In predicate logic, an existential quantification is the predication^[1] of a property or relation to at least one member of the domain. It is denoted by the logical operator symbol ∃ (pronounced "there exists" or "for some"), which is called the existential quantifier. Existential quantification is distinct from universal quantification ("for all"), which asserts that the property or relation holds for any members of the domain.

Symbols are encoded U+2203 ∃ there exists (HTML: ∃ ∃ as a mathematical symbol) and U+2204 ∄ there does not exist (HTML: ∄).

Basics[link]

Consider a formula that states that some natural number multiplied by itself is 25.

0·0 = 25, or 1·1 = 25, or 2·2 = 25, or 3·3 = 25, and so on.

This would seem to be a logical disjunction because of the repeated use of "or". However, the "and so on" makes this impossible to integrate and to interpret as a disjunction in formal logic. Instead, the statement could be rephrased more formally as

For some natural number n, n·n = 25.

This is a single statement using existential quantification.

This statement is more precise than the original one, as the phrase "and so on" does not necessarily include all natural numbers, and nothing more. Since the domain was not stated explicitly, the phrase could not be interpreted formally. In the quantified statement, on the other hand, the natural numbers are mentioned explicitly.

This particular example is true, because 5 is a natural number, and when we substitute 5 for n, we produce "5·5 = 25", which is true. It does not matter that "n·n = 25" is only true for a single natural number, 5; even the existence of a single solution is enough to prove the existential quantification true. In contrast, "For some even number n, n·n = 25" is false, because there are no even solutions.

The domain of discourse, which specifies which values the variable n is allowed to take, is therefore of critical importance in a statement's trueness or falseness. Logical conjunctions are used to restrict the domain of discourse to fulfill a given predicate. For example:

For some positive odd number n, n·n = 25

is logically equivalent to

For some natural number n, n is odd and n·n = 25.

Here, "and" is the logical conjunction.

In symbolic logic, "∃" (a backwards letter "E" in a sans-serif font) is used to indicate existential quantification.^[2] Thus, if P(a, b, c) is the predicate "a·b = c" and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathbb{N}

is the set of natural numbers, then

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{n}{\in}\mathbb{N}\, P(n,n,25)

is the (true) statement

For some natural number n, n·n = 25.

Similarly, if Q(n) is the predicate "n is even", then

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{n}{\in}\mathbb{N}\, \big(Q(n)\;\!\;\! {\wedge}\;\!\;\! P(n,n,25)\big)

is the (false) statement

For some natural number n, n is even and n·n = 25.

In mathematics, the proof of a "some" statement may be achieved either by a constructive proof, which exhibits an object satisfying the "some" statement, or by a nonconstructive proof which shows that there must be such an object but without exhibiting one.

Properties[link]

Negation[link]

A quantified propositional function is a statement; thus, like statements, quantified functions can be negated. The Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\   symbol is used to denote negation.

For example, if P(x) is the propositional function "x is between 0 and 1", then, for a domain of discourse X of all natural numbers, the existential quantification "There exists a natural number x which is between 0 and 1" is symbolically stated:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

This can be demonstrated to be irrevocably false. Truthfully, it must be said, "It is not the case that there is a natural number x that is between 0 and 1", or, symbolically:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

.

If there is no element of the domain of discourse for which the statement is true, then it must be false for all of those elements. That is, the negation of

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

is logically equivalent to "For any natural number x, x is not between 0 and 1", or:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

Generally, then, the negation of a propositional function's existential quantification is a universal quantification of that propositional function's negation; symbolically,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

A common error is stating "all persons are not married" (i.e. "there exists no person who is married") when "not all persons are married" (i.e. "there exists a person who is not married") is intended:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x) \not\equiv\ \lnot\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

Negation is also expressible through a statement of "for no", as opposed to "for some":

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nexists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

Unlike the universal quantifier, the existential quantifier distributes over logical disjunctions:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \or Q(x) \to\ (\exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \or \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, Q(x))

Rules of Inference[link]

A rule of inference is a rule justifying a logical step from hypothesis to conclusion. There are several rules of inference which utilize the existential quantifier.

