In modern usage, civil time refers to statutory time scales designated by civilian authorities, or to local time indicated by clocks. Modern civil time is generally standard time in a time zone at a fixed offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) or from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), possibly adjusted by daylight saving time during part of the year. UTC is calculated by reference to atomic clocks, and was adopted in 1972. Older systems use telescope observations.

In traditional astronomical usage, civil time was mean solar time reckoned from midnight. Before 1925, the astronomical time 00:00:00 meant noon, twelve hours after the civil time 00:00:00 which meant midnight. HM Nautical Almanac Office in the United Kingdom used Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for both conventions, leading to ambiguity^{[clarification needed]}, whereas the Nautical Almanac Office at the United States Naval Observatory used GMT for the pre-1925 convention and Greenwich Civil Time (GCT) for the post-1924 convention until 1952. In 1928, the International Astronomical Union introduced the term Universal Time for GMT beginning at midnight, but the two Nautical Almanac Offices did not accept it until 1952.

The abbreviation LCT can be used for Local Civil Time (as 16:15 LCT), and the form 11:25L is sometimes seen.

See also[link]

• Category:Time by country
• Category:Time zones

External links[link]

• Time Scales

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010)

T-Bone Burnett
T-Bone Burnett, 2007
Background information
Birth name	Joseph Henry Burnett
Born	(1948-01-14) January 14, 1948 (age 64) St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Origin	Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.
Genres	Americana Roots rock Rock & roll Country
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, Producer
Years active	1972–present
Labels	Universal (1972–1976; 1986–1988) Arista (1976–1980) Takoma (1980–1982) Warner Bros. (1982–1984) Demon (1984–1986) Columbia (1988–present) DMZ (2006–present)
Website	Official Website

Joseph Henry Burnett (born January 14, 1948), widely known as T-Bone Burnett, is an American musician, songwriter, and soundtrack and record producer.

He was a guitarist in Bob Dylan's band on the Rolling Thunder Revue. After that tour ended, Burnett and two other members of the backing band formed The Alpha Band, followed by his first solo album in 1980.

Burnett has produced artists such as Roy Orbison, Lisa Marie Presley, John Mellencamp, Los Lobos, Counting Crows, Elton John & Leon Russell, Natalie Merchant and The Wallflowers as well as Tony Bennett and k.d. lang on the A Wonderful World album. Burnett won Grammy Awards for the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack and for his work with Alison Krauss and Robert Plant. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his songwriting contribution to the film Cold Mountain, and won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "The Weary Kind" from Crazy Heart.

He founded the record label DMZ, an imprint of Columbia, and was involved with Mark Heard and Tonio K in the short-lived What? Records. He also oversaw the music for the films Walk the Line and The Big Lebowski.

Burnett's songs have been covered by such artists as k.d. lang ("Till the Heart Caves In"), Los Lobos, Sixpence None the Richer ("Carry You"), Tonio K, Emmylou Harris, Mark Heard ("Power of Love"), Arlo Guthrie, Warren Zevon, Peter Case, and B. J. Thomas.

Early life and musical career[link]

Burnett was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1948, and raised in Fort Worth, Texas.^[1] He attended R.L. Paschal High School, and is featured in the school's Hall of Honor.^[2] His first significant contribution to the music field was as the manic drummer for the Legendary Stardust Cowboy's novelty hit, "Paralyzed."^[3]

T-Bone first appeared on The Unwritten Works of Geoffrey, Etc. as part of the pseudonymous Whistler, Chaucer, Detroit and Greenhill, released in 1968 on Uni Records and on which he also produced and wrote 4 of the 11 tracks.^[4] Also, in 1968, he produced 6 songs for a group of friends, called at the time, "The Case Hardy Boys". Later this band would move to Los Angeles and become known first as "The Fare", and later as "El Roacho", and would have songs produced by T-Bone Burnett and Daniel Moore (who sang on T-Bone's most recent album), as well as Steve Katz. In 1972, he moved to Los Angeles and recorded his second album, The B-52 Band and the Fabulous Skylarks.^[1] In 1975 and 1976, he toured with Bob Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue.^[1] When the Revue ended, Burnett and two other members of Dylan's band, David Mansfield and Steven Soles, formed The Alpha Band,^[1] which released three albums. The Alpha Band and Spark in the Dark were both released in 1977, while The Statue Makers of Hollywood was released in 1978.

