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pascal
A pressure gauge reading in psi (red scale) and kPa (black scale)
Unit information
Unit system:	SI derived unit
Unit of...	Pressure / Stress
Symbol:	Pa
Named after:	Blaise Pascal
In SI base units:	1 Pa = 1 kg/(m·s2)

The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre.

On Earth, standard atmospheric pressure is 101325 Pa. In everyday life the pascal is perhaps best known from meteorological barometric pressure reports, where it occurs in the form of hectopascals (1 hPa ≡ 100 Pa) or kilopascals (1 kPa ≡ 1000 Pa).^[1] In other contexts, the kilopascal is commonly used, for example on bicycle tire labels.^[2] One hectopascal corresponds to about 0.1% of atmospheric pressure slightly above sea level; one kilopascal is about 1% of atmospheric pressure. One hectopascal is equivalent to one millibar; one standard atmosphere is exactly equal to 101.325 kPa or 1013.25 hPa or 101325 Pa. The corresponding Imperial unit is pounds per square inch (psi).

Definition[link]

The pascal can be expressed using SI derived units, or alternatively solely SI base units, as:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): {\rm 1~Pa = 1~\frac{N}{m^2} = 1~\frac{kg}{m \cdot s^2}}

^[3] Where N is the newton, m is the metre, kg is the kilogram, and s is the second.

Origin[link]

The unit is named after Blaise Pascal, the eminent French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher noted for his experiments with a barometer, an instrument to measure air pressure. The name pascal was adopted for the SI unit newton per square metre by the 14th CGPM in 1971. [1]

This SI unit is named after Blaise Pascal. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit whose name is derived from the proper name of a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (Pa). When an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (pascal), except where any word would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase. —Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.

Miscellaneous[link]

Standard atmospheric pressure is 101325 Pa
= 101.325 kPa
= 1013.25  hPa
= 1.01325 bar
= 0.101325 MPa
= 760 Torr^[4]
= 14.696 psi.
This definition is used for pneumatic fluid power (ISO R554), and in the aerospace (ISO 2533) and petroleum (ISO 5024) industries.

In 1985 the IUPAC recommended that the standard for atmospheric pressure should be harmonized to 100,000 Pa = 1 bar = 750 Torr. The same definition is used in the compressor and the pneumatic tool industries (ISO 2787).

The Unicode computer character set has dedicated symbols ㎩ (U+33A9) for Pa and ㎪ (U+33AA) for kPa, but these exist merely for backward-compatibility with some older ideographic character-sets and are therefore deprecated.

Uses[link]

The pascal (Pa) or kilopascal (kPa) as a unit of pressure measurement is widely used throughout the world and has largely replaced the pounds per square inch (psi) unit, except in some countries that still use the Imperial measurement system.

Tectonophysicists use the gigapascal (GPa) in measuring or calculating tectonic forces within the earth.

In materials science, megapascals (MPa = N/mm²) or gigapascals (GPa = kN/mm²) are commonly used to measure stiffness or tensile strength of materials. Examples of (approximate) tensile modulus for several common substances include nylon at 2-4; hemp (fibre) at 58, aluminium at 69; tooth enamel at 83, copper at 117, steel at approximately 200 GPa, silkworm silk at 500, and diamond at 1220.

The pascal is also equivalent to the SI unit of energy density, J/m³. This applies not only to the thermodynamics of pressurized gasses, but also to the energy density of electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields.

Other, older units of measure occasionally used for pressure are millimeters of mercury (Torr) and millimetres of water (1.0 mmH₂O = 9.80665 Pa).

In the cgs system, the unit of pressure is the barye (symbol ba), which is equal to one decipascal. The older kilogram-force per square centimetre corresponds to 98.0665 kPa,^[5] but is it often rounded off to 100 kPa in practice.

In the former mts system, the unit of pressure is the pièze (symbol pz), which is equal to one kilopascal.

Airtightness testing of buildings is measured at 50 Pa or 0.2 inches of water.^[6]

Hectopascal and millibar units[link]

Meteorologists worldwide have for a long time measured atmospheric pressure in bars, which was originally equivalent to the average air pressure on Earth; the bar was divided into a thousand millibars to provide the precision meteorologists require. After the introduction of SI units, many preferred to preserve the customary pressure figures. Consequently, the bar was redefined as 100,000 pascals, which is only slightly lower than standard air pressure on Earth. Today many meteorologists prefer hectopascals (hPa) for air pressure, which are equivalent to millibars, while similar pressures are given in kilopascals in practically all other fields, since the hecto prefix is rarely used. Since official metrication, meteorologists in Canada use kilopascals (kPa),^[7][8] although in some other countries hectopascals are still in use.^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]}

As of 17 November 2011 the hectopascal is used in aviation as the altimeter setting.

