Coordinates: 53°38′56″N 2°34′26″W / 53.649°N 2.574°W / 53.649; -2.574

Anglezarke
The cairn on Round Loaf on Anglezarke Moor, looking towards Winter Hill
Anglezarke  Anglezarke shown within Lancashire
Population	23 (2001)
OS grid reference	SD621171
Civil parish	Anglezarke
District	Chorley
Shire county	Lancashire
Region	North West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	CHORLEY
Postcode district	PR6
Dialling code	01257
Police	Lancashire
Fire	Lancashire
Ambulance	North West
EU Parliament	North West England
UK Parliament	Chorley
List of places: UK • England • Lancashire

Anglezarke is a sparsely populated civil parish in the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire, England. It is dominated by reservoirs that were built to supply water to Liverpool, and a large expanse of moorland with evidence of Bronze Age settlements. Popular with walkers and tourists, it lies in the West Pennine Moors in Lancashire, sandwiched between the moors of Withnell and Rivington, and is close to the towns of Chorley, Horwich and Darwen.^[1] At the 2001 census it had a population of 23.

Quarrying the hard millstone grit for building and paving, mining for lead and minerals, some small scale coal mining and hill farming were important in Anglezarke particularly from the 17th to the 19th centuries. There is no village, the settlement consisted of scattered farms with the hamlet of White Coppice close to the quarries. The area was subjected to depopulation after the reservoirs were built.

History[link]

Toponymy[link]

The name Anglezarke is derived from two Norse-Gaelic elements. In the first part comes from the name Anlaf, a form of the popular Scandinavian personal name of Olav. In the second part comes from the Old Norse word erg or the Brythonic word cognate with Gaelic word àiridh (dialectal arke or argh) both meaning a 'hill pasture or shieling'.^[2] The two elements together mean 'Anlaf's hill pasture' - i.e. 'the hill pasture belonging to Anlaf'. The earliest spelling of the name was in 1202 when it was recorded as 'Andelevesarewe'. By 1225 this had become 'Anlavesargh', in 1351 'Anlasargh', and by 1559 'Anlazarghe'.^[3]

Early history[link]

Human activity around Anglezarke can be traced to pre-historic times. Rushey Brow on Anglezarke Moor has a site of special archaeological interest, a working floor from the Mesolithic period, dated to 8th millennium BC.^[4] Other sites include Pikestones, a Neolithic burial cairn, and Round Loaf, a Bronze Age tumulus which can be seen from the route across Great Hill from White Coppice.^[5]

Manor[link]

Anglezarke was dependent on the barony of Manchester. Albert Grelley gave two oxgangs of land to Robert de Lathom for an annual rent of 3s. In 1339 Edward III granted free warren in Anglezarke to Thomas de Lathum.^[3] In 1298 Sir Robert Fitzhenry, Lord of Lathom gifted land as perpetual alms to Burscough Priory who earned income from rents, a confirmation charter was granted by Henry V in 1422.^[6] The Knights Hospitallers held land at Anglezarke.^[3] In 1406 John of Stanley granted his property in the township held of William of Fulthorp to Edward of Lathom.^[7]

Anglezarke became a manor by custom in the 17th century, the manor court was a court baron. In 1600 the Earl of Derby, Thomas Ireland and Michaell Doughtye of Lathom sold the manor to London merchant, Frances Mosseley and Edward Mosseley of Grays Inn.^[8] In the 17th century the Standishes purchased the Stanley rights to the manor.^[3] In 1693 Dame Margaret Standish and her son Sir Thomas petitioned the House of Lords against Lord Willoughby for the redemption of a mortgage on the manor and lead mines.^[9] In 1721 Sir Thomas Standish leased common land near White and Black Coppice to Sir Henry Hoghton of Hoghton Tower for 21 years. In the mid 19th century land in the township was chiefly the property of William Standish who was lord of the manor.^[10] Percival Sumner Mayhew bought the Standish share in 1898 and held rights to shoot game at the common near White and Black Coppice during his lifetime.^[11] At the turn of the 20th century Liverpool Corporation acquired a large part of the land to protect the Rivington water supply and many properties were demolished leaving only one or two working farms.^[3]

The Manor House, now a Grade II Listed building was formerly known as High Bullough, from a family of that name. It has a 1604 date stone and other stones inscribed "RS", "W S" and "WL 1778".^[12]

Industry[link]