Existential introduction (∃I) concludes that, if the propositional function is known to be true for a particular element of the domain of discourse, then it must be true that there exists an element for which the proposition function is true. Symbolically,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(a) \to\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

The reasoning behind existential elimination (∃E) is as follows: If it is given that there exists an element for which the proposition function is true, and if a conclusion can be reached by giving that element an arbitrary name, that conclusion is necessarily true, as long as it does not contain the name. Symbolically, for an arbitrary c and for a proposition Q in which c does not appear:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \to\ ((P(c) \to\ Q) \to\ Q)

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(c) \to\ Q

must be true for all values of c over the same domain X; else, the logic does not follow: If c is not arbitrary, and is instead a specific element of the domain of discourse, then stating P(c)  might unjustifiably give more information about that object.

The empty set[link]

The formula Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists {x}{\in}\emptyset \, P(x)

is always false, regardless of P(x). This is because Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \emptyset
denotes the empty set, and no x of any description – let alone an x fulfilling a given predicate P(x) – exist in the empty set. See also vacuous truth.

See also[link]

• Uniqueness quantification
• Quantifiers
• First-order logic

Notes[link]

1. ^ The term "predication" in grammar means the predicate of a sentence which refers to subject and is an adverb or adjective, or equivalent, that describes an attribute of the subject. In logic, "predication" is a declaration (or assertion) that is claimed to be self-evident and can be assumed as the basis for argument.
2. ^ This symbol is also known as the existential operator. It is sometimes represented with V.

References[link]

• Hinman, P. (2005). Fundamentals of Mathematical Logic. A K Peters. ISBN 1-56881-262-0. 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010)

Stefan Basil Molyneux Molyneux speaking at Drexel University Born 24 September 1966 Athlone, Ireland School Voluntaryism Main interests Anarcho-capitalism, Atheism, Austrian Economics, Education, Ethics, Family, Philosophy, Politics, Psychology, Religion Influenced by Aristotle, Nathaniel Branden, Harry Browne, Hans Hermann Hoppe, Alice Miller, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ayn Rand, Murray Rothbard, Socrates Influenced Ian Bernard

Stefan Basil Molyneux (born 24 September 1966) is a blogger, essayist, author, and host of the Freedomain Radio^[1] series of podcasts, living in Mississauga, Canada. He has written numerous articles and smaller essays which have been published on libertarian websites such as LewRockwell.com, antiwar.com and Strike The Root,^[2][3] recorded over 2000 podcasts, produced over 800 videos, and written several books which are self-published except for his first, which was published by Publish America. In 2006 Molyneux quit his previous job in the field of computer software and works full-time on Freedomain Radio, a philosophical community website which is funded through donations. He self-identifies as a full-time parent and philosopher.

Freedomain Radio[link]

Format[link]

Freedomain Radio is primarily an online podcast, however Molyneux also uses essays, videos, books, articles, interviews, and public speaking to deliver his content. The regular content of the show covers topics such as anarcho-capitalism, ethics, Austrian economics, atheism, religion, education, family, philosophy and politics. Each Sunday Molyneux conducts a call-in show where listeners can talk with him about either a set topic of discussion, or their own. Freedomain Radio also has an online community message board for listeners to discuss Molyneux's content as well as related topics.

Books[link]

Molyneux is the author of several non-fiction books. He has written On Truth: The Tyranny of Illusion, Universally Preferable Behaviour: A Rational Proof of Secular Ethics, Real-Time Relationships: The Logic of Love, Everyday Anarchy, Practical Anarchy, How (Not) To Achieve Freedom, Against the Gods, and most recently The Handbook of Human Ownership: A Manual for New Tax Farmers.^[4][5] Molyneux has also written two fiction books, The God of Atheists and Revolutions.