1 hectopascal (hPa) ≡ 100 Pa ≡ 1 mbar.

1 kilopascal (kPa) ≡ 1000 Pa ≡ 10 hPa ≡ 10 mbar.

See also[link]

• Pascal's law
• Orders of magnitude (pressure)

References[link]

v t e SI units Base units Ampere · Candela · Kelvin · Kilogram · Metre · Mole · Second Derived units Becquerel · Coulomb · Degree Celsius · Farad · Gray · Henry · Hertz · Joule · Katal · Lumen · Lux · Newton · Ohm · Pascal · Radian · Siemens · Sievert · Steradian · Tesla · Volt · Watt · Weber Accepted for use with SI Dalton (Atomic mass unit) · Astronomical unit · Day · Decibel · Degree Celsius · Degree of arc · Electronvolt · Hectare · Hour · Litre · Minute · Minute of arc · Neper · Second of arc · Tonne Atomic units · Natural units See also SI prefixes · Systems of measurement · Conversion of units · New SI definitions · History of the metric system Book:International System of Units  · Category:SI base units

Look up Pascal or pascal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

This is a disambiguation page. For other uses, see Pascal (given name) or Pascal (surname)

Pascal or PASCAL may refer to:

People[link]

• Pascal (given name), a French given name
• Pascal (surname), a French and Italian surname
• Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), French mathematician and philosopher
• Adam Pascal (born 1970), American actor and singer, best known for his role of Roger Davis in the Broadway musical Rent
• Cleo Paskal, environmental scientist
• Pascal (musician), stage name of drum and bass musician Pascal Redpath.
• Pascal Etcheber, the author of "Vagabond Earth"

Things named after Blaise Pascal[link]

• Pascal (unit) (Pa), the SI unit of pressure (equivalent to one newton per square meter)
• Pascal (programming language), a programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth between 1968 and 1969
• Pascal distribution, a special case of the negative binomial distribution
• Pascal's triangle, a geometric arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle
• Pascal's law, a physics principle relating pressure at various points in an incompressible fluid
• Pascal (crater), a lunar crater
• Pascal's theorem, also known as the Hexagrammum Mysticum Theorem
• Pascal's Wager, a philosophical argument for belief in God

Fictional characters[link]

• Pascal, the main character in the film The Red Balloon
• Pascal, a character in the television series Beauty and the Beast, portrayed by Armin Shimerman
• Pascal, a character in the novel Felidae by German-Turkish writer Akif Pirinçci and in the film based on the novel
• Pascal (Nintendo), a character from the Nintendo video game series Animal Crossing
• Pascal Curious, a character from The Sims 2
• Pascal, a character from Tales of Graces
• Mattia Pascal, the main character in The Late Mattia Pascal, novel by Luigi Pirandello
• Pascal: the name of the pet chameleon of the main heroine Rapunzel in the film Tangled (2010)

Other uses[link]

• PASCAL (database), a scientific bibliographic database maintained by INIST
• Pascal blanc, a French white wine grape
• Pascal, an alias of Flip & Fill, dance music producers Graham Turner and Mark Hall
• Pascal Photocoagulator, a pattern scan laser used in ophthalmology
• J. Pascal's Furniture and Hardware, a Montreal hardware and furniture store trading under the name “Pascal”
• Pascal College, school in Zaandam, the Netherlands, for pre-university secondary education
• Pattern Analysis, Statistical Modelling and Computational Learning (PASCAL), a Network of Excellence funded by the European Union, which supports collaboration between experts in Machine Learning, Statistics and Optimization
• Pascal (programming language) Programming language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring

See also[link]

• Paschal (disambiguation)
• Pasqual (disambiguation)
• Pascual (disambiguation)
• Pasquale (disambiguation)
• PAS/CAL, a pop band from Detroit, Michigan
• Royal Malaysian Navy PASKAL, special forces unit

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up unit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Unit may refer to:

Mathematics[link]

• Unit (ring theory), an element that is invertible with respect to ring multiplication
• 1 (number), the unit number
• Unit vector, a vector with length equal to 1

Science and technology[link]

