PEN International (International PEN to 2011), the worldwide association of writers, was founded in London in 1921^[1] to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere.

Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.

PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists and Novelists",^[2] but now includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.

It is the world’s oldest human rights organization^[3] and the oldest international literary organization.^{[citation needed]}

Role of PEN[link]

PEN is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO^{[citation needed]} and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.^{[citation needed]}

The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first President. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H.G. Wells.

The club established the following aims:

1. To promote intellectual co-operation and understanding among writers;
2. To create a world community of writers that would emphasize the central role of literature in the development of world culture; and,
3. To defend literature against the many threats to its survival which the modern world poses.

Past Presidents of International PEN have included Malcolm Afford, Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis and Jiří Gruša. The current President is John Ralston Saul.

International PEN is headquartered in London and composed of 145 autonomous PEN Centres in 104 countries around the world, each of which are open to qualified writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour or religion.

PEN Affiliated Awards[link]

PEN awards dozens of literary awards each year. Some examples include:

• The PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction
• The PEN/Malamud Award, for excellence in the art of Short Fiction
• The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories (a yearly anthology, not an award)

PEN Charter[link]

Literature, national though it be in origin, knows no frontiers, and should remain common currency among nations in spite of political or international upheavals.

In all circumstances, and particularly in time of war, works of art and libraries, the heritage of humanity at large, should be left untouched by national or political passion.

Members of PEN should at all times use what influence they have in favor of good understanding and mutual respect among nations; they pledge themselves to do their utmost to dispel race, class, and national hatreds and to champion the ideal of one humanity living in peace in the world.

PEN stands for the principle of unhampered transmission of thought within each nation and among all nations, and members pledge themselves to oppose any form of suppression of freedom of expression in their country or their community.

PEN declares for a free press and opposes arbitrary censorship in time of peace. It believes that the necessary advance of the world toward a more highly organized political and economic order renders free criticism of governments, administrations, and institutions imperative. And since freedom implies voluntary restraint, members pledge themselves to oppose such evils of a free press as mendacious publication, deliberate falsehood, and distortion of facts for political and personal ends...

Writers in Prison Committee[link]

International PEN's Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960^[4] in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of over 900 writers who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List^[5] documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.

The Committee also coordinates the International PEN membership's campaign towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression world wide.

International PEN's Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, a global network of non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.

It is also a member of the Tunisia Monitoring Group, a coalition of 16 free expression organisations that lobbies the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record.

Memorials[link]

Memorial grove, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory

A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the International PEN memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads, "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." Officially opened on 17 November 1997.

A cast-iron sculpture entitled Witness, commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for thirty years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011.^[6]

Notable Members of International PEN[link]

Presidents of the English Centre of PEN[link]

The English Centre of PEN is the founding centre of PEN International.

1. John Galsworthy – 1921 – 1932
2. H.G. Wells – 1933 – 1936
3. J.B. Priestley – 1937
4. Henry W. Nevinson – 1938
5. Storm Jameson – 1939 – 1944
6. Sir Desmond Macarthy – 1945 – 1950
7. Veronica Wedgwood -1951 – 1957
8. Richard Church – 1958
9. Alan Pryce-Jones – 1959 – 1961
10. Rosamond Lehmann CBE – 1962 – 1966
11. L.P. Hartley CBE – 1967 – 1970
12. Sir V.S. Pritchett CBE – 1971 – 1975
13. Kathleen Nott – 1975
14. Stephen Spender CBE – 1976 – 1977
15. Lettice Cooper CBE – 1977 – 1978
16. Francis King CBE – 1979 – 1985
17. Michael Holroyd CBE – 1986 – 1987
18. Lady Antonia Fraser CBE – 1988 – 1990
19. Ronald Harwood CBE – 1990 – 1993
20. Josephine Pullein-Thompson MBE – 1994 – 1997
21. Lady Rachel Billington – 1998 – 2000
22. Victoria Glendinning CBE – 2001 – 2003
23. Alastair Niven OBE – 2004 – 2007
24. Lisa Appignanesi – 2008 – 2010
25. Gillian Slovo - 2011 - present

