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The "Hephthalite bowl", NFP Pakistan, 5–6th century CE. British Museum.^[1]

Huna coin of King Lakhana of Udyana, legend "RAJA LAKHANA (UDAYA) DITYA ".

Huna king Napki Malka.

Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. 475–576).
Obv: Napki Malka type bust, winged headdress with bull head in the center. Pahlavi legend "NAPKI MALKA".
Rev: Zoroastrian fire altar with attendants either side. Sun wheel, or possibly eight-spoked Buddhist Dharmacakra, above left.

Sardonyx seal representing Vishnu with a worshipper, Afghanistan or Pakistan, 4th–6th century CE. The inscription in cursive Bactrian reads: "Mihira (Mihirakula?), Vishnu and Shiva". British Museum.

Huna is the name under which the Xionite tribes who invaded northern India during the first half of the 5th century were known.

History[link]

Asia in 500 AD, showing the Huna domain at its greatest extent.

The Central Asian Xionites consisted of four hordes in four cardinal directions. Northern Huna were the Black Huns, Southern Huna were the Red Huns, Eastern Huna were the Celestial Huns, and Western Huna were the White Huns or Hephthalites. This article mainly concerns the Alchon and their Indo-Hephthalite ruling-elite. They seem to have been part of the Hephthalite group, who established themselves in then Bharatvarsha and present day India by the first half of the fifth century. They sometimes call themselves "Hono" on their coins, but it seems that they are similar to the Huns who invaded the Western world.

They appeared in Northwestern India and parts of eastern Iran. During their invasion, the Hunas managed to capture the Sassanian king Peroz I, and exchanged him for a ransom. They used the coins of the ransom to counter mark and copy them, thereby initiating a coinage inspired from Sassanian designs.^[2]

The Bhishma Parva of the Mahabharata, supposed to have been edited around the 4th or 5th century, in one of its verses, mentions the Hunas with the Parasikas and other Mlechha tribes of the northwest including the Yavanas, Chinas, Kambojas, Darunas, Sukritvahas, Kulatthas etc.^[3] According to Dr V. A. Smith, the verse is reminiscent of the period when the Hunas first came into contact with the Sassanian dynasty of Persia.^[4]

Scholars believe that king Raghu, the hero of Kalidasa's Sanskrit play Raghuvamsha (4th/5th c AD) was in fact king Chandragupta Vikramaditya of the Gupta Dynasty. According to the epic,he had started a military expedition and after defeating and subjugating the local peoples along the way he reached the Parasikas of Sassanian Iran and defeated them after fierce fighting. Then he proceeded to north from Iran and reached river Vamkshu (or Oxus) where he battled with the Hunas. After conquering the Hunas, he crossed the Oxus and encountered the Kambojas, an ancient Iranian people who find frequent mention in South Asian texts.^[5]

Brahat Katha of Kashmiri Pandit Kshmendra (11th c AD) also claims that king Vikramaditya had slaughtered the Shakas, Barbaras, Hunas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Parasikas and the Tusharas etc. and hence unburdened the earth of these sinful Mlechhas.^[6] There is still another ancient Brahmanical text Katha-Saritsagara by Somadeva which also attests that king Vikramaditya had invaded the north-west tribes including the Kashmiras and had destroyed the Sanghas of the Mlechhas (reference to Sanghas here obviously alludes to the Sanghas of the Madrakas, Yaudheyas, Kambojas, Mallas or Malavas, Sibis, Arjunayans, Kulutas and Kunindas etc). Those who survived accepted his suzerainty and many of them joined his armed forces.^[7]

These references suggest that the Guptas indeed had encounters with the Hunas from the north-west.

Skandagupta is stated to have repelled a Huna invasion in 455, but they continued to pressure South Asia's northwest frontier (present day Pakistan), and broke through into northern India by the end of the fifth century, hastening the disintegration of the Gupta Empire.

According to Litvinsky, the initial Huna or Alxon raids on Gandhara took place in the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD, upon the death of the Gupta ruler, Skandagupta (455–470), presumably led by the Tegin Khingila. M. Chakravary, based on Chinese and Persian histories believes that the Hunas conquered Gandhara from the Ki-to-lo (Kidarites) in ca. 475 AD. Gandhara had been occupied by various Kidarite principalities from the early 4th century AD, but it is still a subject of debate as to whether rule was transferred from the Kidarites directly to the Hephthalites. It is known that the Huns invaded Gandhara and the Punjab from the Kabul valley after vanquishing the Kidarite principalities.