Interviews[link]

Molyneux has conducted interviews with people such as Max Keiser,^[6][7] Alex Jones,^[8] Peter Schiff,^[9] Jeff Berwick,^[10] Stephan Kinsella,^[11][12] Bill Gairdner,^[13] Mary Ruwart,^[14] Alison Gopnik,^[15] Marc Faber,^[16] David Lindorff,^[17] Dan Carlin,^[18] and several other figures in the fields of education, academia, psychology, politics, and economics.

Public speaking[link]

Molyneux was the closing speaker for the 2009 New Hampshire Liberty Forum on March 8.^[19][20] Molyneux debated with 2004 US Presidential Candidate Michael Badnarik at Drexel University on July 5, 2009.^[21][22] Molyneux was the opening speaker for PorcFest 2010 on June 24,^[23][24] the annual liberty festival organized by the Free State Project. Molyneux spoke at the Students For Liberty Mid-Atlantic Regional Conference hosted at Drexel University on October 9, 2010.^{[25][26][dead link][27]} Molyneux spoke at Libertopia^[28][29] on October 14–15, 2010. Molyneux spoke at the Ontario Libertarian Party Annual Liberty Seminar at Toronto on November 6, 2010.^{[30][31][dead link]} Molyneux was a speaker at the 2010 Freedom Summit in Phoenix, Arizona on December 5.^[32]

Television and Radio[link]

Molyneux is a regular guest commentator on Adam vs The Man, with his first appearance airing on RT America on April 11, 2011.^[33] He has also appeared several times on The Keiser Report,^[34] as well as The Alex Jones Show.^[35] On April 11, 2012, Molyneux guest-hosted the Peter Schiff Show.^[36]

Criticisms[link]

Molyneux and Freedomain Radio received media coverage in 2008 after several newspapers published a story about Freedomain Radio which centered around a member's parents, who claimed that Freedomain Radio is a therapeutic cult, after the 18 year old member left home and severed all contact with his family, an action that Freedomain Radio calls "deFOO" (borrowed from academic psychology, "FOO" is an acronym "Family of Origin"). In response Mr. Molyneux estimated about 20 FDR members had "deFOOed" their families, compared to 50,000 regular listeners.^{[37][38][39][40]}

References[link]

External links[link]

• Freedomain Radio official website
• Stefan Molyneux on MisesWiki
• Stefan Molyneux on Facebook
• Stefan Molyneux on Twitter
• Freedomain Radio channel on YouTube

v t e Anarcho-capitalism Literature Relationship with anarchism Relationship with minarchism Anarcho-capitalist revolution Symbolism Criticisms Features Aggression insurance Crime insurance Dispute resolution organization Free-market roads Jurisdictional arbitrage Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense agency Private Governance Self-ownership Spontaneous order

Aaron Swartz
Born	(1986-11-08) November 8, 1986 (age 25) Chicago, Illinois, United States
Occupation	Software developer, writer, Internet activist
Website
aaronsw.com

Aaron Swartz (born November 8, 1986) is an American programmer, writer, political organizer and Internet activist. He is best known in programming circles for co-authoring the RSS 1.0 specification. He received mainstream media attention after his federal indictment and arrest on 19 July 2011, for allegedly harvesting academic journal articles from JSTOR.^[1]

Swartz is the co-founder of Demand Progress and the Progressive Change Campaign Committee. He currently lives in Brooklyn, New York.

Early life and work[link]

Swartz was active in discussions of Internet standards from an early age, and co-authored the specification for RSS by the time he was 14.^{[citation needed]} Since then he has been a member of the W3C's RDF Core Working Group, co-designed the formatting language Markdown with John Gruber, and worked on many other projects.

Swartz attended Stanford University for a year, leaving to start the software company Infogami, a startup that was funded by Y Combinator's first Summer Founders Program. Infogami was built around a wiki backend, a subject of interest for Swartz since his early effort to develop theinfo, a wiki-based encyclopedia, in 2000.