See also[link]

Literature portal

• International Freedom of Expression Exchange
• International PEN centers - 145+ PEN centers around the world.
  • PEN American Center - the largest of the PEN centers, located in New York City, New York.
  • PEN Center USA - the second largest of the PEN centers, located in Los Angeles, California.
  • PEN Canada -one of the PEN center, located in Toronto, Canada.
  • Sydney PEN - one of the three PEN centers of Australia, located in Sydney.
• PEN literary awards - as awarded by and in conjunction with PEN centers around the world.
• Tunisia Monitoring Group

References[link]

• German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940, by Martin Mauthner (London: 2007), ISBN :9780853035404.

External links[link]

John Ralston Saul CC
John Ralston Saul delivers a lecture at the University of Alberta on 17 November 2006
Born	(1947-06-19) 19 June 1947 (age 65) Ottawa, Ontario
Nationality	Canadian
Occupation	Novelist, essayist

John Ralston Saul, CC (born June 19, 1947) is a Canadian author, essayist, and President of PEN International.

As an essayist, Saul is particularly known for his commentaries on the nature of individualism, citizenship and the public good; the failures of manager-, or more precisely technocrat-, led societies; the confusion between leadership and managerialism; military strategy, in particular irregular warfare; the role of freedom of speech and culture; and his critique of contemporary economic arguments.

Biography[link]

Born in Ottawa, Saul studied at McGill University in Montreal, Canada and at King's College London where he wrote his thesis on the modernization of France under Charles de Gaulle, and earned his Ph.D in 1972. After helping to set up the national oil company Petro-Canada in 1976, as Assistant to its first Chair, Maurice F. Strong, he published his first novel The Birds of Prey in 1977. Through the late 1970s and 1980s, he travelled regularly with guerrilla armies, spending a great deal of time in North Africa and South East Asia. Out of this time came his novels, The Field Trilogy. It was during those extended periods in Northwest Africa and Southeast Asia that he witnessed fellow writers there suffering government suppression of freedom of expression, which caused him to become interested in the work of PEN International[1]. In 2009 he was elected president of PEN International, only the second North American to hold the position since its creation in 1921, the other being Arthur Miller.

As a novelist[link]

The Birds of Prey, a political novel based in Gaullist France, was an international best seller. He then published The Field Trilogy, which deals with the crisis of modern power and its clash with the individual. It includes Baraka or The Lives, Fortunes and Sacred Honor of Anthony Smith, The Next Best Thing, and The Paradise Eater, which won the Premio Letterario Internazionale in Italy. De Si Bons Americains is a picaresque novel in which he observes the life of modern nouveaux riches Americans.

As an essayist[link]

[edit] Voltaire's Bastards, The Doubter's Companion and The Unconscious Civilization

His philosophical essays began with the trilogy made up of the bestseller Voltaire's Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West, the polemic philosophical dictionary The Doubter's Companion: A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense, and the book that grew out of his 1995 Massey Lectures, The Unconscious Civilization. The last won the 1996 Governor General's Award for Non-Fiction Literature.

These books deal with themes such as the dictatorship of reason unbalanced by other human qualities, how it can be used for any ends especially in a directionless state that rewards the pursuit of power for power's sake. He argues that this leads to deformations of thought such as ideology promoted as truth; the rational but anti-democratic structures of corporatism, by which he means the worship of small groups; and the use of language and expertise to mask a practical understanding of the harm this causes, and what else our society might do. He argues that the rise of individualism with no regard for the role of society has not created greater individual autonomy and self-determination, as was once hoped, but isolation and alienation. He calls for a pursuit of a more humanist ideal in which reason is balanced with other human mental capacities such as common sense, ethics, intuition, creativity, and memory, for the sake of the common good, and he discusses the importance of unfettered language and practical democracy.