Lead Mines Clough

Dean Brook

It is possible that lead was mined during the Roman occupation of Britain.^[13] A mine was started in 1692 ^[14] by Sir Richard Standish in partnership with two farmers and a mining engineer and after several failures lead was extracted. In 1694 Richard Standish declared in the Chancery Court that he could not sign over the mines to his wife as he was a tenant.^[15] After his death, his widow claimed the profits but lost the resultant court case and flooded the mines by diverting a stream. The operation restarted and was expanded and in 1788-1789, 73 tons of lead were produced. In the 1790s copper and galena were produced. Production ended in 1837^[16] when a lease, granted by Frank Hall Standish in 1823 to the Thompsons of Wigan was relinquished and the unsuccessful enterprise was abandoned.^[10][17] Lead Mines Clough had numerous shafts up to 240 feet deep and on the site was a smelting mill, a smithy and a waterwheel provided power.^[18] There are remains of bell pits at Dean Brook and spoil heaps containing traces of barites, calcite and galena.^[16] The mines were sealed in 1930 but there has been speculation that the site was part of a secret operation in 1940.^[13]

The mineral witherite (barium carbonate) was discovered in spoil from the mines in the 18th century.^[19] It was distinct from other sources as it contained above two per cent of carbonate of strontites.^[20] Up to this time witherite was considered worthless and used as rat poison by locals.^[17] Josiah Wedgwood used it to manufacture Jasper ware^[13] and tried to keep the source secret, but after a visit in 1782 by two Frenchmen, a local farmer, James Smithels, exported the mineral to Germany, charging five guineas per ton.^[19][21]

There was a cotton mill at White Coppice owned by Roger Lester at the start of the Industrial Revolution originally powered by a waterwheel and later by a steam engine.^[13] Around 1900 the mill was owned by Alfred Ephraim Eccles a supporter of the Temperance movement.^[22]

A major contributor to the economy in the 19th century was Lester or Leicester Mill Quarry which supplied hard gritstone flags for paving the streets of the growing industrialised towns.^[10] The quarry, named after the millowner in the 18th century, is no longer operational.^[13] Millstones were produced at Black Coppice, where some remain.

Coal was mined for local or personal use from drift mines where the coal seam outcropped from Fletcher Bank to Great Hill. The Margery Mine near White Coppice and the Sandbrook Mine in the Yarrow Valley were mined by six men in the 19th century. Drifts were opened up by locals during the 1926 General Strike.^[23]

Reservoirs[link]

A view across Yarrow Reservoir

In 1850 Thomas Pilkington of the Manor House sold land to Chorley Water Company to build High Bullough Reservoir, the first reservoir in the area. Demand for stone increased with the building of the Anglezarke Reservoir, the largest in the Rivington Reservoir Chain in the 1850s. Construction of the Yarrow Reservoir designed by Liverpool's Borough Engineer, Thomas Duncan, began in 1867.^[24] It is fed from the River Yarrow and Limestone Brook which have their sources on Anglezarke Moor.

Second World War[link]

The area was used for food production and military training in World War II. Unexploded ordnance was cleared in 1946.^[25]

On 16 November 1943, a Wellington Bomber Zulu 8799 crashed into Hurst Hill, just north of Winter Hill, killing all onboard. The aircraft was flying from Wymeswold in Leicestershire on a Bullseye exercise. The pilot of the plane was Joseph B Timperon from Ardrossan in South Australia, Australia. Each year on Remembrance Sunday, a service is held at the Wellington Bomber Memorial at Lead Mines Clough, next to Limestone Brook.^[26][27]

Governance[link]

Until the early 19th century, Anglezarke was a township in the ancient parish of Bolton le Moors, itself part of the hundred of Salford in Lancashire.^[10] In 1837, Anglezarke joined with other townships (or civil parishes) in the area to form the Chorley Poor Law Union which took responsibility for the administration and funding of the Poor Law in that area.^[28] In 1866, Anglezarke became a civil parish. It became part of the Chorley Rural Sanitary District from 1875 to 1894, and then part of the Chorley Rural District from 1894 to 1974.^[29] Since 1974, Anglezarke has been a civil parish of the Borough of Chorley.

Anglezarke is part of the Chorley parliamentary constituency, which elected Lindsay Hoyle as Member of Parliament for the Labour party at the 2010 General Election.^[30]

Geography[link]

Anglezarke covers 2,793 acres of high moorland on the western slopes of the West Pennine Moors reaching about 1,000 feet above sea level. Anglezarke is a settlement of scattered farmhouses with no village centre. The hamlet of White Coppice where there was a cotton mill is in the north-west corner, and Hempshaws, now in ruins, in the south-east. The township is crossed by a minor road on the western border from Rivington to Heapey.^[3] The underlying rocks are millstone grit and sandstones of the lower Lower Coal Measures.^[16] There were several quarries whose stone was used for road-making and lead mines.^[10] The source of the River Yarrow is at Will Narr on Anglezarke Moor. The west of the area is dominated by the Anglezarke and Yarrow Reservoirs.

Neighbouring towns, villages and places.

	Heapey	Brinscall, Withnell	Tockholes
	Anglezarke Reservoir, M61 motorway, Chorley, Healey Nab		Anglezarke Moor, West Pennine Moors
		Anglezarke    East
	Anglezarke Reservoir	Yarrow Reservoir, Rivington	Rivington Moor

Population[link]

Economy[link]

Anglezarke's economy is primarily agricultural, with land used mostly for grazing. Some farmers have diversified into providing leisure and storage facilities for camping, caravanning and guest accommodation. Tourists are attracted by the historic landscape and scenery and access to a network of hiking trails.