Reddit and Open Library[link]

Within a year, Infogami merged with Reddit to form not a bug, though the latter group failed to take off. In late 2006, Reddit was sold to CondéNet (the online arm of Condé Nast Publications and the owners of Wired) and Swartz moved with his company to San Francisco. In January 2007, Swartz was asked to resign from his position at Wired Digital.^[2]

In September 2007, Swartz, together with Simon Carstensen, launched Jottit, a website service quite similar to Infogami. Jottit was launched from bitbots.net, a project by Swartz and Carstensen. Swartz is also the creator of the web.py web application framework, based on the Python programming language, which is used by Jottit (and previously reddit).

Swartz then went to work for the Internet Archive, serving as the software architect for the new Open Library project, building on work from infogami.

Politics and sociology[link]

Swartz is an active blogger and has written a number of essays on his blog. Two were "Who Writes Wikipedia",^[3] an article examining the contributions to Wikipedia articles written during his candidacy for the Wikimedia Foundation board election in 2006, and "HOWTO: Be More Productive",^[4] an article on personal productivity.

In recent years, Swartz has worked primarily on social analysis and political activism. He worked on watchdog.net, and serves on the board of Change Congress. In 2010 he became a fellow at Harvard University's Safra Center for Ethics.

Swartz co-founded Demand Progress, a progressive advocacy group that organizes people via email and other media for "contacting Congress and other leaders, funding pressure tactics, and spreading the word" about targeted issues.

Controversies[link]

PACER[link]

In 2009, Swartz downloaded and publicly released approximately 20% of the PACER database of United States federal court documents managed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.^[5][6] He had accessed the system as part of a free trial of PACER at 17 libraries around the country, which was suspended "pending an evaluation" as a result of Swartz's actions. Those actions also brought him under investigation by the FBI, but the case was closed two months later with no charges being filed. ^[6]

JSTOR[link]

On Tuesday, 19 July 2011, Swartz was charged by U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts with wire fraud, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information from a protected computer, and recklessly damaging a protected computer, in relation to downloading roughly 4 million academic journal articles from JSTOR.^[7] According to the indictment against him, Swartz surreptitiously attached a laptop to MIT's computer network, which allowed him to "rapidly download an extraordinary volume of articles from JSTOR."^[8] Prosecutors in the case claim Swartz acted with the intention of making the papers available on P2P file-sharing sites.^[9]

Swartz surrendered to authorities, pleading not guilty on all accounts, and was released on $100,000 bail.^[1] Prosecution of the case continues, with charges of wire fraud and computer fraud, resulting in a potential prison term of up to 35 years and a fine of up to $1 million USD.^[10] JSTOR put out a statement saying it would not pursue civil litigation against Swartz.^[1]

Jerry Cohen of Burns & Levinson said the government's choice to pursue criminal charges when JSTOR and MIT had resolved their civil concerns with Swartz reflected a trend of increasingly-zealous prosecution in federal courts.^[11]

On September 7, 2011, JSTOR announced it had released the public-domain content of its archives for public viewing and limited use. According to JSTOR, it had been working on making those archives public for some time, and the controversy, which involved, according to a press release, "an individual who was indicted for downloading a substantial portion of content from JSTOR, allegedly for the purpose of posting it to file sharing sites", impelled JSTOR to "press ahead" with the initiative.^[12]

Publications[link]

• Swartz, Aaron (Jan–Feb 2002.). "MusicBrainz: A Semantic Web Service". IEEE Intelligent Systems 17 (1): 76–77. DOI:10.1109/5254.988466. ISSN 1541-1672. 
• Swartz, Aaron and Hendler, James “The Semantic Web: A Network of Content for the Digital City”, Proceedings of the Second Annual Digital Cities Workshop, Kyoto, Japan, October 2001.
• Gruber, John and Swartz, Aaron. Markdown definintion, December 2004.