The Alchon ruler Toramana established his rule over Gandhara and western Punjab, and was succeeded by his son Mihirakula in 520 whose capital was Sakala or modern day Sialkot in the Pakistani Punjab. The Guptas continued to resist the Hunas, and allied with the rulers of the neighboring Indian states.

The Hunas suffered a defeat by Yasodharman of Malwa in 528, and by 542 Mihirakula had been driven off the plains of northern India, taking refuge in Kashmir, and he is thought to have died soon after. Mihirakula is remembered in contemporary Indian and Chinese histories for his cruelty and his destruction of temples and monasteries, with particular hostility towards Buddhism.

Victory pillar of Yashodharman at Sondani, Mandsaur

The Huna were further defeated around 565 by a coalition of Sassanians and Western Turks.

After the end of the sixth century little is recorded in India about the Huna, and what happened to them is unclear; some historians surmise that the remaining Huna were assimilated into northern South Asia's population.

The Gurjara clan appeared in northern India about the time of the Huna invasions of northern India, and later established a number of ruling dynasties in northern India, including the Pratiharas of Kanauj. Gurjara origins and their relationship to the Hephthalites are not well documented, and subject to considerable debate. However, Huna is one of the prominent gotras among Gurjars and many Huna (Gurjar) villages can still be found in Ghaziabad and Bulandshahr. Some Rajput sub-castes like Huna Jat and Barnwal may be of Huna ancestry.

King Devapala of Pala dynasty of Bengal (810 AD −850 AD) is said to have invaded and received tributes from the Vindhyas, Dravidas, Hunas, Gurjaras and Kambojas in the West.^[8]

The Hunas are mentioned in the Tibetan chronicle Dpag-bsam-ljon-bzah (The Excellent Kalpa-Vrksa), along people like the Yavanas, Kambojas, Tukharas, Khaqsas, Daradas etc.^[9][10]

Religion[link]

The Indianized Huns were fervent worshippers of the Sun God and of Shiva ^[11]

See also[link]

• Raghuvaṃśa
• Hon
• History of India
• Ancient India and Central Asia
• History of Central Asia

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-87772-346-6

External links[link]

• Hephthalite coins
• More Hephthalite coins
• Alchon Hunnic History and Coins of the Kashmir Smast Kingdom- Waleed Ziad

Glover Teixeira (born October 28, 1979 in Sobrália, Minas Gerais, Brazil) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who currently competes in the light heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Mixed martial arts career[link]

Early career[link]

Teixeira is a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Black Belt under Luigi Mondelli. Teixeira currently trains and instructs at The Pit with instructor John Hackleman, former UFC light heavyweight champion Chuck Liddell, and also with UFC, WEC veteran and current DREAM fighter Antonio Banuelos.^[1]

His background includes a variety of grappling and MMA tournaments: Grappler's Quest, NAGA, Sport Fight (where he was the light heavyweight champion). Under submission wrestling rules, he grappled well known fighters Jeff Monson and Brandon Vera. He won the 2009 Brazilian ADCC trials in the under 99 kg division and in the 2011 Brazilian ADCC trials he took the second place.

Teixeira defeated UFC and PRIDE veteran Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou by KO on October 12, 2006 at WEC 24.

Teixeira was featured in the second season opening episode of the MMA reality television series TapouT.

Ultimate Fighting Championship[link]

On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Teixeira had signed a deal with UFC and will make his debut in early summer 2012.^[2]

Teixeira debuted at the UFC facing Kyle Kingsbury on May 26, 2012 at UFC 146. After a quick exchange, Teixeira knocked Kingsbury down with a right uppercut, gained full mount, locked an arm-triangle choke, switched to side control and forced "Kingsbu" to tap at 1:53 of the first round.^[3]

With Thaigo Silva injured, UFC president Dana White is hoping to schedule Teixeira to face Maurício Rua at UFC 149.^[4]

Mixed martial arts record[link]