Landmarks[link]

In the early 20th century Foggs Buildings, close to Peewet Hall, was vacated. The land was farmed by the Cocker family in the 18th century and by the Pilkingtons in the early 19th century. As properties were abandoned and left to become derelict the population declined ^[34] The remote farms are now landmarks for walkers and geocachers.

The remains of Lower and Higher Hempshaw's, farms, inhabited by the Kershaws in the 19th century, are located by a tributary of the River Yarrow which is 300 metres to the southwest. Jepson's Farm and Jepson's Gate are waypoints en-route to Pikestones. The last occupants of Old Rachel's were the Evans family in the 1880s. Simms is located on a private track and footpath. The property which got its water from Green Withins Brook, a tributary of the River Yarrow, was occupied by the Chairman of Horwich Urban District Council in 1928-29.

Waterman's Cottage is at the north end of Anglezarke Reservoir. Shorrocks was occupied by Abel Pilkington until his death in 1888, its ruins are by the bridge at White Coppice ponds at the north end of the reservoir.

Sport and culture[link]

Anglezarke Quarry is a destination for rock climbing^[35] and has been used for training by serious climbers such as Sir Chris Bonington.^[13] Cricket is played at White Coppice.^[36] The area was the location for the 2002 Commonwealth Games Mountain Biking competition.^[37] There is an extensive network of footpaths providing public access for hikers.^[38]

Anglezarke Quarry was used for filming the TV series Jewel in the Crown in 1984.^[13] Anglezarke is a setting in the book, "The Spook's Secret" by Joseph Delaney.^{[citation needed]} Musician and poet, Richard Skelton used the Anglezarke landscape to inspire his writing and music.^[39]

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

External links[link]

• Anglezarke Photographs
• Anglezarke chorley.gov.uk
• Anglezarke Civil Parish Map
• The Modern Antiquarian

George V
Coronation portrait by Sir Luke Fildes, 1911
King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (more ...)
Reign	6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936
Coronation	22 June 1911
Predecessor	Edward VII
Successor	Edward VIII
Prime Ministers	See list
Imperial Durbar	12 December 1911
Consort	Mary of Teck
Issue
Edward VIII George VI Mary, Princess Royal, Countess of Harewood Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester Prince George, Duke of Kent Prince John
Full name
George Frederick Ernest Albert
House	House of Windsor House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Father	Edward VII
Mother	Alexandra of Denmark
Born	(1865-06-03)3 June 1865 Marlborough House, London
Died	20 January 1936(1936-01-20) (aged 70) Sandringham House, Norfolk, United Kingdom
Burial	29 January 1936 St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Signature

George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 through the First World War (1914–1918) until his death in 1936.

George was a grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and the first cousin of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. From 1877 to 1891, he served in the Royal Navy. On the death of Victoria in 1901, George's father became King Edward VII, and George was made Prince of Wales. On his father's death in 1910, he succeeded as King-Emperor of the British Empire. He was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar.

As a result of the First World War, other empires in Europe fell while his expanded to its greatest extent. In 1917, he became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political landscape. The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected House of Commons of the United Kingdom over the unelected House of Lords. In 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent kingdoms within the Commonwealth of Nations. He was plagued by illness throughout much of his later reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII.

Early life and education[link]

George was born on 3 June 1865, at Marlborough House, London, as the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. His mother was the eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. As a son of the Prince of Wales, George was styled His Royal Highness Prince George of Wales at birth. He was baptised in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley.^[1]

George as a young boy, 1870

As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was little expectation that George would become King. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871. Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually.^[2] As their father thought that the navy was "the very best possible training for any boy",^[3] in September 1877, when George was 12 years old, both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth, Devon.^[4]

For three years from 1879, the royal brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, and East Asia. In Japan, George had a local artist tattoo a blue and red dragon on his arm.^[5] Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante.^[6] Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, a mythical ghost ship.^[7] When they returned to Britain, Queen Victoria complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German, and so they spent six months in Lausanne in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language.^[8] After Lausanne, the brothers were separated; Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visited many areas of the British Empire, and served actively until his last command in 1891–1892. From then on, his naval rank was largely honorary.^[9]

Marriage[link]

George, 1893

As a young man destined to serve in the navy, Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was stationed in Malta. There, he grew close to and fell in love with his uncle's daughter, his first cousin, Marie of Edinburgh. His grandmother, father and uncle all approved the match, but the mothers—the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of Edinburgh—both opposed it. The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro-German, and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England. Marie's mother was the only daughter of the Tsar of Russia. She resented the fact that, as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign, she had to yield precedence to George's mother, the Princess of Wales, whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark. Guided by her mother, Marie refused George when he proposed to her. She married Ferdinand, the heir to the King of Romania, in 1893.^[10]

In November 1891, George's elder brother Albert Victor became engaged to his second cousin once removed, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. She was known within the family as "May", nicknamed after her birth month. May's father, Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, belonged to a morganatic, cadet branch of the house of Württemberg. Her mother, Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, was a male-line grand-daughter of King George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria.