[edit] Reflections of a Siamese Twin

He expanded on these themes as they relate to Canada and its history and culture in Reflections of a Siamese Twin. In this book, he coined the idea of Canada being a "soft" country, meaning not that the nation is weak, but that it has a flexible and complex identity, as opposed to the unyielding or monolithic identities of other states.

He argues that Canada's complex national identity is made up of the "triangular reality" of three nations that compose it: First Peoples, francophones, and anglophones. He emphasizes the willingness of these Canadian nations to compromise with one another, as opposed to resorting to open confrontations. In the same vein, he criticizes both those in the Quebec separatist Montreal School for emphasizing the conflicts in Canadian history and the Orange Order and the Clear Grits traditionally seeking clear definitions of Canadian-ness and loyalty.

[edit] On Equilibrium

Saul's next book, On Equilibrium (2001), is effectively the conclusion to his philosophical trilogy. He identifies six qualities as common to all people: common sense, ethics, imagination, intuition, memory, and reason. He describes how these inner forces can be used to balance each other, and what happens when they are unbalanced, for example in the case of a "Dictatorship of Reason".

[edit] The Collapse of Globalism

In an article written for Harper's magazine and published in the magazine's March 2004 issue under the title The Collapse of Globalism and the Rebirth of Nationalism, he argued that the globalist ideology was under attack by counter-movements. Saul rethought and developed this argument in The Collapse of Globalism and the Reinvention of the World (2005). Far from being an inevitable force, Saul argued that globalization is already breaking up into contradictory pieces and that citizens are reasserting their national interests in both positive and destructive ways. Following the economic collapse he had predicted, The Collapse of Globalism was re-issued in 2009 with a new epilogue that addressed the current crisis.

[edit] A Fair Country

A Fair Country (2008) is Saul's second major work on Canada. It is organized into four subsections.

"A Métis Civilization"

This section picks up on the argument that Saul makes in Reflections of a Siamese Twin about the 'triangular reality of Canada'. Drawing on the work of scholars like Harold Innis and Gerald Friesen,^[1] Saul argues that contemporary Canada has been deeply influenced and shaped by Aboriginal ideas and the experience of both Francophone and Anglophone immigrants over the 250 years, from 1600 on, during which Aboriginals were either the dominant force in Canada, or equal partners. He argues that Aboriginals are making a rapid “comeback”, and that their fundamental influence needs to be recognized in order for non-Aboriginal Canadians to understand themselves.

"Peace, Fairness, and Good Government"

In this section Saul argues that instead of the phrase "peace, order, and good government", which appears in and has become a touchstone of the 1867 Canadian Constitution, the phrase that dominated previous Canadian documents was "peace, welfare, and good government". Saul suggests that the ensuing emphasis on "order" has not truly represented Canadian origins.

"The Castrati"

This sections echoes Saul's more general critiques of technocratic and bureaucratic regimes. He also suggests that while current Canadian elites reflect a "disturbing mediocrity" this was not always the case.^[2]

"An Intentional Civilization"

Saul uses the final section of the book to argue for a return to an understanding of Canada as a unique response to particular historical circumstances.

[edit] Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin

Saul's contribution to Penguin Canada's Extraordinary Canadians series, of which he serves as General Editor, is a double biography of Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin. In it, he argues that Canada did not begin in 1867, but that in fact its foundations were laid by LaFontaine and Baldwin much earlier. The two leaders of Lower and Upper Canada, respectively, worked together after the 1841 Union to lead a reformist movement for responsible government run by elected citizens instead of a colonial governor. But it was during the "Great Ministry" of 1848—51 that the two politicians implemented laws that Saul argues created a more equitable country. They revamped judicial institutions, created a public education system, made bilingualism official, designed a network of public roads, began a public postal system, and reformed municipal governance. Faced with opposition, and even violence, Saul contends that the two men united behind a set of principles and programs that formed modern Canada.