• Units (software), a software program for unit conversion
• Units of measurement, a standardized quantity of measurement of a physical quantity
• Enzyme unit
• Unit operation, a basic step in a chemical plant process
• Functional unit, a component of a computer system such as the CPU
• Unit of blood, a measurement in blood transfusion equal to one pint or 450 ml
• Unit of alcohol, 10 millilitres of pure ethanol in the United Kingdom
• Rack unit, a measure to describe the height of rack-mounted computer equipment
• Geological unit or rock unit, a volume of identifiable rock or ice
• In statistics:
  • Unit of observation, a type of entity (e.g. person, house, neighborhood) specifying the level at which data is collected
  • Unit of analysis, a type of entity (e.g. person, house, neighborhood) specifying the level at which data is analyzed
  • Statistical unit, a single data point, or collection of data points grouped as a single entity, on which statistical analysis is performed

Entertainment and the arts[link]

• UNIT, a fictional military organization in the science fiction television series Doctor Who
• Unit (album), by the Australian band Regurgitator
• Unit (art collective), a British artists' collective
• G-Unit, a hip-hop music group
• The Units, a synthpunk band
• The Unit, an American television series
• Second unit, a team that shoots footage which is of lesser importance for the final motion picture
• Unit of action, a discrete piece of action (or beat) in a theatrical presentation
• UNIT Post Production, a British company
• The Tony Rice Unit, an American bluegrass group

Other uses[link]

• Unit (housing), a self-contained suite of rooms within a set of similar dwellings
• Unit of account, a monetary unit of measurement
• An apartment
• Multiple unit, a passenger train where each carriage has it own motors
• Military unit
• Strategic business unit
• In real time strategy games, an individual (or squad, depending on the game) infantry or vehicle
• Work unit or danwei (单位), a place of employment in China

See also[link]

• UNITA
• Subunit (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Pascal Olivier Nouma (born 6 January 1972) is a Senegalese/French footballer. He is particularly famous for his eccentric behaviour both on and off the pitch. During an interview with Hürriyet he admitted being Turkish and feeling that Turkey is his home country. [1]

He started his career in the Paris Saint-Germain youth team before moving around other teams in France. He played for Lille and Caen before moving back to PSG for two seasons in 1994. In 1996 he left for Strasbourg, spending two seasons there before he moving to Lens. After two seasons at Lens, he left for the Turkish club Beşiktaş, where he achieved phenomenal success and still maintains his popularity among Beşiktaş fans, who composed special songs for him. He played for them for one season, moving to play for Marseille the next year. He returned for a short spell at Beşiktaş the next season, but his contract was cancelled by the board following a bizarre incident in which he celebrated a goal against arch-rivals Fenerbahçe by putting his hands down his shorts, a gesture he described as 'a private moment of joy'. He was forced to leave Beşiktaş because of a suspension for 7 months from the Turkish Football Federation due to this behaviour.

Following this incident he played in Qatar and tried his luck by turning out for trials in countries like the U.S.A. and Scotland.

Pascal Nouma was so popular among Beşiktaş fans that he has a chant dedicated to him. The lyrics are "Fransa'da doğdu, Beşiktaşlı oldu, helal olsun sana, Pascal Nouma", which can be translated as "He was born in France, but he became a Beşiktaş man, God bless you Pascal Nouma". Another chant dedicated to him was "Pascal bizi diskoya götür", literally "Pascal, take us to the disco". This was because of his addiction to nightlife in Istanbul.

Currently he's attempting his first experience as an actor in a Turkish movie called Dünyayı Kurtaran Adamın Oğlu (The Son of the Man Who Saved the World).[2]

His lob shot against Dynamo Kiev in the third round of UEFA Cup 2003 was perhaps the finest among his many amazing goals and is still cherished by Beşiktaş fans who remember Nouma with nostalgia.

v t e Beşiktaş Centenary Champion Squad 1 Córdoba 2 T. Doğantez 3 T. Havutçu (c) 4 A. Yıldırım 5 Ronaldo 6 Y. Sülün 7 A. Dursun 8 Amaral 8 Măldărăşanu 9 Pancu 10 S. Yalçın 11 B. Bektaş 13 T. Tuna 16 N. Güney 17 Dąbrowski 19 İ. Üzülmez 20 Giunti 21 Nouma 22 Y. Yıldız 24 E. Yağmur 26 İ. Mansız 29 A. C. Begeçarslan 30 Zago 33 G. Gencer 37 Z. Demiray 41 S. Topraktepe 44 A. E. Beşerler 67 T. Metin Chairman: Serdar Bilgili Manager: Mircea Lucescu

External links[link]

• Interview of Pascal Nouma in Hürriyet

  67 Goals