New York City
—  City  —
The City of New York
Clockwise from top: Midtown Manhattan, the United Nations Headquarters, the Statue of Liberty, the Brooklyn Bridge, Central Park, Times Square, and the Unisphere in Queens
Flag Official seal of New York City Seal
Nickname(s): The Big Apple, Gotham, Center of the Universe, The City That Never Sleeps,[1] The Capital of the World[2][3][4][5]
Location in the state of New York
New York City Location in the United States
Coordinates: 40°39′51″N 73°56′19″W / 40.66417°N 73.93861°W / 40.66417; -73.93861Coordinates: 40°39′51″N 73°56′19″W / 40.66417°N 73.93861°W / 40.66417; -73.93861[6]
Country	United States
State	New York
Counties	Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond
Settled	1624
Incorporated	1898
Government[7]
• Type	Mayor–Council
• Body	New York City Council
• Mayor	Michael Bloomberg (I)
Area[6]
• City	468.48 sq mi (1,213.4 km2)
• Land	302.64 sq mi (783.8 km2)
• Water	165.84 sq mi (429.5 km2)
Elevation[8]	33 ft (10 m)
Population (2011 United States Census estimates[9])[10]
• City	8,244,910 (1st)
• Density	27,243.06/sq mi (10,518.60/km2)
• Metro	18,897,109 (1st)
• CSA	22,085,649 (1st)
Demonym	New Yorker
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code(s)	100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
Area code(s)	212, 718, 917, 646, 347, 929
FIPS code	36-51000
GNIS feature ID	975772
Website	www.nyc.gov

New York is the most populous city in the United States^[11] and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world.^[12][13][14] The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York^[15] to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part.^[16] As a global power city,^[17] New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters,^[18] New York is an important center for international diplomacy^[19] and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.^[20]

Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors,^[21] New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county.^[22] The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898.^[23][24] With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910^[25] distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km²),^[26][27][28] New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States.^[29] As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.^[30] The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km²),^[31][32] and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.^[33]

New York traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic, and was named New Amsterdam in 1626.^[34] The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664^[35][36] and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.^[37][38] New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.^[39] It has been the country's largest city since 1790.^[40] The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries^[41] and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.^[42]

Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known to its approximately 50 million annual visitors.^[43][44][45] Times Square, iconified as "The Crossroads of the World",^{[46][47][48][49][50]} is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theater district,^[51] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections,^[52][53] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.^[54] The city hosts many world renowned bridges, skyscrapers,^[55] and parks. New York City's financial district, anchored by Wall Street in Lower Manhattan, functions as the financial capital of the world^[56] and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies.^[57] Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world.^[58] Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere.^{[59][60][61][62]} Providing continuous 24/7 service,^[63] the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive rapid transit systems in the world. Numerous colleges and universities are located in New York,^[64] including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which are ranked among the top 50 in the world.^[65]

History[link]

Early History[link]

In the precolonial era the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island, the western portion of Long Island including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens, Manhattan and the lower Hudson Valley including The Bronx.^[66]

The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into Upper New York Harbor, where he spent one night aboard ship and sailed out the next day. He claimed the area for France and named it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).^[67] In January a year later, Esteban Gomez, a Portuguese of African descent sailing for Emperor Charles V of Spain, entered New York Harbor and charted the mouth of the Hudson river which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration.^[68]

The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.

In 1609 English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (Half Moon) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it may be a passage. When the river narrowed and was no longer salty he realized it wasn't a sea passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614 the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).

The year 1614 saw the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on the southern tip of Manhattan which would be called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam) in 1625. Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape,^[69] in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders^[70] (about $1000 in 2006);^[71] a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.^[72][73]

In 1664 Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany.^[74] At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch gained control of Run (then a much more valuable asset) in exchange for the English controlling New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.^[75] By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.^[76]

In 1702, the city lost 10% of its population to yellow fever.^[77] New York suffered seven major yellow fever epidemics from 1702 to 1800.^[78]

New Amsterdam in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York"

New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule. It became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square revealed than tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years.