Speaker[link]

In addition to his selection as the 1995 Massey lecturer, Saul has delivered other notable lectures. He gave the Harold Innis Lecture in 1994. In 2000 he gave the inaugural LaFontaine-Baldwin Lecture. Saul delivered the J.D. Young Memorial Lecture “A New Era Of Irregular Warfare?” at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario on February 4, 2004.^[3] He gave the 2005 IDEAS lecture in Brisbane, Australia, the 2007 Captive Mind Lecture in Kraków, Poland, and in 2008 gave the 33rd Sir Winston Scott Memorial Lecture in Barbados. He also delivered the 2009 McGill Law Journal Annual Lecture at the McGill Faculty of Law in Montreal on February 3, 2009.^[4]

Activities[link]

John Ralston Saul is co-Chair of the Institute for Canadian Citizenship, which encourages new Canadians to become active citizens.. He is Patron and former president of the Canadian Centre of PEN International. He is also Founder and Honorary Chair of French for the Future, which encourages bilingual French-English education, Chair of the Advisory Board for the LaFontaine-Baldwin Symposium lecture series, and a Patron of Planned Lifetime Advocacy Network (PLAN — a cutting edge organization tied to people with disabilities). A Companion in the Order of Canada (1999), he is also Chevalier in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France (1996). His 14 honorary degrees range from McGill University and the University of Ottawa to Herzen University in Saint Petersburg, Russia. From 1999 until 2006 when his wife Adrienne Clarkson was Governor General of Canada he was Canada's vice-regal consort, during which he devoted much of his time to issues of freedom of expression, poverty, public education and bilingualism.

PEN International[link]

Saul was elected as the International President for a three year term at the PEN Annual Congress in Linz, Austria in October 2009. He campaigned on the need to pay attention to smaller and endangered languages and cultures, arguing that the ultimate removal of freedom of expression was the loss of a language. He put a specific emphasis on endangered indigenous languages. He called for a further decentralization of PEN, which has 144 centres in 102 countries. He argues that literature and freedom of expression are the same thing; that you cannot have one without the other. Saul has testified before the European Parliament Human Rights Commission on the loss of freedom of expression in Tunisia, has spoken before European Council on Refugees in Exile, and has published an essay on writers in exile, which has been translated into several languages.

Bibliography[link]

Fiction[link]

• The Birds of Prey (1977)
• Baraka (1983)
• The Next Best Thing (1986)
• The Paradise Eater (1988)
• De si bons Américains (1994)

Non-fiction[link]

• Voltaire's Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West (1992)
• The Doubter's Companion: A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense (1994)
• The Unconscious Civilization (1995)
• Le Citoyen dans un cul-de-sac?: Anatomie d'une société en crise (1996)
• Reflections of a Siamese Twin: Canada at the End of the Twentieth Century (1997)
• On Equilibrium: Six Qualities of the New Humanism (2001)
• The John W. Holmes Memorial Lecture (2004)
• The Collapse of Globalism and the Reinvention of the World (2005)
• Joseph Howe and the Battle for Freedom of Speech (2006)
• A Fair Country: Telling Truths About Canada (2008)
• Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin (2010)

Honours[link]

• Italy's Premio Letterario Internazionale, for The Paradise Eater (1990)
• Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres de France (1996)
• Gordon Montador Award, for The Unconscious Civilization (1996)
• Governor General's Literary Award for Non-fiction, for The Unconscious Civilization (1996)
• Gordon Montador Award, for Reflections of a Siamese Twin (1998)
• Companion of the Order of Canada (1999)
• Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002)
• Pablo Neruda International Presidential Medal of Honour (2004)
• Manhae Literary Prize (2010)

References[link]