Six weeks after the formal engagement, Albert Victor died of pneumonia, leaving George second in line to the throne, and likely to succeed after his father. Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match for her grandson, and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning.^[11] A year after Albert Victor's death, George duly proposed to May and was accepted. They married on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace, London. Throughout their lives, they remained devoted to each other. George was, on his own admission, unable to express his feelings easily in speech, but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment.^[12]

Duke of York[link]

York Cottage at Sandringham House: George and May lived here from 1893 to 1926.

The death of his elder brother effectively ended George's naval career, as he was now directly in the line of succession.^[13] George was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney by Queen Victoria on 24 May 1892,^[14] and received lessons in constitutional history from J. R. Tanner.^[15] After George's marriage to May, she was styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York.

The Duke and Duchess of York lived mainly at York Cottage,^[16] a relatively small house in Sandringham, Norfolk, where their way of life mirrored that of a comfortable middle-class family rather than royalty.^[17] George preferred a simple, almost quiet, life in marked contrast to the lively social life pursued by his father. His official biographer, Harold Nicolson, later despaired of George's time as Duke of York, writing: "He may be all right as a young midshipman and a wise old king, but when he was Duke of York ... he did nothing at all but kill [i.e. shoot] animals and stick in stamps."^[18] George was a well-known stamp collector, which Nicolson denigrated,^[19] but George played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world, in some cases setting record purchase prices for items.^[20]

George and May had five sons and a daughter. Randolph Churchill claimed that George was a strict father, to the extent that his children were terrified of him, and that George had remarked to Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby: "My father was frightened of his mother, I was frightened of my father, and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me." In reality, there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time.^[21]

Prince of Wales[link]

George at Montreal and Quebec, 1901

As Duke and Duchess of York, George and May carried out a wide variety of public duties. On the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901, George's father ascended the throne as King Edward VII. George inherited the titles of Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, and for much of the rest of that year, he was styled His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and York.

In 1901, George and May toured the British Empire. Their tour included South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the Colony of Newfoundland. The tour was designed by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain with the support of Prime Minister Lord Salisbury. Its primary goal was to reward the dominions for their participation in the South African War of 1899–1902. George ceremoniously presented thousands of specially designed South African War medals to colonial troops. In South Africa, the royal party was greeted by elaborate decorations, expensive gifts, and fireworks displays, and met with civic leaders, African leaders, and Boer prisoners. Despite this outward display, not all residents responded favourably to the tour. Many white Cape Afrikaners resented the display and expense, the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner-Dutch culture with their status as British subjects. Critics in the English-language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced severe hardship.^[22] In Australia the Duke opened the first session of the Australian Parliament upon the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia.^[23] The tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress, especially in its adoption of up-to-date British standards in communications and the processing industries, and the Duke praised the military values, bravery, loyalty, and obedience to duty of New Zealanders. The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants, while avoiding news of growing social tensions. The visit to New Zealand focused the attention of the British press on a land few knew about.^[24] On his return to Britain, in a speech at London's Guildhall, George warned of "the impression which seemed to prevail among [our] brethren across the seas, that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre-eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors."^[25]

On 9 November 1901, George was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.^[26] King Edward VII wished to prepare his son for his future role as King. In contrast to Edward himself, whom Queen Victoria had deliberately excluded from state affairs, George was given wide access to state documents by his father.^[13] George in turn allowed his wife access to his papers,^[27] as he valued her counsel and she often helped write her husband's speeches.^[28]

From November 1905 to March 1906, George and May toured British India, where he was disgusted by racial discrimination and campaigned for greater involvement of Indians in the government of the country.^[29] The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for the wedding of King Alfonso XIII to Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, at which the bride and groom narrowly avoided assassination.^[30] A week after returning to Britain, George and May travelled to Norway for the coronation of King Haakon VII and Queen Maud, George's sister.^[31]

King and Emperor[link]

A half-sovereign minted during George's reign (Bertram Mackennal, sculptor)

On 6 May 1910, King Edward VII died, and George became King. He wrote in his diary, "I have lost my best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been. May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me".^[32]

George had never liked his wife's habit of signing official documents and letters as "Victoria Mary" and insisted she drop one of those names. They both thought she should not be called Queen Victoria, and so she became Queen Mary.^[33] Later that year, a radical propagandist, Edward Mylius, published a lie that George had secretly married in Malta as a young man, and that consequently his marriage to Queen Mary was bigamous. The lie had first surfaced in print in 1893 but George had shrugged it off as a joke. In an effort to kill off rumours, Mylius was arrested, tried and found guilty of criminal libel, and was sentenced to a year in prison.^[34]