The city hosted the influential John Peter Zenger trial in 1735, helping to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan.^[79] The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.

The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were routed, leaving subsequent smaller engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for the freedom promised by the Crown. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.

The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.^[80]

In 1785 the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street.^[81] By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.

Broadway circa 1840

In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development related to the western and cotton trades, as well as European immigration.^[82] The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1819 opening of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.^[83] Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.^[84]

The city also became a center of the cotton trade: by 1822 cotton shipments comprised nearly half of its exports,^[85] with most going to Great Britain and European markets. Upstate mills manufactured textiles from the cotton, so much of the state's economy was connected to the cotton trade.^[85] So many southern businessmen came to New York that they had favorite hotels, and businesses and restaurants catered to them.^[85]

Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.

Under the state's "gradual abolition law of 1799", children of slave mothers were born free, but were held in indentured servitude until their late 20s. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, gradually a significant free-black population developed in Manhattan. The New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children.^[85] It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.^[86]

Modern History[link]

The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1860, one in four New Yorkers—over 200,000—had been born in Ireland.^[87] There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.^[88]

Bird's eye view print of Manhattan & New York City, 1873. The Brooklyn Bridge was under construction from 1870 until 1883.

Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861 Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.^[85] Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865) led to the Draft Riots of 1863, led by ethnic Irish working class.^[85]

It deteriorated into vicious attacks on blacks and their property, following fierce competition for a decade between immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but its more than 200 children escaped harm.^[88] Rioters killed an estimated 100 blacks and attacked many more, especially in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.^[89] Because of the violence, many blacks left the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn and New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance.^[88]

In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.^[90] The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board.

In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.^[91]

Midtown Manhattan, New York City, from Rockefeller Center, 1932

New York's nonwhite population was 36,620 in 1890.^[92] In the 1920s, New York City was a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of competing skyscrapers that changed the skyline into its identifiable twentieth-century shape.

New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history.^[93] The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello LaGuardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.^[94] Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters (completed in 1950) emphasized New York's political influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.^[95]

In the 1960s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates, which extended into the 1970s.^[96] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.^[97] By the 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to changed police strategies, improving economy, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.

United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the former World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

The city suffered the worst nationally of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the twin towers of the World Trade Center.^[98] A new complex, which includes One World Trade Center, a 9/11 memorial and museum, and three other office towers, is being built on the site. The first buildings are finished and it is scheduled for completion by 2014.^[99] The a new transit center which was opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. Then a temporary station was built, which opened on November 23, 2003. The station is currently undergoing a major reconstruction project and will become the World Trade Center Transportation Hub after its completion, scheduled for the second quarter of 2014.^[100]

Geography[link]

Satellite imagery demonstrating the core of the New York City Metropolitan Area.

New York City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.^[101] The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. Much of New York is built on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.

The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary.^[102] The Hudson separates the city from New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.^[103]

The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.^[104] Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, especially in Manhattan.^[105]

The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km²). 164.1 square miles (425 km²) of this are water and 304.8 square miles (789 km²) is land.^[27][28] The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine.^[106] The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.^[107]

Climate[link]

Under the Köppen climate classification New York City has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and using the 0 °C (32 °F) threshold it is the northernmost major city on the continent with such categorization. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 58% of possible sunshine annually,^[108] accumulating 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine per annum.^[109]

Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding of the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities located at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.1 °F (0.1 °C). However, temperatures in winter could for a few days be as low as 10 °F (−12 °C) and as high as 50 °F (10 °C).^[110] Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid with a July average of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C). Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, and temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 18 days each summer and can exceed 100 °F (38 °C) every 4–6 years.^[111]

The city receives 49.7 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall for 1971 to 2000 has been 22.4 inches (57 cm), but this usually varies considerably from year to year.^[111] Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area.^[112] Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 to 106 °F (-26 to 41 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934 and July 9, 1936, respectively.^[113]