Nicholas Ray (August 7, 1911 - June 16, 1979) was an American film director best known for the movie Rebel Without a Cause.

Ray is also appreciated by a smaller audience of cinephiles for a large number of narrative features produced between 1947 and 1963 including Bigger Than Life, Johnny Guitar, They Live by Night, and In a Lonely Place, as well as an experimental work produced throughout the 1970s titled We Can't Go Home Again, which was unfinished at the time of Ray's death from lung cancer. Ray's compositions within the CinemaScope frame and use of color are particularly well-regarded. Ray was an important influence on the French New Wave, with Jean-Luc Godard famously writing in a review of Bitter Victory, "cinema is Nicholas Ray."

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

He was born Raymond Nicholas Kienzle in Galesville, Wisconsin. In his early years, he went to school and did a brief stint at the University of Chicago: here he was exposed to the media world through radio. Here he also met two men who inspired his move to films: Frank Lloyd Wright and dramatist Thornton Wilder, then a professor. Ray received a Taliesin Fellowship from Wright to study under him as an apprentice.^[1]

Ray directed his first and only Broadway production, the Duke Ellington musical Beggar's Holiday, in 1946. One year later, he directed his first film, They Live by Night. It wasn't released for two years because of the chaotic conditions surrounding Howard Hughes' takeover of RKO Pictures. An almost impressionistic take on film noir, it was notable for its extreme empathy for society’s young outsiders (a recurring motif in Ray’s films). Its subject matter, two young lovers running from the law, had an influence on the sporadically popular movie sub-genre often called 'love on the run'. (Other examples are Gun Crazy, Bonnie and Clyde, Badlands, and Robert Altman’s 1974 remake of They Live by Night, Thieves Like Us.)

The New York Times gave the film a positive review (despite calling Ray's trademark sympathetic eye to rebels and criminals "misguided") and acclaimed Ray for "good, realistic production and sharp direction...Mr. Ray has an eye for action details. His staging of the robbery of a bank, all seen by the lad in the pick-up car, makes a fine clip of agitating film. And his sensitive juxtaposing of his actors against highways, tourist camps and bleak motels makes for a vivid comprehension of an intimate personal drama in hopeless flight."^[2]

Ray made several more contributions to film noir, most notably the 1950 Humphrey Bogart movie In a Lonely Place, about a troubled screenwriter, and On Dangerous Ground, a police thriller.

Other minor noir films he directed in this period were Born to Be Bad and A Woman's Secret.

Ray's most productive and successful period was the 1950s. In the mid-fifties he made the two films for which he is best remembered: Johnny Guitar (1954) and Rebel Without a Cause (1955). The former was a Western starring Joan Crawford and Mercedes McCambridge in action roles of the kind customarily played by men. Highly eccentric in its time, it was much loved by French critics. (François Truffaut called it "the beauty and the beast" of the western). In 1955, Ray directed Rebel Without a Cause, starring James Dean in what proved to be his most famous role. When Rebel was released, soon after Dean's early death in an automobile crash, it had a revolutionary impact on movie-making and youth culture, virtually giving birth to the contemporary concept of the American teenager. Looking past its social and pop-culture significance, Rebel Without a Cause is the purest example of Ray’s cinematic style and vision, with an expressionistic use of colour, dramatic use of architecture, and an empathy for social misfits.

Rebel Without a Cause was Ray's biggest commercial success, and marked a breakthrough in the careers of child actors Natalie Wood and Sal Mineo. Ray engaged in a tempestuous "spiritual marriage" with Dean, and awakened the latent homosexuality of Mineo, through his role as Plato, who would become the first gay teenager to appear on film. During filming it was rumored that Ray began a short-lived affair with Wood, who at age 16 was 27 years his junior. This created a tense atmosphere between Ray and Dennis Hopper, who was also involved with Wood at the time, but they were reconciled later.

In 1956, Ray directed the melodrama Bigger Than Life starring James Mason as a small-town school teacher driven insane by the misuse of a new wonder-drug, Cortisone. In 1957, he directed The True Story of Jesse James, which was supposed to have featured Dean but starred Robert Wagner instead.^[3][4]

Later life[link]

Biographers state that Ray was bisexual;^[1] he himself denied this in 1977, but stated that everyone has occasional fantasies or daydreams about same-sex relations.^[5]

A heavy user of drugs and alcohol, Ray found himself increasingly shut out of the Hollywood film industry in the early 1960s. He kept on working, but his later films got little attention, and films like The Savage Innocents and the story of Jesus of Nazareth, King of Kings, were panned by critics. After collapsing on the set of 55 Days at Peking (1963), he did not direct again until the mid-1970s.