1. ^ Friesen, Gerald. Citizens and Nation: An Essay on History, Communication, and Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.
2. ^ Saul, John Ralston. A Fair Country: Telling Truths About Canada. Toronto: Viking, 2008 : 174
3. ^ His Excellency John Ralston Saul J.D. Young Memorial Lecture “A New Era Of Irregular Warfare?” Lecture Delivered To Faculty And Cadets Royal Military College Kingston, Ontario
4. ^ The McGill Law Journal Annual Lecture

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Ralston Saul

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Ralston Saul

• PEN International
• Institute for Canadian Citizenship
• Interview with Mother Jones, 9 November 2005
• John Ralston Saul's entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia

• Interview with Stuart Jeffries The prophet of anti-globalism, The Guardian, 9 June 2005
• Good governance as the Key to Gross National Happiness, keynote speech by John Ralston Saul at Rethinking Development (GNH2) in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, June 23, 2005.
• A review of Saul's book "The Doubter's Companion"
• Inaugural Joseph Howe Lecture, by John Ralston Saul at University of King's College School of Journalism, Halifax, Nova Scotia, March 20, 2004
• The Collapse of Globalism MP3, 11 June 2005
• Saul's Harper's Magazine Essay: The Collapse of Globalism March 2004 (index only, not full text)
• Interview with Scott London from the radio series "Insight and Outlook"
• Full text and streaming audio and another transcript of Citizenship vs the Reigning Linear Trap, a public lecture given at the University of South Australia, Adelaide, 29 August 1999
• Full text and streaming audio and another transcript of Globalisation and Democracy, a public lecture given at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, January 1999
• French for the Future / Le Français Pour L'Avenir
• The Annual LaFontaine-Baldwin Symposium Lecture
• PEN Canada

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Eugene Schoulgin (born April 19, 1941 in Oslo) is a Norwegian writer and government scholar, living in Istanbul, Turkey.

He is the son of the famous painter Alexander Schultz, and grew up in Norway, Italy and France. High school was in Oslo 1960. He has studied Classical Archaeology and Art History at the Universities of Uppsala and Stockholm. Married in Stockholm 1964, three children.

Schoulgin tells himself that he has spent much of his life to travel, especially in South Europe, but also in Eastern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. "I visited Afghanistan in 1972 (10 months) 1976 (2 months) and were then returned twice in 2003 and in 2004 and 2005. I have traveled almost all over Afghanistan." In 2004 he edited with Elisabeth Eide the anthology Bitter almonds, which contains translated texts by authors ties to Kabul.

He has long worked actively for the organization International PEN, a writer organization that among other issues, work for release of imprisoned writers all over the world. He was a member of the Swedish PEN in 1992 and become president its WiPC (Writers in Prison Committee) in 1994. In 2000 he was elected president of International PEN WiPC, a post he held until 2004. From 2004 he sat on the board of International PEN. As president of WiPC, he has traveled in many parts of the world in order to release authors, publishers and journalists in prison. He made several visits to countries like Peru, Mexico, South Korea and Afghanistan.

His books have been translated into Swedish and Turkish, German, Russian and Slovak.

In 1985 he was nominated for the Nordic Council Literature Prize for his novel "Memories of Mirella”. In 2006 he was appointed Norwegian government scholarship for her work with International PEN. Eugene currently lives in Istanbul.

External links[link]

• Profile on Diversity
• Internationalpen
• Diversity novels
• RAHA LETTERS
• Georgia Media Centre

This article about a Norwegian writer, poet or journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Mo Yan, 2008

Mo Yan (Chinese: 莫言; pinyin: Mò Yán) (born February 17, 1955) is a modern Chinese author, described as "one of the most famous, oft-banned and widely pirated of all Chinese writers".^[1] He is known in the West for two of his novels which were the basis of the film Red Sorghum. He has been referred to as the Chinese answer to Franz Kafka or Joseph Heller. He is currently represented by the Hong Kong based Peony Literary Agency

His works have been translated into more than a dozen languages, including English, German, French and Norwegian.

