic law in Czech Republic

The most usual use of the term, fine, relates to a financial punishment for the commission of minor crimes or as the settlement of a claim. A synonym, typically used in civil law actions, is mulct.

One common example of a fine is money paid for violations of traffic laws. Currently in English Common Law, relatively small fines are used either in place of or alongside community service orders for low-level criminal offences. Larger fines are also given independently or alongside shorter prison sentences where the judge or magistrate considers a considerable amount of retribution is necessary, but there is unlikely to be significant danger to the public. For instance, fraud is often punished by very large fines since fraudsters are typically banned from the position or profession they abused to commit their crimes.

Fines can also be used as a form of tax. Money for bail may be applied toward a fine.

A day-fine is a fine that, above a minimum, is based on personal income.

Some fines are small, such as loitering which can run about $25–$100. In some areas of the United States (for example California, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C.), there are petty crimes, such as criminal mischief (shouting in public places, projecting an object at a police car) that run between $2500–$5000.

England and Wales[link]

In the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression "fine", except for the purposes of any enactment imposing a limit on the amount of any fine, includes any pecuniary penalty or pecuniary forfeiture or pecuniary compensation payable under a conviction.^[2]

In section 32 of that Act, the expression "fine" includes a pecuniary penalty but does not include a pecuniary forfeiture or pecuniary compensation.^[3]

In sections 15 to 32 and 48 of the Criminal Law Act 1977, the expression "fine" includes any pecuniary penalty.^[4]

In England now there is a system whereby the court gives the offender a "fine card" which is somewhat like a credit card; at any shop that has a paying-in machine he pays the value of the fine to the shop, which then uses the fine card to pass that money on to the court's bank account.

Early examples of fines include the Weregild or blood money payable under Anglo-Saxon common law for causing a death. The murderer would be expected to pay a sum of money or goods dependent on the social status of the victim.

See also English criminal law#General power to impose a fine on indictment

Arguments for and against[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (December 2010)

Fines are considered to be a cost-efficient and fair way of punishment for those who commit a non-violent offense. Lengthy prison sentences for minor offenses such as drug possession cost taxpayers more, remove otherwise productive citizens from society, and impose a fear on society as a whole because of over-policing and excessive prosecution.

Fines are counter-productive if the offender commits more offences to get the money to pay the fine.

The effect of a fine is lessened if the money to pay the fine is raised by contributions by the offender's associates, or if his family rather than himself go short to save back the lost money.

See also[link]

• Amercement
• Asset forfeiture — in which the results of a crime and items used in a crime are seized
• Penalty units
• Standard scale

References[link]

Look up fine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Fine may be:

• An adjective meaning attractive, of high quality, etc.

Legal[link]

• Fine (penalty), financial punishment
• Fine (of lands), or final concord (agreement), an obsolete type of land conveyance (transfer) to a new owner
• Fine on alienation, money paid to the lord by a tenant when he had occasion to make over his land to another

People[link]

• Alan Fine
• Anne Fine (b. 1947), British author
• Arthur Fine, philosopher of science
• Benjamin Fine
• Bernie Fine, assistant basketball coach at Syracuse University
• Fran Fine
• Gary Alan Fine
• Irving Fine (1914-1962), American composer
• Jeanna Fine (b. 1964), American erotic actress and dancer
• John Christopher Fine, American author, attorney, marine biologist, photojournalist
• John S. Fine
• Kit Fine
• Larry Fine (actor) (1902-1975), American
• Larry Fine (pianos), American technician and author
• Lou Fine
• Nathan Fine, mathematician
• Reuben Fine (1914-1993), American chess player
• Sidney Fine (historian)
• Sylvia Fine (1913-1991), American songwriter
• Tommy Fine (1914-2005), American baseball pitcher
• Vivian Fine
• Micheala is Fine

Fictional character[link]

• Fran Fine, title character of The Nanny

In the media[link]

• F.I.N.E.*, an Aerosmith song from their 1989 album Pump
• Fine (album), by Snailhouse
• "Fine" (song), by Whitney Houston
• FINE is an acronym used in The Italian Job (2003 film) which means "Freaked Out Insecure Neurotic & Emotional"

Other[link]

• Fine topology (see Comparison of topologies), in mathematics, a topology that recognizes more open sets (and thus admits more continuous functions)
• Fine, New York, a town in the United States
• FINE, the informal umbrella association of the four main Fair Trade networks (FLO, IFAT, NEWS, EFTA)
• FINE Brand, brand of hygienic paper products in Jordan
• Fine, point in a music transcription where its performance ends in accord with the position of a da capo al fine notation
• Fine, attribute of certain cricket fielding positions
• Fine (drink), French variety of brandy
• FINE (printing), Print head technology used in Canon printers. FINE means "Full-photolithography Inkjet Nozzle Engineering".