The new King and Queen's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911,^[13] and was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London. Later in 1911, the King and Queen travelled to India for the Delhi Durbar, where they were presented to an assembled audience of Indian dignitaries and princes as the Emperor and Empress of India on 12 December 1911. George wore the newly-created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony, and declared the shifting of the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi. On 15 December, he laid the foundation stone of New Delhi with Queen Mary.^[35] They travelled throughout the sub-continent, and George took the opportunity to indulge in big game hunting in Nepal, shooting 21 tigers, 8 rhinoceroses and a bear over 10 days.^[36] He was a keen and expert marksman.^[37] On 18 December 1913, he shot over a thousand pheasants in six hours^[38] at the home of Lord Burnham, although even he had to acknowledge that "we went a little too far" that day.^[39]

George inherited the throne at a politically turbulent time. The Liberal Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, led a minority government dependent upon the support of Irish Nationalists. Asquith's reforming People's Budget had been rejected the previous year by the Conservative-dominated House of Lords. Asquith had asked the previous King to give an undertaking that he would create sufficient Liberal peers to force the budget through the House if it was rejected again. Edward had reluctantly agreed, with conditions, and after a general election in January 1910 and fearing the mass creation, the Conservative peers let the budget through. Asquith attempted to curtail the power of the Lords through constitutional reforms, which were again blocked by the Upper House. Like his father, George reluctantly agreed to Asquith's request to create sufficient Liberal peers after a general election if the Lords blocked the legislation. After the December 1910 election, the Lords once again let the bill pass on hearing of the threat to swamp the house with new peers. The subsequent Parliament Act 1911 permanently removed the power of the Lords to veto money bills. As part of his Irish policy, Asquith introduced legislation that would give Ireland Home Rule, but the Conservatives and Unionists opposed it. Desperate to avoid the prospect of Civil War in Ireland between Unionists and Nationalists, George called a meeting of all parties at Buckingham Palace in July 1914 in an attempt to negotiate a settlement. After four days the Conference ended without an agreement. On 18 September 1914, the King gave his assent to the Home Rule Bill, but its implementation was postponed by a Suspensory Act due to the outbreak of the First World War.^[40]

First World War[link]

From 1914 to 1918, Britain was at war with Germany. The German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who for the British public came to symbolise all the horrors of the war, was the King's first cousin. The King's paternal grandfather was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; consequently, the King and his children bore the titles Prince and Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke and Duchess of Saxony. Queen Mary, although British like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Dukes of Württemberg. The King had brothers-in-law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince and Princess of Battenberg, and Prince and Princess of Schleswig-Holstein. When H. G. Wells wrote about Britain's "alien and uninspiring court", George famously replied: "I may be uninspiring, but I'll be damned if I'm alien."^[41]

On 17 July 1917, George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British Royal House from the German-sounding House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor.^[42] He and all his British relatives relinquished their German titles and styles, and adopted British-sounding surnames. George compensated his male relatives by creating them British peers. His cousin, Prince Louis of Battenberg, who earlier in the war had been forced to resign as First Sea Lord through anti-German feeling, became Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Queen Mary's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone. George's cousins Princess Marie Louise and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein dropped their territorial designations.

In Letters Patent gazetted on 11 December 1917, the King restricted the style "His (or Her) Royal Highness" and the titular dignity of "Prince (or Princess) of Great Britain and Ireland" to the children of the Sovereign, the children of the sons of the Sovereign and the eldest living son of the eldest living son of a Prince of Wales.^[44] The Letters Patent also stated that "the titles of Royal Highness, Highness or Serene Highness, and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked". Relatives of the British Royal Family who fought on the German side, such as Prince Ernst August of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (the senior male-line great grandson of George III) and Prince Carl Eduard, Duke of Albany and reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (a male-line grandson of Queen Victoria), were cut off; their British peerages were suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. Under pressure from his mother, Queen Alexandra, George also removed the Garter flags of his German relations from St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.^[45]

When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, George's first cousin (their mothers were sisters), was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British Government offered asylum to the Tsar and his family, but worsening conditions for the British people, and fears that revolution might come to the British Isles, led George to think that the presence of the Russian royals might seem inappropriate under the circumstances.^[46] Despite the later claims of Lord Mountbatten of Burma that David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister, was opposed to the rescue of the Russian imperial family, the letters of the King's private secretary, Lord Stamfordham, suggest that it was George V who opposed the rescue against the advice of the government.^[47] Advanced planning for a rescue was undertaken by MI1, a branch of the British secret service,^[48] but because of the strengthening position of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and wider difficulties with the conduct of the war, the plan was never put into operation.^[49] The Tsar and his immediate family remained in Russia, where they were murdered by Bolsheviks in 1918. The following year, Nicholas's mother (George's aunt) Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) and other members of the extended Russian imperial family were rescued from the Crimea by British ships.