References[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Aaron Swartz on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews

• Official website

Peggy Lee (May 26, 1920 – January 21, 2002) was an American jazz and popular music singer, songwriter, composer, and actress in a career spanning six decades. From her beginning as a vocalist on local radio to singing with Benny Goodman's big band, she forged a sophisticated persona, evolving into a multi-faceted artist and performer. She wrote music for films, acted, and created conceptual record albums—encompassing poetry, jazz, chamber pop, and art songs.

Early life[link]

Lee was born Norma Deloris Egstrom in Jamestown, North Dakota, the seventh of eight children of Marvin Olof Egstrom, a station agent for the Midland Continental Railroad, and his wife Selma Amelia (Anderson) Egstrom. Her mother died when Lee was just four years old.^[1] Her father was Swedish American and her mother was Norwegian American.^[2]

Lee first sang professionally over KOVC radio in Valley City, North Dakota. She later had her own series on a radio show sponsored by a local restaurant that paid her a "salary" in food. Both during and after her high school years, Lee sang for paltry sums on local radio stations. Radio personality Ken Kennedy, of WDAY in Fargo, North Dakota (the most widely heard station in North Dakota), changed her name from Norma to Peggy Lee.^{[citation needed]} Thereafter, Lee left home and traveled to Los Angeles at the age of 17.

She returned to North Dakota for a tonsillectomy, and later made her way to Chicago for a gig at The Buttery Room, a nightclub in the Ambassador Hotel East. There, she was noticed by bandleader Benny Goodman. According to Lee, "Benny's then-fiancée, Lady Alice Duckworth, came into The Buttery, and she was very impressed. So the next evening she brought Benny in, because they were looking for a replacement for Helen Forrest. And although I didn't know, I was it. He was looking at me strangely, I thought, but it was just his preoccupied way of looking. I thought that he didn't like me at first, but it just was that he was preoccupied with what he was hearing." She joined his band in 1941 and stayed for two years.

Recording career[link]

In 1942 Lee had her first #1 hit, "Somebody Else Is Taking My Place", followed by 1943's "Why Don't You Do Right?" (originally sung by Lil Green), which sold over a million copies and made her famous. She sang with Goodman's orchestra in two 1943 films, Stage Door Canteen and The Powers Girl.

In March 1943 Lee married Dave Barbour, a guitarist in Goodman's band. Peggy said, "David joined Benny's band and there was a ruling that no one should fraternize with the girl singer. But I fell in love with David the first time I heard him play, and so I married him. Benny then fired David, so I quit, too. Benny and I made up, although David didn't play with him anymore. Benny stuck to his rule. I think that's not too bad a rule, but you can't help falling in love with somebody."

When Lee and Barbour left the band, the idea was that he would work in the studios and she would keep house and raise their daughter, Nicki. But she drifted back to songwriting and occasional recording sessions for the fledgling Capitol Records in 1947, for whom she produced a long string of hits, many of them with lyrics and music by Lee and Barbour, including "I Don't Know Enough About You" and "It's a Good Day" (1948). With the release of the US #1-selling record of 1948, "Mañana", her "retirement" was over.

In 1948 Lee joined Perry Como and Jo Stafford as a rotating host of the NBC Radio musical program Chesterfield Supper Club.^[3][4] She was also a regular on NBC's Jimmy Durante Show.

She left Capitol for a few years in the early 1950s, but returned in 1953. She is most famous for her cover version of the Little Willie John hit "Fever" written by Eddie Cooley and John Davenport,^[5] to which she added her own, uncopyrighted lyrics ("Romeo loved Juliet," "Captain Smith and Pocahontas") and her rendition of Leiber and Stoller's "Is That All There Is?". Her relationship with the Capitol label spanned almost three decades, aside from her brief but artistically rich detour (1952–1956) at Decca Records, where in 1956 she recorded one of her most acclaimed albums, Black Coffee. While recording for Decca, Lee had hit singles with the songs Lover and Mister Wonderful.