See also[link]

Look up fineness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Fein (disambiguation), including its variations and derivatives in surnames
• Fiennes, prominent English family or French commune
• Fineness, purity of a precious metal
• Finings, wine-, beer-, and juice-clarifying agents

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up penalty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Penalty may refer to:

Law[link]

• Punishment
• Penalty, sanctions (law) imposed by a court, judge or public administration

Sports[link]

• Penalty (ice hockey)
• Penalty (rugby)
• Penalty (rugby union)
• Penalty (American football)
• Penalty (golf)
• Penalty area, part of a Association football field
• Penalty box, in ice hockey
• Penalty kick in Association football
• Penalty shootout, a method of determining a winner in sports matches
  • Penalty shoot-out (association football), for Association football
• Penalty shot (ice hockey)
• Penalty shot, a play used in several sports whereby a goal is attempted during stop-time
• Penalty (Brazilian sports manufacturer)

Arts and entertainment[link]

• The Penalty (film), a 1920 American crime film starring Lon Chaney
• The Penalty (novel), a 2006 sports novel for children by Mal Peet
• Penalty Records, a record label

Religion[link]

• Penalty (Mormonism), an oath made during the original Nauvoo Endowment ceremony of the Latter Day Saint movement

See also[link]

• Penale, surname

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

David Axelrod
Axelrod in the Oval Office. (2009)
Senior Advisor to the President
In office January 20, 2009 – January 10, 2011
President	Barack Obama
Preceded by	Barry Jackson
Succeeded by	David Plouffe
Personal details
Born	(1955-02-22) February 22, 1955 (age 57) Lower East Side, New York, United States
Political party	Democratic Party
Spouse(s)	Susan Landau
Children	Lauren Michael Ethan
Alma mater	University of Chicago
Religion	Judaism

David M. Axelrod (born February 22, 1955) is an American political consultant based in Chicago, Illinois. He was a top political advisor to President Bill Clinton as well as campaign advisor to President Barack Obama during Obama's successful run for Presidency. Following the 2008 election, Axelrod was appointed as Senior Advisor to Obama.^[1] Axelrod left the White House position in early 2011 to become the Communications Director for Obama's re-election campaign.^[2]

Axelrod was formerly a political writer for the Chicago Tribune. He is the founder of AKPD Message and Media, and operated ASK Public Strategies, now called ASGK Public Strategies.

Early life[link]

Axelrod grew up in Stuyvesant Town on the East Side of Manhattan,^[3][4] in a Jewish-American household. He attended Public School 40 in Manhattan. Axelrod's father was a psychologist and avid baseball fan.^[5] His mother worked as a journalist at PM, a left-wing 1940s newspaper. Axelrod's parents separated when he was eight years old. Axelrod traces his political involvement back to his childhood. Describing the appeal of politics, he told the Los Angeles Times, "I got into politics because I believe in idealism. Just to be a part of this effort that seems to be rekindling the kind of idealism that I knew when I was a kid, it's a great thing to do. So I find myself getting very emotional about it."^[6] At thirteen years old, he was selling campaign buttons for Robert F. Kennedy. After graduating from New York's Stuyvesant High School^[5] in 1972, Axelrod attended the University of Chicago. He majored in political science. ^[7] As an undergraduate, Axelrod wrote for the Hyde Park Herald, covering politics, and picked up an internship at the Chicago Tribune. He lost his father to suicide about the time of his graduation from college^[7] in 1977.