T-bone and singer-songwriter Sam Phillips were married in 1989 and divorced ten years later. He produced many of her albums, including Martinis and Bikinis and Cruel Inventions.

Solo career[link]

In 1980, Burnett released his first post-Alpha Band solo album, Truth Decay, produced by Reggie Fisher, on the Takoma Records label. Truth Decay was a roots rock album described by the Rolling Stone Record Guide as "mystic Christian blues".^{[cite this quote]}

In 1982, his Trap Door EP, (also produced by Reggie Fisher) and released on the Warner Brothers label, yielded the FM radio hit "I Wish You Could Have Seen Her Dance". Burnett toured after the release of Trap Door, opening several dates for The Who, leading a band that featured Mick Ronson on guitar.

His 1983 album Proof Through the Night, whose song "When the Night Falls" got some FM airplay, and his 1987 album The Talking Animals were more in the vein of 1980s new wave music, while his self-titled 1986 album was an album of acoustic country music. His 1992 album The Criminal Under My Own Hat, tended toward adult album alternative music. All were critically acclaimed but not big sellers commercially.

Proof Through the Night was reissued by Rhino Records' Handmade Music in a limited-edition of 5,000 on May 29, 2007, in an expanded version. The double CD also included the EPs Trap Door and Behind the Trap Door.^[5]

In 2006, Burnett released two albums. The True False Identity was his first album of new songs since 1992, and Twenty Twenty – The Essential T-Bone Burnett was a 40-song career retrospective.

Production and other professional activities[link]

Burnett has become best known as a music producer. He began producing albums for artists such as Counting Crows' August and Everything After; Los Lobos' How Will the Wolf Survive?; Elvis Costello's King of America and Spike; the Wallflowers' Bringing Down the Horse; Marshall Crenshaw's Downtown; Spinal Tap's Break Like The Wind; Gillian Welch's Revival and Hell Among the Yearlings; David Poe's self-titled debut; the Roy Orbison tribute A Black & White Night Live; two albums for Bruce Cockburn; and nearly everything released by his former wife, Sam Phillips, who has also performed under the name Leslie Phillips.

In 1985, Burnett collaborated with Elvis Costello on a single titled "The People's Limousine," using the moniker "The Coward Brothers."

In 1987, Burnett produced Roy Orbison's two-record album, In Dreams: The Greatest Hits and two songs of Mystery Girl. In 1997, Burnett created new songs for the Sam Shepard play, The Tooth of Crime: Second Dance, which premiered in New York City, during the same year in an off-Broadway production that featured Vincent D'Onofrio and Kirk Acevedo. A CD of these songs, Tooth of Crime, was released in May 2008, featuring guitarist Marc Ribot and backing vocals by Sam Phillips and singer/songwriter David Poe, whose self-titled debut Burnett also produced that year. According to Burnett, he was inspired by the music of Skip James, while composing the songs for the updated version of Shepard's play.^[6]

In April 2006, he announced that his first concert tour in nearly two decades would begin on May 16 in Chicago at The Vic Theater. Around the same time, jazz singer Cassandra Wilson released an album of blues songs, Thunderbird (2006), which was produced by Burnett. He also wrote one of the album's songs and co-wrote another with Ethan Coen. Burnett also produced music for the remake of the film All the King's Men.

In 2006, Burnett produced Brandi Carlile's The Story album, the title song of which became a minor hit and was featured on a special broadcast of ABC-TV's Grey's Anatomy. Carlile's guitarist and bassist, twins Tim and Phil Hanseroth, respectively, used instruments from Burnett's private collection during the unique "live" recordings in Vancouver, B.C.

In early 2007, Burnett earned nominations for two 2006 Grammy Awards, one as Producer of the Year for his work on Cassandra Wilson's Thunderbird album, the soundtrack to Walk the Line and his own The True False Identity. Walk the Line was nominated for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. Burnett earned another nomination for his efforts as Executive Music Producer and Album Producer on that soundtrack.

In October 2007, the Grammy-winning, Burnett-produced Raising Sand, a collaborative album featuring Alison Krauss and Robert Plant was released. Burnett plays guitar on ten of the 13 tracks.