In 1970 at a Grateful Dead concert at the Fillmore East, Ray ran into Dennis Hopper, who asked Ray to join him at his ranch in Taos, New Mexico, where he was editing his new film, The Last Movie. Hopper helped Ray secure a position at Harpur College of Arts and Sciences at Binghamton University in upstate New York.^[6] From 1971 to 1973, Ray taught filmmaking where he and his students produced We Can't Go Home Again, an autobiographical film employing multiple superimpositions. In the spring of 1972, Ray was asked to show some footage from the film at a conference. The audience was shocked to see footage of Ray and his students smoking marijuana together.^[6] An early version of the film was shown at the Cannes Film Festival in 1973, but Ray, never satisfied with the project, continued editing it until his death in 1979.

With the help of old friends, he secured teaching positions at the Lee Strasberg Institute and New York University.^[6]

Shortly before his death he collaborated on the direction of Lightning Over Water (also known as Nick’s Film) with German director Wim Wenders. He died of lung cancer on June 16, 1979 in New York City after a two-year illness.^[6] Ray died the same week as John Wayne, the star of Flying Leathernecks, a film Ray directed.

Personal life[link]

Ray was married to:

• Jean Evans, journalist, married 1936, divorced 1940. They had one son, Anthony (aka Tony, born 1937).
• Gloria Grahame, actress, whom he married in 1948. They separated in 1950 and divorced in 1952 after the director discovered Grahame in bed with his son, Tony, who was then 13 years old.^[6][7][8] (She and Tony Ray would marry in 1960.) Grahame and Nicholas Ray had one son, Timothy Ray.
• Betty Utley, dancer, married 1958, divorced 1964; two daughters, Nica and Julie.
• Susan Schwab, married 1969.

Influence[link]

Certain French New Wave directors and critics (most notably Jean-Luc Godard) held Ray in high regard. Wim Wenders' films are indebted to Ray, from the casting of Dennis Hopper in Rebel Without a Cause and the expressionistic use of colour in his own film The American Friend, to the title of his science fiction film Until the End of the World (which were the last spoken words in Ray’s biblical epic King of Kings).

Interrupted, a film about Ray to be directed by Philip Kaufman, was announced for 2007.

In the decades after his professional peak, Ray continues to influence directors to this day:

• Jean-Luc Godard was a huge admirer of Ray and famously said in his review of Bitter Victory:

"There was theatre (Griffith), poetry (Murnau), painting (Rossellini), dance (Eisenstein), music (Renoir). Henceforth there is cinema. And the cinema is Nicholas Ray."

In addition, Godard's films abound in multiple references to Nicholas Ray's films. In Godard's film, Contempt, the character played by Michel Piccoli claims to have written Ray's Bigger Than Life and in La Chinoise, a young Maoist defends the politics of Johnny Guitar to his anti-American colleagues.

• Martin Scorsese is a fan of Ray's, particularly his expressionistic use of color in Johnny Guitar (1954), Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and Bigger Than Life (1956). He used clips from two of them in his documentary A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies.

• Director Curtis Hanson is featured on a documentary for the DVD release of In A Lonely Place, giving his analysis of the film. The film was one of many influences on his direction of L.A. Confidential (1997).

• François Truffaut wrote essays about Ray (who is featured prominently in his book The Films in My Life). He asserts that They Live by Night (1949) is Ray's best movie, but gives special attention to his films Bigger Than Life (1956) and Johnny Guitar (1954).

• Wim Wenders is another European admirer of Ray's and has paid homage to him in many movies. He even gave Ray a cameo in his film The American Friend. He co-directed Ray's final film, the experimental documentary Lightning Over Water, and edited it after Ray's death. The film is a touching portrait of the final days of Nicholas Ray's life.

• At New York University, Ray taught and befriended cult director Jim Jarmusch, who became his assistant. In turn, Jarmusch says that he looked to Ray for script advice, and misses him to this day.

Filmography[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Eisenschitz, Bernard (1993). Nicholas Ray: An American Journey. Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-14086-6. 
• Frascella, Lawrence; Weisel, Al (2005). Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause. Touchstone. ISBN 0-7432-6082-1. http://www.livefastdieyoungbook.com. 
• Andrew, Geoff (2004). The Films of Nicholas Ray. British Film Institute. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-8445-7001-0|0-8445-7001-0]]. 

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
• Nicholas Ray at the Internet Movie Database
• Photos of Nicholas Ray at SUNY Binghamton (Harpur College) from 1970-72 during the making of “We Can't Go Home Again” by Mark Goldstein
• Nicholas Ray at Find a Grave
• The New Yorker article
• Tom Farrell, We Can't Go Home Again, "La furia umana", n° 3, winter 2010 on www.lafuriaumana.it
• Claudio Mazzatenta, Nicholas Ray's MARCO. Memory of working of Nick, "La furia umana", n° 3, winter 2010 on www.lafuriaumana.it
• NICHOLAS RAY: THE LAST INTERVIEW with Kathryn Bigelow and Sarah Fatima Parsons "La furia umana", n° 5 on www.lafuriaumana.it