Result	Record	Opponent	Method	Event	Date	Round	Time	Location	Notes
Win	18-2	Kyle Kingsbury	Submission (arm-triangle choke)	UFC 146	02012-05-26May 26, 2012	1	1:53	Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win	17-2	Ricco Rodriguez	TKO (submission to punches)	MMAAD: MMA Against Dengue	02011-11-27November 27, 2011	1	1:58	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Win	16-2	Marvin Eastman	KO (punch)	Shooto Brasil Fight for BOPE	02011-08-25August 25, 2011	1	4:00	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Win	15-2	Antonio Mendes	Submission (rear naked choke)	Shooto Brazil 24	02011-08-05August 5, 2011	1	4:06	Brasília, Brazil	Won Shooto South America 220-pound Championship
Win	14-2	Márcio Cruz	TKO (punches)	Clube da Luta	02011-07-20July 20, 2011	2	4:21	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Win	13-2	Simão Melo	KO (punches)	Shooto Brazil 23	02011-06-04June 4, 2011	1	1:49	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Win	12-2	Daniel Tabera	Decision (unanimous)	Bitetti Combat 8 - 100 Years of Corinthians	02010-12-04December 4, 2010	3	5:00	São Paulo, Brazil
Win	11-2	Marko Peselj	TKO (punches)	Impact FC 2	02010-07-18July 18, 2010	1	3:01	Sydney, New South Wales
Win	10-2	Tiago Tosato	TKO (punches)	Bitetti Combat MMA 7	02010-05-28May 28, 2010	1	1:27	Rio de Janeiro
Win	9-2	Joaquim Ferreira	TKO (corner stoppage)	Bitetti Combat MMA 6	02010-02-25February 25, 2010	2	1:30	Brazilian Federal District
Win	8-2	Leonardo Lucio Nascimento	Technical Submission (guillotine choke)	Bitetti Combat MMA 4	02009-09-12September 12, 2009	1	3:11	Rio de Janeiro
Win	7-2	Buckley Acosta	TKO (punches)	Palace Fighting Championships 7	02008-02-20February 20, 2008	1	1:00	Lemoore, California, United States
Win	6-2	Jorge Oliveira	TKO (punches)	PFC 6: No Retreat, No Surrender	02008-01-17January 17, 2008	1	0:05	Lemoore, California, United States
Win	5-2	Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou	KO (punches)	WEC 24	02006-10-12October 12, 2006	1	1:41	Lemoore, California, United States
Win	4-2	Jack Morrison	Submission (rear naked choke)	WEC 22	02006-07-28July 28, 2006	1	1:27	Lemoore, California, United States
Win	3-2	Carlton Jones	TKO	WEC 20	02006-05-02May 2, 2006	1	1:57	Lemoore, California, United States
Loss	2-2	Ed Herman	Decision (unanimous)	SF 9: Respect	02005-03-26March 26, 2005	3	5:00	Gresham, Oregon, United States
Win	2-1	Justin Ellison	TKO (punches)	SF 5: Stadium	02004-08-28August 28, 2004	1	N/A	Gresham, Oregon, United States
Win	1-1	Matt Horwich	Decision (unanimous)	SF 3: Dome	02004-04-17April 17, 2004	3	5:00	Gresham, Oregon, United States
Loss	0-1	Eric Swartz	TKO (punches and elbows)	WEC 3	02002-06-07June 7, 2002	2	3:33	Lemoore, California, United States

Submission grappling record[link]

Result	Opponent	Method	Event	Date	Round	Time	Notes
Loss	Gabriel Vella	Points	ADCC Brasil trials (Over 99KG)	2011
Win	Armando Sapo	Submission	ADCC Brasil trials (Over 99KG)	2011
Win	Salvador Minnit	Submission	ADCC Brasil trials (Over 99KG)	2011
Win	Jorge Bezerra	Points	ADCC Brasil trials(Over 99KG)	2011
Loss	Vinny Magalhães	Submission (Armbar)	ADCC Barcelona (Under 99 KG)	2009
Loss	Gerardi Rinaldi	Points	ADCC Barcelona (Under 99 KG)	2009
Win	Dean Lister	Points	ADCC Barcelona (Under 99 KG)	2009
Win	Vesa Vuori	Points	ADCC Barcelona (Under 99 KG)	2009
Win	Leonardo Chocolate	Submission (Rear naked choke)	ADCC Brasil trails (Under 99KG)	2009
Win	Renato Ferreira	Points	ADCC Brasil trails (Under 99KG)	2009

References[link]

External links[link]

• Professional MMA record for Glover Teixeira from Sherdog
• NAGC INDIVIDUAL NO-GI CHAMPIONS 2004