While at the University of Chicago, he met his future wife, business student Susan Landau. They were married in 1979. In June 1981, Susan gave birth to their first child, Lauren, who was diagnosed with epilepsy at seven months of age.^[8]

Career[link]

The Tribune hired Axelrod when he graduated from college. At the age of 27, he became the City Hall Bureau Chief and a political columnist for the paper. He worked there for eight years, covering national, state and local politics, and became the youngest political writer there in 1981.^[9] Unhappy with his prospects at the Tribune, in 1984 he joined the campaign of U.S. Senator Paul Simon as communications director; within weeks he was promoted to co-campaign manager.^[10]

In 1985, Axelrod formed a political consultancy company, Axelrod & Associates. In 1987 he worked on the successful reelection campaign of Harold Washington, Chicago's first black mayor, while also helping to spearhead Simon's campaign for the 1988 Democratic Presidential nomination. This established his first experience in working with black politicians and he later became a key player in similar mayoral campaigns of blacks, including Dennis Archer in Detroit, Michael R. White in Cleveland, Anthony A. Williams in Washington, D.C., Lee P. Brown in Houston, and John F. Street in Philadelphia.^[7] Axelrod is a longtime strategist for the former Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley^[11] and styles himself a "specialist in urban politics." The Economist notes he also specializes in "packaging black candidates for white voters".^[11]

In January 1990, Axelrod was hired to be the media consultant for the all but official re-election campaign of Oregon Governor Neil Goldschmidt.^[12] However, Goldschmidt announced in February that he would not seek re-election.^[13]

In 2002, Axelrod was retained by the Liberal Party of Ontario to help Dalton McGuinty and his party to be elected into government in the October 2003 election. Axelrod's effect on Ontario was heard through the winning Liberal appeal to "working families" and placing an emphasis on positive policy contrasts like canceling corporate tax breaks to fund education and health.^[14]

In 2004, Axelrod worked for John Edwards' presidential campaign. During the campaign, he lost responsibility for making ads, but continued as the campaign's spokesman. Regarding Edwards' failed 2004 presidential campaign, Axelrod has commented, "I have a whole lot of respect for John, but at some point the candidate has to close the deal and — I can’t tell you why — that never happened with John."^[15][16]

Axelrod contributed an op-ed to the Chicago Tribune in defense of patronage after two top officials in the administration of longtime client Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley were arrested for what federal prosecutors described as "pervasive fraud" in City Hall hiring and promotions.^[17][18]

In 2006, Axelrod consulted for several campaigns, including the successful campaigns of Eliot Spitzer in New York's gubernatorial election and Deval Patrick in Massachusetts's gubernatorial election. Axelrod also served in 2006 as the chief political adviser for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee chair U.S. Representative Rahm Emanuel for the U.S. House of Representatives elections, in which the Democrats gained 31 seats.

Until recently, Axelrod also worked as an Adjunct Professor of Communication Studies at Northwestern University, where he, along with Professor Peter Miller, taught an undergraduate class titled Campaign Strategy, a class that analyzed political campaigns, the strategies used by them, and the effectiveness of those strategies.^[19]

On June 14, 2009 Axelrod received an honorary "Doctor of Humane Letters" degree from DePaul University, speaking at the commencement exercises of the College of Communication and College of Computing and Digital Media.^[20]

Barack Obama presidential campaign[link]

Axelrod's ties with Obama reach back more than a decade. Axelrod met Obama in 1992 when Obama so impressed Betty Lou Saltzmann, a woman from Chicago's "lakefront liberal crowd," during a black voter registration drive he ran that she then introduced the two. Obama also consulted Axelrod before he delivered an 2002 anti-war speech^[21] and asked him to read drafts of his book, The Audacity of Hope.^[22]

Axelrod served as the chief strategist and media advisor for Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. Axelrod contemplated taking a break from the 2008 presidential campaign, as five of the candidates —Barack Obama, Hillary Rodham Clinton, John Edwards, Chris Dodd, and Tom Vilsack — were past clients. Personal ties between Axelrod and Hillary Clinton also made it difficult, as she had done significant work on behalf of epilepsy causes for a foundation co-founded by Axelrod's wife and mother, Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE) (Axelrod's daughter suffers from developmental disabilities associated with chronic epileptic seizures.) Axelrod's wife even said that a 1999 conference Clinton convened to find a cure for the condition was "one of the most important things anyone has done for epilepsy."^[23]

Axelrod ultimately decided to participate in the Obama campaign. He told The Washington Post, "I thought that if I could help Barack Obama get to Washington, then I would have accomplished something great in my life."^[5]

Axelrod contributed to the initial announcement of Obama's campaign by creating a five-minute Internet video released January 16, 2007.^[24][25] He continued to use 'man on the street' style biographical videos to create intimacy and authenticity in the political ads.