T-Bone Burnett on stage at Birmingham's NIA, May 5, 2008 with Alison Krauss and Robert Plant

In early 2008, Pete Townshend announced that Burnett was to go into the studio that fall to help produce an all covers album for The Who.^[7] However, on a May 15, 2008, episode of the NPR radio show, All Songs Considered, Burnett threw that project into question. He stated that in a blog, Townshend had indicated that he was putting all his projects on hold.^[8]

In 2008, it was reported that Burnett "started a new venture called Code, which aims to do for music what THX did for movie-theater sound: set standards that ensure the best possible quality."^[9] He is opposed to the trend of brighter and more compressed processing, sufficiently so, that he essentially retired from the music business around 1995–1996 and pursued an opportunity to work in theater with Sam Shepard, leading to his work on several films.^[10]

The audio format known as Code, involves the simultaneous release of multiple sound formats, thus avoiding much of the processing which happens when sound is converted from one format to another. Burnett produced John Mellencamp's album Life, Death, Love and Freedom, which was the first Code album when it was released on July 15, 2008.^[9] Burnett also produced Mellencamp's follow-up to Life, Death, Love and Freedom, titled No Better Than This.

In 2009, Burnett produced albums for Moonalice and Grace Potter and the Nocturnals.^[11] In that same year, he also produced Elvis Costello's album, Secret, Profane & Sugarcane as well as co-writing the song "Sulfur to Sugarcane" with Costello.^[12]

Burnett produced a collaboration album by Elton John and Leon Russell. John, Russell, and Bernie Taupin (John's lyricist) wrote songs together in late 2009. The album, which is titled The Union, was recorded in January 2010 and released in October 2010.

In 2010 Burnett produced Gregg Allman's “Low Country Blues” album (release date in January 2011).^[13]

Burnett has started production, as of January 2011, on Lisa Marie Presley's third album " Storm And Grace" in Los Angeles. The album was released May 15, 2012.

Work in films[link]

In 1992, Burnett worked on some songs with his friend River Phoenix, for the movie The Thing Called Love. He was the coach of Samantha Mathis.^{[citation needed]}

In 2000, Burnett produced the soundtrack and wrote the score for the Coen Brothers film, O Brother, Where Art Thou?. The award-winning soundtrack featured music from Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss, Ralph Stanley, Gillian Welch, and others performing traditional American folk music, blues and bluegrass — reminiscent of Burnett's 1986 self-titled release. The album was a hit, garnering numerous industry awards from the Grammys, Academy of Country Music,^{[further explanation needed]} and the Country Music Association.^{[further explanation needed]} The album was as much a commercial success as a critical one and has sold over seven million copies according to the Recording Industry Association of America.^{[citation needed]}

A documentary film, Down from the Mountain, was made of a benefit concert of the soundtrack performed by the artists on the album; Burnett figures prominently in the film. For producing the soundtrack albums for these two films, and for his wife Sam Phillips' Fan Dance album, Burnett won the 2002 Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical. Burnett went on to produce the less popular gospel soundtrack to the Coen's The Ladykillers.

In 2004, under his name "Henry Burnett", he wrote "I Wish My Baby Was Born", "Like a Songbird That Has Fallen", and "Scarlet Tide" for the movie Cold Mountain. "Scarlet Tide", co-written with Elvis Costello and performed by Alison Krauss, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song and won BAFTA's Anthony Asquith Award for Achievement in Film Music.

In 2005, he composed the score for Wim Wenders' film Don't Come Knocking.

In 2005, he worked with actors Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon for their singing roles as Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash in the film Walk the Line. Witherspoon won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the film, giving special thanks to Burnett in her speech for "helping her realize her lifelong dream of being a country music singer". He also produced that film's soundtrack album and wrote its score.

In 2009, Burnett collaborated on music for the movie Crazy Heart, winning a Golden Globe, an Academy Award, and a Grammy Award for the song "The Weary Kind" that he composed with Ryan Bingham. T-Bone was also a producer of the film, along with Jeff Bridges and Robert Duvall.^[14]

Awards and accolades[link]

Academy Awards[link]

On January 27, 2004, Burnett was nominated for an Academy Award, along with Elvis Costello in the category of Best Original Song for "Scarlet Tide" from the film, Cold Mountain.

On March 7, 2010, Burnett and Ryan Bingham won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "The Weary Kind" from Crazy Heart.

BAFTA Anthony Asquith Award[link]

On January 26, 2010, Burnett and Crazy Heart collaborator Stephen Bruton received BAFTA's Anthony Asquith Award for Achievement in Film Music for their work on Cold Mountain.

Critics Choice Awards[link]

On January 15, 2010, Burnett and Ryan Bingham were awarded the prize for Best Song at the 15th annual Critics Choice Awards on Friday night. The awards are bestowed annually by the Broadcast Film Critics Association to honor the finest in cinematic achievement. Burnett and Bingham won the award for writing "The Weary Kind" from Crazy Heart.