James Te-Huna
Born	(1981-09-29) 29 September 1981 (age 30) Darfield, New Zealand
Residence	Penrith, Australia
Nationality	New Zealander[1]
Height	6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)[2]
Weight	205 lb (93 kg; 14.6 st)
Division	Light Heavyweight
Reach	75.0 in (191 cm)
Style	Boxing, Wrestling, Kickboxing
Fighting out of	Sydney, Australia
Team	Elite Fight Gym
Years active	2003-present
Mixed martial arts record
Total	19
Wins	14
By knockout	10
By submission	3
By decision	1
Losses	5
By knockout	0
By submission	4
By decision	0
By disqualification	1
Draws	0
Other information
Notable relatives	Tama Te-Huna, brother
Website	www.jamestehuna.com
Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog

James Te-Huna (born 29 September 1981) is a New Zealand mixed martial artist^[3] who is currently competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Mixed martial arts career[link]

Early career and background[link]

Te-Huna is of Maori descent and became the first New Zealander to enter the UFC. Te-Huna racked up victories on the local circuit, in Australia, as well as suffering a submission loss (via shoulder dislocation) to Bellator Fighting Championship season one middleweight champion, Hector Lombard.

Prior to joining the UFC he defeated veteran journeyman Antony Rea whilst competing for the Cage Fighting Championship promotion. He became the Cage Fighting Championship Light Heavyweight World Champion at CFC 10 by defeating UFC fighter Anthony Perosh by first round knockout. Te-Huna was later sanctioned by the promotion for illegally stomping on Perosh after the referee had stopped the bout. Cage Fighting Championship promoter Luke Pezzutti issued the following statement concerning Te-Huna's behaviour, "To Anthony Perosh and the supporters/ Fans of Cage Fighting Championship, we apologize and do not condone nor tolerate the un-sportsman like actions of James Te-Huna at the CFC 10 August 21 event where the referee Ivan Walton stepped in to stop the fight between James and Anthony, and as a result of his actions that evening he has been fined 20% of his fight purse and has offered to write a letter of apology to Anthony Perosh, CFC officials and the supporters of CFC. CFC officials will amend rules, regulations to further prevent this type of behavior from our athletes." A formal letter of apology was duly issued on Te-Huna's behalf.

Having been born in New Zealand but training out of Australia, when Te-Huna was asked whether he considered himself Australian or New Zealand he responded "In World War II my grandfather fought for New Zealand and Australia, and so do I."

^[4] Te-Huna has stated his concerns for the 2011 earthquake tragedy in New Zealand "I am heart broken over the devastation in Christchurch. I was born just outside of the city & have family there, as far as I know they are all safe. This weekend I will not only be fighting for myself but to help rebuild the lives of those who have suffered. I will be donating all of my fight earnings from this weekends match to NZ 2011 Earthquake appeal"

^[5]Te-Huna was lucky to escape serious injuries after a twenty foot shop glass panel fell on top of him while walking to training alongside a busy Sydney mall. He was later taken to hospital.

Ultimate Fighting Championship[link]

Te-Huna then signed a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship and made his debut at UFC 110 against Igor Pokrajac.^[6] Te-Huna was victorious via TKO stopping his opponent with nine consecutive punches using his broken arm he suffered during the bout. His next fight was scheduled to be at UFC 120 against UFC newcomer Tom Blackledge.^[7] However, on 11 July, Te-Huna withdrew from the fight due to injury and was replaced by James McSweeney.^{[8] [9]}

Te-Huna made his return at UFC 127 against Alexander Gustafsson,^[10][11] where was defeated by first-round submission due to a rear-naked choke. He donated his fight purse to the Christchurch earthquake victims, and the UFC matched his donation.^[12]

Te-Huna faced Ricardo Romero on 24 September 2011 at UFC 135.^[13] Te-Huna won by way of KO (punches) 47 seconds into the first round.^[14]

Te-Huna next faced Aaron Rosa on March 3, 2012 at UFC on FX 2.^[15] He won via TKO in the first round.

Te-Huna is expected to face Brandon Vera on July 11, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV: Munoz vs. Weidman.^[16]

Mixed martial arts record[link]

^[17]

http://www.mixedmartialarts.com/mma.cfm?go=stats.fightCard&eid=e6a44901-75c2-461f-bb47-6e7ec94afe3f

External links[link]

• Official UFC Profile
• Professional MMA record for James Te-Huna from Sherdog
• http://www.mixedmartialarts.com/mma.cfm?go=stats.fightCard&eid=e6a44901-75c2-461f-bb47-6e7ec94afe3f
• www.jamestehuna.com

References[link]

Anthony Perosh (born 10 May 1972) is an Australian mixed martial artist competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He competes in the Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight divisions. He holds a third degree Black Belt in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu under Carlos Machado and has long been known as one of Australia's best MMA fighters.