Lee is today internationally recognized for her signature song "Fever". She had a string of successful albums and top 10 hits in three consecutive decades. She is regarded as one of the most influential jazz vocalists of all time, being cited as a mentor to diverse artists such as Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Paul McCartney, Bette Midler, Madonna, and Dusty Springfield. Lee was also an accomplished actress.

In her 60-year-long career, Peggy was the recipient of three Grammy Awards (including the Lifetime Achievement Award), an Academy Award nomination, The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Award, the President's Award, the Ella Award for Lifetime Achievement, and the Living Legacy Award^[6] from the Women's International Center. In 1999 Lee was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.^[7]

Songwriting[link]

Lee was a successful songwriter, with songs from the Disney movie Lady and the Tramp, for which she also supplied the singing and speaking voices of four characters.^[8] Her collaborators included Laurindo Almeida, Harold Arlen, Sonny Burke, Cy Coleman, Duke Ellington, Dave Grusin, Quincy Jones, Francis Lai, Jack Marshall, Johnny Mandel, Marian McPartland, Willard Robison, Lalo Schifrin and Victor Young.

She wrote the lyrics for:

Her first published song was in 1941, "Little Fool". "What More Can a Woman Do?" was recorded by Sarah Vaughan with Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. "Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)" was no.1 for 9 weeks on the Billboard singles chart in 1948, from the week of March 13 to May 8.

Lee was a mainstay of Capitol Records when rock'n'roll came onto the American music scene. She was among the first of the "old guard" to recognize this new genre, as seen by her recording music from The Beatles, Randy Newman, Carole King, James Taylor and other up-and-coming songwriters. From 1957 until her final disc for the company in 1972, she produced a steady stream of two or three albums per year which usually included standards (often arranged quite different from the original), her own compositions, and material from young artists.

Acting career[link]

Lee starred and sang in the hit films The Jazz Singer, Disney's Lady and the Tramp, and Pete Kelly's Blues, for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.^[9]

In 1952 Lee played opposite Danny Thomas in a remake of the early Al Jolson film, The Jazz Singer. In 1955 she played an alcoholic blues singer in Pete Kelly's Blues, for which she received an Academy Awards nomination.^[9] In 1955 Lee did the speaking and singing voices for several characters in Disney's Lady and the Tramp movie: she played the human "Darling" (in the first part of the movie), the dog "Peg", and the two Siamese cats "Si" and "Am".^[8] In 1957 Lee guest starred on the short-lived ABC variety program, The Guy Mitchell Show.

In the early 1990s she retained famed entertainment attorney Neil Papiano to sue Disney for royalties on Lady and the Tramp. Lee's lawsuit claimed that she was due royalties for video tapes, a technology that did not exist when she agreed to write and perform for Disney. Her lawsuit was successful.

Never afraid to fight for what she believed in, Lee passionately insisted that musicians be equitably compensated for their work. Although she realized litigation had taken a toll on her health, Lee often quoted Ralph Waldo Emerson on the topic: "God will not have his work be made manifest by cowards."

She also successfully sued MCA/Decca with the assistance of noted entertainment attorney Cy Godfrey.

Personal life[link]

Lee was married four times; each marriage ended in divorce:

• Guitarist and composer Dave Barbour (1943–1951); daughter Nicki Lee Foster (born 1943)
• Actor Brad Dexter (1953)
• Actor Dewey Martin (1956–1958)
• Bandleader and percussionist Jack Del Rio (1964–1965)

Retirement and death[link]

Peggy Lee's bench

Lee continued to perform into the 1990s, sometimes in a wheelchair.^[10][11] After years of poor health, Lee died of complications from diabetes and a heart attack at age 81. Her body was buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles' Westwood, Los Angeles, California neighborhood. On her marker in a garden setting is inscribed, "Music is my life's breath."