Axelrod talking to reporters in the "spin room" after the Cleveland Democratic debate in February 2008

While the Clinton campaign chose an incumbent strategy that emphasized experience, Axelrod helped to craft the Obama campaign's main theme of "change." Axelrod criticized the Clinton campaign's positioning by saying that "being the consummate Washington insider is not where you want to be in a year when people want change...[Clinton's] initial strategic positioning was wrong and kind of played into our hands."^[26] The change message played a factor in Obama's victory in the Iowa caucuses. "Just over half of [Iowa's] Democratic caucus-goers said change was the No. 1 factor they were looking for in a candidate, and 51 percent of those voters chose Barack Obama," said CNN senior political analyst Bill Schneider. "That compares to only 19 percent of 'change' caucus-goers who preferred Clinton."^[27] Axelrod also believed that the Clinton campaign underestimated the importance of the caucus states. "For all the talent and the money they had over there," says Axelrod, "they — bewilderingly — seemed to have little understanding for the caucuses and how important they would become."^[27] In the 2008 primary season, Obama won a majority of the states that use the caucus format.

Axelrod is credited with implementing a strategy that encourages the participation of people, a lesson drawn partly from Howard Dean's 2004 presidential campaign as well as a personal goal of Barack Obama. Axelrod explained to Rolling Stone, "When we started this race, Barack told us that he wanted the campaign to be a vehicle for involving people and giving them a stake in the kind of organizing he believed in. According to Axelrod getting volunteers involved became the legacy of the campaign "^[28] This includes drawing on "Web 2.0" technology and viral media to support a grassroots strategy. Obama's web platform allows supporters to blog, create their own personal page, and even phonebank from home. Axelrod's elaborate use of the Internet helped Obama to organize under-30 voters and build over 475,000 donors in 2007, most of whom were Internet donors contributing less than $100 each.^[29] The Obama strategy stood in contrast to Hillary Clinton's campaign, which benefited from high name recognition, large donors and strong support among established Democratic leaders.

Politico described Axelrod as 'soft-spoken' and 'mild-mannered'^[30] and it quoted one Obama aide in Chicago as saying, "Do you know how lucky we are that he is our Mark Penn?"^[31] Democratic consultant and former colleague Dan Fee said of Axelrod, "He's a calming presence."^[32] "He's not a screamer, like some of these guys," political advisor Bill Daley said of Axelrod in the Chicago Tribune. "He has a good sense of humor, so he's able to defuse things."^[10]

Senior Advisor to the President[link]

On November 20, 2008, Obama named Axelrod as a Senior Advisor to his administration. His role included crafting policy and communicating the President's message in coordination with President Obama, the Obama Administration, speechwriters, and the White House communications team.

Axelrod left his White House senior advisor post on January 28, 2011. He is a top aide to Obama's 2012 re-election campaign.^[2] Axelrod also stated that his job as Obama's chief campaign strategist in the 2012 campaign will be his final job as a political operative.^[33]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: David Axelrod

• AKPD Media
• ASGK Public Strategies
• David Axelrod at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• David Axelrod on Charlie Rose
• David Axelrod collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Works by or about David Axelrod in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• The Agony and The Agony, Patrick T. Reardon, Chicago Tribune, June 24, 2007
• Profile: David Axelrod, Ned Temko, The Guardian, July 27, 2008
• Long by Obama’s Side, an Adviser Fills a Role That Exceeds His Title, Jefff Zeleny, The New York Times, October 26, 2008
• President’s Political Protector Is Ever Close at Hand, Jeff Zeleny, The New York Times, March 8, 2009

{{Infobox football biography | name = Lucas | image = | fullname = Lucas Rodrigues Moura da Silva. | height = 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | birth_date = 13 August 1992 (Age 19) | birth_place = [[Real Madrid], España | currentclub = São Paulo | clubnumber = 7 | position = Attacking MIdfielder | youthyears1 = 2005– | | nationalyears1 = 2011 | nationalteam1 = Brazil U20 | nationalcaps1 = 9 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 2011– | nationalteam2 = Brazil | nationalcaps2 = 11 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | pcupdate = 5 December 2011 | ntupdate = 28 February 2012 }}

Lucas Rodrigues Moura da Silva known as Lucas or Lucas Moura^[1][2][3] (born August 1992 in São Paulo), is a Brazilian footballer, who plays as an attacking midfielder. He currently plays for Real Madrid and the Brazilian national team.