Two months after the end of the war, the King's youngest son, John, died at the age of 13 after a lifetime of ill health. George was informed of his death by Queen Mary, who wrote, "[John] had been a great anxiety to us for many years ... The first break in the family circle is hard to bear but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us much."^[50]

In May 1922, the King toured Belgium and northern France, visiting the First World War cemeteries and memorials being constructed by the Imperial War Graves Commission. The event was described in a poem, The King's Pilgrimage by Rudyard Kipling.^[51] The tour, and one short visit to Italy in 1923, were the only times George agreed to leave the United Kingdom on official business after the end of the war.^[52]

Later life[link]

King George V in 1923

Before the First World War, most of Europe was ruled by monarchs related to George, but during and after the war, the monarchies of Austria, Germany, Greece, and Spain, like Russia, fell to revolution and war. In March 1919 Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt was dispatched on the personal authority of the King to escort the former Emperor Charles I of Austria and his family to safety in Switzerland.^[53] In 1922, a Royal Navy ship was sent to Greece to rescue his cousins, Prince and Princess Andrew. Prince Andrew was a nephew of Queen Alexandra through her brother King George I of Greece, and Princess Andrew was a daughter of Prince Louis of Battenberg, one of the German princes granted a British peerage in 1917. Their children included Prince Philip, who would later marry George's granddaughter, Elizabeth II. The Greek monarchy was restored again shortly before George's death.

Political turmoil in Ireland continued as the Nationalists fought for independence; George expressed his horror at government-sanctioned killings and reprisals to Prime Minister David Lloyd George.^[54] At the opening session of the Parliament of Northern Ireland on 22 June 1921, the King, in a speech part drafted by Lloyd George and General Jan Smuts, appealed for conciliation. A few days later, a truce was agreed. Negotiations between Britain and the Irish secessionists led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. By the end of 1922, Ireland was partitioned, the Irish Free State was established, and Lloyd George was out of office.

The King and his top advisers were concerned about the rise of socialism and the growing labour movement, which they associated with republicanism. Their concerns, although exaggerated, resulted in a redesign of the monarchy's social role to be more inclusive of the working class and its representatives—a dramatic change for George, who was most comfortable with naval officers and landed gentry. In fact the socialists no longer believed in their anti-monarchical slogans and were ready to come to terms with the monarchy if it took the first step. George took that step, adopting a more democratic stance that crossed class lines and brought the monarchy closer to the public. The King also cultivated friendly relations with moderate Labour party politicians and trade union officials. George V's abandonment of social aloofness conditioned the royal family's behaviour and enhanced its popularity during the economic crises of the 1920s and for over two generations thereafter. The years between 1922 and 1929 saw frequent changes in government. In 1924, George appointed the first Labour Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, in the absence of a clear majority for any one of the three parties. George's tactful and understanding reception of the first Labour government (which lasted less than a year) allayed the suspicions of the party's sympathisers.^[55] During the General Strike of 1926 the King advised the Government of Conservative Stanley Baldwin against taking inflammatory action,^[56] and took exception to suggestions that the strikers were "revolutionaries" saying, "Try living on their wages before you judge them."^[57]

1926 Imperial Conference: George V and the prime ministers of the Commonwealth. Clockwise from centre front: George V, Baldwin (United Kingdom), Monroe (Newfoundland), Coates (New Zealand), Bruce (Australia), Hertzog (South Africa), Cosgrave (Irish Free State), King (Canada).

In 1926, George hosted an Imperial Conference in London at which the Balfour Declaration accepted the growth of the British Dominions into self-governing "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another". In 1931, the Statute of Westminster formalised George's position as "the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations". The Statute established "that any alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles" would require the assent of the Parliaments of the Dominions as well as Parliament at Westminster, which could not legislate for the Dominions, except by consent.

In the wake of a world financial crisis, the King encouraged the formation of a National Government in 1931 led by MacDonald and Baldwin,^[58][59] and volunteered to reduce the civil list to help balance the budget.^[58]

In 1932, George agreed to deliver a Royal Christmas speech on the radio, an event which became annual thereafter. He was not in favour of the innovation originally but was persuaded by the argument that it was what his people wanted.^[60]

He was concerned by the coming to power in 1933 of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in Germany. In 1934 the king bluntly told the German ambassador Leopold von Hoesch that Germany was now the peril of the world, and that, if she went on at the present rate, there was bound to be a war within ten years; he warned his ambassador in Berlin Eric Phipps to be suspicious of the Nazis.^[61] By the silver jubilee of his reign in 1935, he had become a well-loved king, saying in response to the crowd's adulation, "I cannot understand it, after all I am only a very ordinary sort of fellow."^[62]