Biography[link]

Perosh runs Sinosic Perosh Martial Arts (SPMA), with his business and training partner Elvis Sinosic, a martial arts school located in Concord, Sydney, Australia teaching Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Muay Thai kickboxing, mixed martial arts and Wrestling.

His nickname, "The Hippo," derived from his specific Brazilian Jiu Jitsu game; his use of pressure from the top position made his training partners frustrated and say:"Get off me you hippo!"^[1]

Mixed Martial Arts Career[link]

His debut, second, and third fight came on the same night on 23 November 2003. His fourth fight came against 11-0 Sam Nest where he lost by decision. He was invited to the UFC after his sixth fight.

His UFC debut came not only against a fellow ADCC grappler, but against an ADCC champion in Jeff Monson at UFC 61. With both Monson and Perosh negating their jiu jitsu advantages, the fight saw Monson instead win by TKO that subsequently led to a fight with Tim Sylvia for the UFC heavyweight championship.

His next fight came against Christian Wellisch at UFC 66 in a bloody brawl that saw both fighters knock each other down along with Perosh earning more takedowns while Wellisch landed more strikes. The win could have gone to either fighter, but the judges gave it instead unanimously to Wellisch. Anthony was cut from the UFC following the fight.

On 22 May 2009, Anthony won the quarter-final match against Nate Carey at CFC 8. He also won the semi-final match against Dave Frendin at CFC 9 on 11 July 2009. On 21 August 2009, Perosh was defeated by James Te-Huna in the finals, at CFC 10. James Te Huna controversially stomped on Perosh when Perosh was down at the end of the fight but was not given a punishment.

Return to Ultimate Fighting Championship[link]

Since being cut from the UFC in 2006, Anthony garnered a respectable 5 wins and 2 losses and was given another chance by the promotion. At UFC 110, the UFC's debut event in Australia on 20 February 2010, Perosh filled in as a late replacement for Ben Rothwell against Mirko Filipović on a mere two days notice. Perosh took the fight with the understanding that he would gain a four-fight contract with the UFC if he was victorious.

Doctors called an end to the fight with Filipovic at the end of the second round, as Perosh was bleeding from a cut sustained midway through the 2nd round by a vicious elbow from Mirko Filipović. Although he lost, Perosh was given the four-fight contract from the UFC. On 27 March 2010, Perosh announced he would be undergoing knee surgery in the coming weeks and that he hoped that his next fight in the UFC would take place some time in September 2010.

During his light-heavyweight debut at UFC 127, Perosh quickly defeated Tom Blackledge to finally capture his first win in the UFC.^[2] He won the fight by rear-naked choke at 2:45 of the first round in front of his home town crowd in Sydney; he stated post-fight that he feels much stronger at the UFC light-heavyweight division and would like to see how far he can go in his new weight class.

Perosh was scheduled to face Krzysztof Soszynski on 11 June 2011 at UFC 131.^[3] However, Perosh was forced from the bout with an eye injury and was replaced by Igor Pokrajac.^[4]

On 5 November 2011 at UFC 138 Perosh defeated Cyrille Diabaté via submission (rear naked choke) at 3:09 of round two to gain his second UFC win in succession.^[5]

Perosh next faced promotional newcomer Nick Penner on 3 March 2012 at UFC on FX 2.^[6] He won the fight via TKO in the first round.

Perosh is expected to face Ryan Jimmo on 21 July 2012 at UFC 149: Aldo vs. Koch.^[7]

Grappling & Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Accomplishments[link]

• World Jiu-Jitsu Championship
  • 1999 World Jiu-Jitsu Championship Bronze Medalist
  • 2003 World Jiu-Jitsu Championship Bronze Medalist
• Pan American Championship
  • 2000 Pan American Silver Medalist

ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship

• 5X ADCC World Championship Qualifier

ADCC 2009 South Pacific Champion

• Australian National Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Championships

10X Australian National Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Champion

Mixed martial arts record[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official UFC Profile
• Professional MMA record for Anthony Perosh from Sherdog