Legacy[link]

Academy Awards memorial omission[link]

She was not featured in the memorial tribute during the 2002 Academy Awards ceremony. When her family requested she be featured in the following year's ceremony, the Academy stated they did not honor requests and Lee was omitted because her contribution to film and her legacy were not deemed significant enough, although she had been nominated for a Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Pete Kelly's Blues. Her family pointed out that, although she had been omitted, R&B singer/actress Aaliyah, who died a few months earlier, was included though having been in only one moderately successful film, Romeo Must Die (Queen of the Damned had yet to be released). The Academy provided no comment on the oversight.

Awards[link]

Lee was nominated for 12 Grammy Awards, winning Best Contemporary Vocal Performance for her 1969 hit "Is That All There Is?" In 1995 she was given the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Lee is a recipient of North Dakota's Roughrider Award; the Pied Piper Award from The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP); the Presidents Award, from the Songwriters Guild of America; the Ella Award for Lifetime Achievement, from the Society of Singers; and the Living Legacy Award, from the Women's International Center. In 1999 she was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Carnegie Hall tribute[link]

In 2003, "There'll Be Another Spring: A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee" was held at Carnegie Hall.^[12] Produced by recording artist Richard Barone, the sold-out event included performances by Cy Coleman, Debbie Harry, Nancy Sinatra, Rita Moreno, Marian McPartland, Chris Connor, Petula Clark, and others. In 2004 Barone brought the event to a sold-out Hollywood Bowl,^[13] and then to Chicago's Ravinia Festival, with expanded casts including Maureen McGovern, Jack Jones and Bea Arthur. The Carnegie Hall concert was broadcast on NPR's "Jazz Set".

In popular culture[link]

• The Peggy Lee Rose is a light pink hybrid tea rose with a "touch of peach" that was introduced in 1983 and named in her honor.^[14][15] Lee considered peach to be her favorite color.^[16]
• Peggy Lee was known as "Miss Peggy Lee" or "Miss Peggy," and was the inspiration for the Muppets' Miss Piggy, a stylish self-assured blonde with a sense of romance.

Bibliography[link]

Autobiography

• Peggy Lee, Miss Peggy Lee: An Autobiography, 2002, Bloomsbury (UK), ISBN 0-7475-5907-4

Biography

• Peter Richmond, Fever: The Life and Music of Miss Peggy Lee, 2006, Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 0-8050-7383-3
• Robert Strom, Miss Peggy Lee: A Career Chronicle, 2005, McFarland Publishing, ISBN 0-7864-1936-9

Album liner notes

• Will Friedwald, Album liner notes The Best of Peggy Lee, The Capitol Years

Discography[link]

Capitol Records[link]

• 1948 Rendezvous with Peggy Lee (set of 78s: 6 songs)
• 1952 Rendezvous with Peggy Lee (10-inch LP: 8 songs; 12-inch LP: 12 songs)

Decca Records[link]

Capitol Records[link]

Post-Capitol albums[link]

Chart singles[link]

Film and television[link]

Film

• The Powers Girl (1943)
• Stage Door Canteen (1943)
• Banquet of Melody (1946) (short subject)
• Jasper in a Jam (1946) (short subject) (voice)
• Midnight Serenade (1947) (short subject)
• Peggy Lee and the Dave Barbour Quartet (1950) (short subject)
• Mr. Music (1950)
• The Jazz Singer (1952)
• Lady and the Tramp (1955) (voice, songwriter)
• Pete Kelly's Blues (1955)
• Celebrity Art (1973) (short subject)

Television

• Mystery guest on What's My Line? (February 28, 1960)
• The World of Peggy Lee – documentary film produced for National Educational Television (October 16, 1969)

Music portal

References[link]

External links[link]

	Book: Peggy Lee
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• Official website: PeggyLee.com
• Peggy Lee Discography
• Peggy Lee at the Internet Movie Database
• Songwriters Hall of Fame's Peggy Lee exhibit
• Review of a Peggy Lee biography by Mark Steyn