George's relationship with his eldest son and heir, Edward, deteriorated in these later years. George was disappointed in Edward's failure to settle down in life and appalled by his many affairs with married women.^[13] In contrast, he was fond of his second eldest son, Prince Albert (later George VI), and doted on his eldest granddaughter, Princess Elizabeth; he nicknamed her "Lilibet", and she affectionately called him "Grandpa England".^[63] In 1935 George said of his son Edward: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself within 12 months", and of Albert and Lilibet: "I pray to God my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."^[64][65]

Declining health and death[link]

The First World War took a toll on George's health: he was seriously injured on 28 October 1915 when thrown by his horse at a troop review in France, and his heavy smoking exacerbated recurring breathing problems. He suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pleurisy. In 1925, on the instruction of his doctors, he was reluctantly sent on a recuperative private cruise in the Mediterranean; it was his third trip abroad since the war, and his last.^[66] In November 1928, he fell seriously ill with septicaemia, and for the next two years his son Edward took over many of his duties.^[67] In 1929, the suggestion of a further rest abroad was rejected by the King "in rather strong language".^[68] Instead, he retired for three months to Craigweil House, Aldwick, in the seaside resort of Bognor, Sussex.^[69] As a result of his stay, the town acquired the name of "Bognor Regis", which is Latin for "Royal Bognor". A myth later grew that his last words, upon being told that he would soon be well enough to revisit the town, were "Bugger Bognor!"^[70][71][72]

George never fully recovered. In his final year, he was occasionally administered oxygen.^[73] On the evening of 15 January 1936, the King took to his bedroom at Sandringham House complaining of a cold; he would never again leave the room alive.^[74] He became gradually weaker, drifting in and out of consciousness. Prime Minister Baldwin later said,

each time he became conscious it was some kind inquiry or kind observation of someone, some words of gratitude for kindness shown. But he did say to his secretary when he sent for him: "How is the Empire?" An unusual phrase in that form, and the secretary said: "All is well, sir, with the Empire", and the King gave him a smile and relapsed once more into unconsciousness.^[75]

By 20 January, he was close to death. His physicians, led by Lord Dawson of Penn, issued a bulletin with words that became famous: "The King's life is moving peacefully towards its close."^[76] Dawson's private diary, unearthed after his death and made public in 1986, reveals that the King's last words, a mumbled "God damn you!",^[77] were addressed to his nurse when she gave him a sedative on the night of 20 January. Dawson wrote that he had ended the King's life by giving him a lethal injection of cocaine and morphine. Dawson noted he acted to preserve the King's dignity, to prevent strain on the family and so that the King's death at 11:55 pm could be announced in the morning edition of The Times newspaper rather than "less appropriate ... evening journals".^[77][78]

The German composer Paul Hindemith went to a BBC studio on the morning after the King's death and in six hours wrote Trauermusik (Mourning Music). It was performed that same evening in a live broadcast by the BBC, with Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the composer as soloist.^[79]

At the procession to George's Lying in State in Westminster Hall, part of the Imperial State Crown fell from on top of the coffin and landed in the gutter as the cortège turned into New Palace Yard. The new king, Edward VIII, saw it fall and wondered whether it was a bad omen for his new reign.^[80][81] Edward would abdicate before the year was out, leaving Albert, Duke of York, to ascend the throne (taking the title George VI).

As a mark of respect to their father, George's four surviving sons, Edward, Albert, Henry and George, mounted the guard, known as the Vigil of the Princes, at the catafalque on the night before the funeral.^[82] The vigil was not repeated until the death of George's daughter-in-law, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in 2002. He was interred at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 28 January 1936.^[83]

Legacy[link]

Statue of King George V in King George Square outside Brisbane City Hall

Trilingual plaque commemorating the opening of King George V Avenue, Jerusalem, by Herbert Samuel, High Commissioner of Palestine, 1924

George V Canada 1 cent stamp 1930

George preferred to stay at home pursuing his hobbies of stamp collecting and game shooting, and lived a life that later biographers would consider dull because of its conventionality.^[84] He was anti-intellectual and lacked the sophistication of his two royal predecessors: on returning from one evening at the opera he wrote, "Went to Covent Garden and saw Fidelio and damned dull it was."^[85] Nonetheless, he was earnestly devoted to Britain and its Commonwealth^[86] and understood the British Empire better than most of his ministers; as he explained, "it has always been my dream to identify myself with the great idea of Empire."^[87] He appeared hard working and became widely admired by the people of Britain and the Empire, as well as "The Establishment".^[88] Historian David Cannadine portrays George V and Queen Mary as an "inseparably devoted couple" who did so much to uphold "character" and "family values".^[89] George established a standard of conduct for British royalty that reflected the values and virtues of the upper middle-class rather than upper-class lifestyles or vices.^[90] He was by temperament a traditionalist who never fully appreciated or approved the revolutionary changes underway in British society. Nevertheless, he invariably wielded his influence as a force of neutrality and moderation, seeing his role as mediator rather than final decision maker.^[91]

Statues of King George V include those in Hobart, Canberra, Brisbane and Adelaide in Australia, and one by William Reid Dick outside Westminster Abbey, London. The King George V Playing Fields in the United Kingdom were created as a memorial. The many places named after him include King George V Park in St. John's, Newfoundland; Stade George V in Curepipe, Mauritius; major thoroughfares in both Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; an avenue, a hotel and an underground station in Paris; King George V School, Seremban, Malaysia; and King George V School and King George V Memorial Park in Hong Kong.