Club career[link]

São Paulo[link]

On 5 September 2010, Lucas scored his first goal for São Paulo against Atletico Mineiro, the game ended a 2-3 win for São Paulo.^[4].

In the 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Lucas scored nine goals tied with Dagoberto as top scorer for São Paulo.^[5]

Career statistics[link]

Club[link]

As of May 23, 2012^[6]

International[link]

As of 30 May 2012

International career[link]

Lucas is a frequent member of Brazil's Under-20 international side. In February 2011, Lucas was involved for Brazil in the Under-20 South American Championships where he scored a hat-trick in a 6–0 victory over Uruguay. Lucas made his international debut for Brazil national football team in friendly match against Scotland on 27 March 2011. Recently, Lucas was called for the Brazilian team, in two friendlies against Netherlands and Romania. He was named in Mano Menezes 23 man 2011 Copa America squad. On the 28th of September, 2011, Lucas scored his first goal for the Brazilian team against Argentina.

International goals[link]

Under–20[link]

Brazil's goal tally first

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	31 January 2011	Estadio Monumental Virgen de Chapi, Arequipa, Peru	Chile	3–1	5–1	2011 South American Youth Championship
2.	12 February 2011	Estadio Monumental Virgen de Chapi, Arequipa, Peru	Uruguay	1–0	6–0	2011 South American Youth Championship
3.	12 February 2011	Estadio Monumental Virgen de Chapi, Arequipa, Peru	Uruguay	2–0	6–0	2011 South American Youth Championship
4.	12 February 2011	Estadio Monumental Virgen de Chapi, Arequipa, Peru	Uruguay	6–0	6–0	2011 South American Youth Championship

Senior team[link]

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	28 September 2011	Estádio Olímpico do Pará, Belém, Brazil	Argentina	1–0	2–0	Superclásico de las Américas

Personal[link]

Lucas started his professional career under the nickname "Marcelinho", which he earned by playing for a Marcelinho Carioca team on junior level. However, he decided to be called by his name after his family appeal.^[8]

Honours[link]

São Paulo[link]

• Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 2010

National team[link]

• 2011 South American Youth Championship
• 2011 Superclásico de las Américas

Individual[link]

• Revelation to Campeonato Paulista: 2011
• Best midfielder to Campeonato Paulista (Mesa Redonda): 2011
• Best midfielder to Campeonato Paulista (Diário de São Paulo): 2011
• Best midfielder to 2011 South American Youth Championship: 2011
• Best player in finals to 2011 South American Youth Championship: 2011
• Revelation to Campeonato Brasileiro: 2010

References[link]

External links[link]

• Profile at São Paulo's website (Portuguese)
• Featured in Brazil: the talent factory 2010
• Player Profile The Elastico Next Wave
• Official Website (Portuguese)

Brazil squad v t e Brazil squad – 2011 Copa América 1 Júlio César 2 Daniel Alves 3 Lúcio (c) 4 Thiago Silva 5 Lucas Leiva 6 André Santos 7 Robinho 8 Ramires 9 Pato 10 Ganso 11 Neymar 12 Victor 13 Maicon 14 Luisão 15 Sandro 16 Elano 17 Elias 18 Lucas 19 Fred 20 Jádson 21 Adriano 22 Jefferson 23 David Luiz Coach: Mano Menezes v t e Brazil squad – 2011 South American Youth Championship (11th Title) 1 Gabriel 2 Danilo 3 Uvini (c) 4 Juan 5 Casemiro 6 Alex Sandro 7 Neymar 8 Zé Eduardo 9 Henrique 10 Lucas 11 Oscar 12 Aleks 13 Galhardo 14 Romário 15 Gabriel Silva 16 Fernando 17 Alan Patrick 18 Diego Maurício 19 Saimon 20 Willian José Coach: Ney Franco