Canarian people
Canarios

José de Anchieta · Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa · Agustín de Betancourt Luis de la Cruz y Ríos · Benito Pérez Galdós · José Comas Quesada
Total population
Canary Islander 1,547,611 [1] 73.7% of the total Canary Islands population Canarian immigrants 66,985 [2]
Regions with significant populations
Canary Islands 1,547,611 (2009)[3]
Spain Total unknown Venezuela 42,671 [2] [4]  Cuba 40,602 [5] Argentina 2,390 [2]  United States 3,065 [6]  United Kingdom 2,114 [7]  Mexico 1,600  Germany 1,471 [7]  Uruguay 628 [7]  Brazil 620 [7]  Puerto Rico Total unknown [7]
Languages
Canarian Spanish · Guanche language.
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Spanish peoples · Portuguese peoples · Berber people · Cubans · Puerto Rican people · Venezuelan people

The Canarians are an ethnic group living in the archipelago of the Canary Islands (an autonomous community of Spain), near the coast of Western Africa. The variety of the Spanish language spoken in the region is the Habla Canaria (Canary speech) or the Dialecto Canario (Canarian dialect), a distinctive dialect of Spanish spoken in the islands.

History[link]

The islands were conquered by mostly Andalusians and some Castilians at the beginnings of the 15th century. In 1402, they began to subdue the native Guanche population and the Guanches were initially enslaved and gradually absorbed by the Spanish colonizers.

After subsequent settlement by Spaniards and other European peoples, mainly Portuguese, the remaining Guanches were gradually diluted by the settlers and their culture largely vanished. Alonso Fernández de Lugo, conqueror of Tenerife and La Palma, oversaw extensive immigration to these islands during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s from mainland Europe, and immigrants included Galicians, Castilians, Portuguese, Italians, Catalans, Basques, and Flemings. At subsequent judicial enquiries, Fernández de Lugo was accused of favoring Genoese and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians.^[8]

Today some of the traditional sports such as Lucha Canaria, Juego del Palo or Salto del Pastor, among others, have their roots in Guanche culture. Additionally, other traditions include Canarian pottery, words of Guanche origin in the habla canaria and the rural consumption of guarapo gomero and gofio.

Modern day Canarian culture is Spanish with some Guanche roots. The strong influence of Latin America is due to the constant emigration and return over the centuries of Canarians to that continent, chiefly to Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and Nuevo León in Northeastern Mexico.^[9]

Ancestry[link]

Canarian children playing with a Piñata.

The inhabitants of the Canary Islands hold a gene pool that is mostly of Berber extract (native population) and partly of European (in the last 25 years, the population of Europeans has increased significantly, due to migration politics within the European Union), the Guanches (a proto-Berber population). Guanche genetic markers have also been found, recently in Puerto Rico and at low frequencies, in peninsular Spain, probably as a result of slavery and/or later emigration from the Canary Islands.^[10]

Population genetics[link]

The most frequent mtDNA haplogroup in Canary Islands is H (37.6%), followed by U6 (14.0%), T (12.7%), U (except U6) (10.3%) and J (7.0%). Two haplogroups, H and U6 alone account for more than 50% of the individuals. Significant frequencies of sub-Saharan L haplogroups (6.6%) is also consistent with the historical records on introduction of sub-Saharan slave labour in Canary Islands. However some Sub-Saharan lineages are also found in North African populations, and as a result, some of these L lineages could have been introduced to the Islands from North Africa.^[11][12] A 2009 study of DNA extracted from the remains of aboriginal inhabitants found that 7% of lineages were Haplogroup L. This leaves open the possibility that these L lineages were part of the founding population of the Canary Islands.^[13]

A 2003 genetics research article by Nicole Maca-Meyer et al. published in the European Journal of Human Genetics compared aboriginal Guanche mtDNA (collected from Canarian archaeological sites) to that of today's Canarians and concluded that, "despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonization, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA [direct maternal] lineages constitute a considerable proportion [42 – 73%] of the Canarian gene pool.