Two Royal Navy battleships, HMS King George V in 1911 and her namesake in 1939, were named in his honour. George V gave both his name and donations to many charities, including King George's Fund for Sailors (later known as Seafarers UK).

On-screen portrayals[link]

On screen, George has been portrayed by:

• Henry Warwick in the 1918 silent film Why America Will Win
• William Gaffney in the 1919 silent film The Great Victory, Wilson or the Kaiser? The Fall of the Hohenzollerns
• Derek Erskine in the 1925 silent film The Scarlet Woman: An Ecclesiastical Melodrama
• Carleton Hobbs in the 1965 film A King's Story
• Michael Osborne in the 1975 ATV drama series Edward the Seventh
• Marius Goring in the 1978 Thames Television series Edward & Mrs. Simpson
• Keith Varnier in the 1978 LWT drama series Lillie
• Rene Aranda in the 1980 film The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu
• Andrew Gilmour in the 1985 Australian miniseries A Thousand Skies
• David Ravenswood in the 1990 Australian TV miniseries The Great Air Race
• John Warner in the 1991 RTE TV drama The Treaty
• David Troughton in the 1999 BBC TV drama All the King's Men
• Rupert Frazer in the 2002 TV miniseries Shackleton
• Alan Bates in the 2002 Carlton Television drama Bertie and Elizabeth
• Tom Hollander in the 2003 BBC miniseries The Lost Prince
• Clifford Rose in the 2005 TV drama Wallis & Edward
• Andrew Pritchard in the 2005 British TV drama documentary The First Black Britons
• Julian Wadham in the 2007 TV drama My Boy Jack
• Michael Gambon in the 2010 film The King's Speech
• James Fox in the 2011 film W.E.

Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]

Titles and styles[link]

• 3 June 1865 – 24 May 1892: His Royal Highness Prince George of Wales
• 24 May 1892 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness The Duke of York
• 22 January 1901 – 9 November 1901: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and York
• 9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
  • in Scotland: His Royal Highness The Duke of Rothesay
• 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936: His Majesty The King
  • and, occasionally, outside of the United Kingdom, and with regard to India: His Imperial Majesty The King-Emperor

His full style as king was "His Majesty George V, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India", until 1927, when it was changed to "His Majesty George V, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India".

Honours[link]

• KG: Knight of the Garter, 4 August 1884
• KT: Knight of the Thistle, 5 July 1893
• KP: Knight of St Patrick, 20 August 1897
• GCSI: Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India, 28 September 1905
• GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 9 March 1901
• GCIE: Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 28 September 1905
• GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 30 June 1897
• ISO: Imperial Service Order, 31 March 1903
• Royal Victorian Chain, 1902
• PC: Privy Counsellor, 18 July 1894
  • Privy Counsellor (Ireland), 20 August 1897
• FRS: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society, 8 June 1893

Military appointments[link]

• Cdt, September 1877: Cadet, HMS Britannia
• Mid, 8 January 1880: Midshipman, HMS Bacchante and the corvette Canada
• SLt, 3 June 1884: Sub-Lieutenant, Royal Navy
• Lt, 8 October 1885: Lieutenant, HMS Thunderer; HMS Dreadnought; HMS Alexandra; HMS Northumberland
• Personal Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, 21 June 1887^[92]
• July 1889 I/C HMS Torpedo Boat 79^[93]
• By May 1890 I/C the gunboat HMS Thrush^[94]
• Cdr, 24 August 1891: Commander, I/C HMS Melampus
• Capt, 2 January 1893: Captain, Royal Navy^[95]
• RAdm, 1 January 1901: Rear-Admiral, Royal Navy^[95]
• VAdm, 26 June 1903: Vice-Admiral, Royal Navy^[95]
• Adm, 1 March 1907: Admiral, Royal Navy^[95]
• 1910: Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Navy^[95][96]
• 1910: Field Marshal, British Army^[96]
• 1918: Field Marshal, Imperial Japanese Army
• 1919: Chief of the Royal Air Force (title not rank)^[97]

Arms[link]

As Duke of York, George's arms were the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the arms of Saxony, all differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure. As Prince of Wales the centre label lost its anchor. As King, he bore the royal arms. In 1917, he removed, by warrant, the Saxony inescutcheon from the arms of all descendants of the Prince Consort (although the royal arms themselves had never borne the shield).^[98]

Coat of arms of George as Duke of York   Coat of arms of George as Prince of Wales   Coat of arms of George V in the United Kingdom (except Scotland)   Coat of arms of George V in Scotland

Issue[link]

Ancestry[link]