Frederick Loewe Award[link]

On December 10, 2009, Burnett was presented with the Frederick Loewe Award for Film Composing, for his work on Crazy Heart, at the Palm Springs International Film Festival.

Golden Globe Awards[link]

On January 17, 2010, Burnett and Ryan Bingham were awarded a Golden Globe in the category of Best Original Song for "The Weary Kind" from Crazy Heart.

Grammy Awards[link]

On January 7, 1993, Burnett was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Contemporary Folk Album for The Criminal Under My Own Hat.

On February 27, 2002, Burnett won four Grammys for his work on the soundtrack to O Brother Where Art Thou, in the categories of Album of the Year, Best Traditional Folk Album and Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. He was also awarded the Grammy as Producer of the Year, Non-Classical.

On February 23, 2003, Burnett won a Grammy in the category of Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for his work on A Wonderful World from Tony Bennett and k.d. lang.

On February 8, 2006, Burnett won a Grammy in the category of Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, for his work on Walk the Line.

On February 8, 2009, Burnett was awarded Grammys for Album of the Year and Best Contemporary Folk Album for his work on the Robert Plant and Alison Krauss album, Raising Sand; Record of the Year for his work on "Please Read The Letter", also from Raising Sand; and Best Traditional Blues Album for his work on B.B. King's One Kind Favor.

On December 2, 2009, Burnett was nominated for a Grammy in the categories of Best Contemporary Folk Album and Producer of the Year, Non-Classical, for his work on Elvis Costello's Secret, Profane & Sugarcane.

On January 13, 2011, Burnett was awarded Grammys in the categories of Best Compilation Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media, for his work on Crazy Heart, and Best Song Written For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media, along with Stephen Bruton, for "The Weary Kind (Theme From Crazy Heart)".

Independent Spirit Awards[link]

On March 5, 2010, Burnett and fellow Crazy Heart producers Robert Duvall, Rob Carliner and Judy Cairo, along with director Scott Cooper, received Best First Feature honors at the 25th Annual Independent Spirit Awards.

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award[link]

On January 16, 2010, Burnett and his longtime friend and collaborator on Crazy Heart, Stephen Bruton, were awarded Best Music Score honors for their work on that film by The Los Angeles Film Critics Association at their 35th Annual Awards Ceremony. Bruton died on May 9, 2009, shortly after completing work on the film.^{[citation needed]}

Satellite Award[link]

On December 20, 2009, Burnett won a Satellite Award from the International Press Academy in the category of Original Song for writing "The Weary Kind", from Crazy Heart, with Ryan Bingham.

Artist discography[link]

Compilations[link]

Alpha Band discography[link]

Record production discography[link]

Film and television discography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• T-Bone Burnett on National Public Radio
• T-Bone Burnett at the Internet Movie Database

Cecil "Sam" Cook (23 August 1921^[1] – 4 September 1996) was an English cricketer who played for Gloucestershire and in one Test match for England.

Life and career[link]

Born in Tetbury, Gloucestershire, Cook was a small and stocky slow left-arm spinner, who took a wicket with his first ball in first-class cricket, and 133 wickets in his first season (1946). No great spinner of the ball, Cook relied on accuracy and flight: if he lacked penetration as a bowler, he was also very rarely mastered.^[2] Before Gloucestershire acquired spinning riches in the form of John Mortimore and David Allen, Cook regularly took 100 wickets a season, and later on the county side often played three spinners, right up to the time when Cook retired in 1964.

Cook's one Test match was unfortunate. He was called into the England team to play the South Africans on the batsman's pitch at Trent Bridge in 1947, after taking six South African wickets in the second innings of the MCC match in May. But in the Test match, he took no wickets for 127 runs, scored 0 and 4, and was never picked again.^[1] The Kent fast bowler Jack Martin, who had done equally well in the MCC match, was also picked for the Trent Bridge Test, also fared badly, and was likewise discarded, never to appear in Test cricket again.^[3]

In all first-class cricket, Cook took 1,782 wickets, making him 50th on the all-time list. No batsman at all, he scored fewer than 2,000 first-class runs and never reached 50. After retirement, he stood as a first-class umpire until 1986.^[1]

Sam Cook died in his hometown of Tetbury in September 1996, at the age of 75.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sam Cook at www.cricketarchive.com

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