Personal life[link]

Mo Yan was born in the Shandong province to a family of farmers. He left school during the Cultural Revolution to work in a factory that produced oil. He joined the People's Liberation Army at age twenty, and began writing while he was still a soldier, in 1981. Three years later, he was given a teaching position at the Department of Literature in the Army's Cultural Academy.

Pen name[link]

"Mo Yan", meaning "don't speak" in Chinese, is a pen name. His real name is Guan Moye (simplified Chinese: 管谟业; traditional Chinese: 管謨業; pinyin: Guǎn Móyè). In a public speech delivered in Open University of Hong Kong (broadcasted in ATV International, 2008-12-28 11:00), he said this pen name was chosen when he wrote his first novel. He was well known since he was small to be a frank person in speech, which was not quite welcomed in Mainland China. Therefore, he chose this pen name to remind himself not to speak too much.

Critique[link]

The Chinese writer Ma Jian has deplored the lack of solidarity and commitment of Mo Yan vis-a-vis other Chinese writers and intellectuals who were punished and/or detained despite the freedom of expression recognized by the Constitution.^{[citation needed]}

Writing style[link]

Mo Yan's works are predominantly social commentary, and he is strongly influenced by the political critique of Lu Xun and the magical realism of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Using dazzling, complex, and often graphically violent images, Mo Yan draws readers into the disturbing yet beautiful, kaleidoscopic universes of his stories. Mo Yan sets many of his stories near his hometown: Northeast Gaomi Township in Shandong province.

Extremely prolific, Mo Yan wrote his latest novel, "Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out" in only 43 days. He composed the more than 500,000 characters contained in the original manuscript on traditional Chinese paper using only ink and a writing brush.

Works[link]

Mo Yan has published dozens of short stories and novels in Chinese. Several of his novels have been translated into English by Howard Goldblatt, professor of East Asian languages and literatures at the University of Notre Dame.

His first novel was Falling Rain on a Spring Night, published in 1981.

His works include:

• Red Sorghum (first published in 1987 in Chinese; in 1993 in English)
• The Garlic Ballads (first published in English in 1995)
• Explosions and Other Stories, a collection of short stories
• The Republic of Wine: A Novel (first published in 1992 in Chinese; 2000 in English)
• Shifu: You'll Do Anything for a Laugh, a collection of short stories (first published in 2002 in English)
• Big Breasts & Wide Hips (first published in 1996 in Chinese; 2005 in English)
• Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out (published in English in 2008)

Other published works include White Dog Swing, Man and Beast, Soaring, Iron Child, The Cure, Love Story, Shen Garden and Abandoned Child.

Awards[link]

• 1998: Neustadt International Prize for Literature, candidate
• 2005: Kiriyama Prize, Notable Books, Big Breasts and Wide Hips
• 2006: Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize XVII
• 2007: Man Asian Literary Prize, nominee, Big Breasts and Wide Hips
• 2009: Newman Prize for Chinese Literature, winner, Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out
• 2010: Honorary Fellow, Modern Language Association
• 2011: Mao Dun Literature Prize, winner, Frog

Adaptations[link]

Several of Mo Yan's works have been adapted for film:

• Red Sorghum (1987) (directed by Zhang Yimou)
• Happy Times (2000) (directed by Zhang Yimou, adaptation of Shifu: You'll Do Anything for a Laugh)
• Nuan (2003) (directed by Huo Jianqi, adaptation of White Dog Swing)

Further reading[link]

• A Subversive Voice in China: The Fictional World of Mo Yan. Shelley W. Chan. (Cambria Press, 2011).
• Chinese Writers on Writing featuring Mo Yan. Ed. Arthur Sze. (Trinity University Press, 2010).

References[link]

External links[link]

• Novelist Mo Yan Takes Aim with 41 Bombs (China Daily June 27, 2003)