Although the Berbers are the most probable ancestors of the Guanches, it is deduced that important human movements [e.g., the Islamic-Arabic conquest of the Berbers] have reshaped Northwest Africa after the migratory wave to the Canary Islands and the "results support, from a maternal perspective, the supposition that since the end of the 16th century, at least, two-thirds of the Canarian population had an indigenous substrate, as was previously inferred from historical and anthropological data."^[14] mtDNA haplogroup U subclade U6b1 is Canarian-specific^[15] and is the most common mtDNA haplogroup found in aboriginal Guanche archaeological burial sites.^[14]

Y-DNA, or Y-chromosomal, (direct paternal) lineages were not analyzed in this study; however, an earlier^[which?] study giving the aboriginal y-DNA contribution at 6% was cited by Maca-Meyer et al., but the results were criticized as possibly flawed due to the widespread phylogeography of y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1b, which may skew determination of the aboriginality versus coloniality of contemporary y-DNA lineages in the Canaries. Regardless, Maca-Meyer et al. states that historical evidence does support the explanation of "strong sexual asymmetry...as a result of a strong bias favoring matings between European males and aboriginal females, and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the Conquest."^[16] The genetics thus suggests the native men were sharply reduced in numbers due to the war, large numbers of Spanish men stayed in the islands and married the local women, the Canarians adopted Spanish names, language, and religion, and in this way, the Canarians were Hispanicized.^{[citation needed]}

According to a recent study by Fregel et al. 2009, in spite of the geographic nearness between the Canary Islands and Morocco, the genetic heritage of the Canary islands male lineages, is mainly from European origin. Indeed, nearly 67% of the haplogroups resulting from are Euro–Eurasian (R1a(2.76%), R1b (50.62%), I (9.66%) and G (3.99%)). Unsurprisingly the Spanish conquest brought the genetic base of the current male population of the Canary Islands. Nevertheless, the second most important Haplogroup origin is Northern Africa, Near and Middle East. E1b1b (14% including 8.30% of the typical berber haplogroup E-M81), E1b1a and E1a (1.50%), J (14%) and T (3%) Haplogroups are present at a rate of 33%. Even if a part of these "eastern" haplogroups were introduced by the Spanish (they are well represented in Spain), we can suppose that a good portion of this rate was already there at the time of the conquest.^[17][18] According to the same study, the presence of autochthonous North African E-M81 lineages, and also other relatively abundant markers (E-M78 and J-M267) from the same region in the indigenous Guanche population, "strongly points to that area [North Africa] as the most probable origin of the Guanche ancestors". In this study, Fregel et al. estimated that, based on Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the relative female and male indigenous Guanche contributions to the present-day Canary Islands populations were respectively of 41.8% and 16.1%.^[19]

An autosomal study in 2011 found an average Northwest African influence of about 17% in Canary Islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0% to 96%. According to the authors, the substantial Northwest African ancestry found for Canary Islanders supports that, despite the aggressive conquest by the Spanish in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration, genetic footprints of the first settlers of the Canary Islands persist in the current inhabitants. Paralleling mtDNA findings, the largest average Northwest African contribution was found for the samples from La Gomera.^[20]

Ancient Canarians[link]

The Guanches are related to the indigenous Berbers of neighboring Morocco. Guanche language is firmly in the Afro-Asiatic family of languages, and is a dialect of the Berber subfamily therein.

They were left isolated on the islands, until the Spanish arrived in the 15th century, allowing no contact and mixing with other ethnic groups.

Canary Islanders may descend from the Guanches as much as the Spanish.

Demographics[link]

The Canarian population includes long-tenured and new waves of Spanish immigrants, including Galicians, Castilians, Catalans, Basques and Asturians of Spain; and Portuguese, Italians, the Dutch people or Flemings, and French people. As of 2008, the total Canarian population is 2,075,968. Over 1,541,381 people are native Canarian-born, and another 178,613 people from the Spanish mainland with a total 1,792,121 Spanish population. Most of the 283,847 foreign-born citizens are Europeans with 155,415, such as Germans (39,505), British (37,937) and Italians (24,177). There are 86,287 from the Americas, with Colombians (21,798), Venezuelans (11,958), Cubans (11,098) and Argentines (10,159) being the most numerous.^[23]

Religion[link]

The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic with various smaller foreign born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants from northern Europe and Africans following Islam.

Canarians abroad: the Isleño community[link]

Historically, the Canary Islands have served as a hub between Spain and the Americas, and therefore large groups of Canary islanders have emigrated and settled all over the New World as early as the 15th century, mainly in, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Uruguay.

Los Isleños[link]

The Canarians were known as Isleños ("islanders") to peninsular Spanish, and they also went by that name during emigration to the Americas. In the United States, they settled in two places: Louisiana and Texas, both then parts of the Spanish Empire, with Louisiana being the premier settlement. When referring to the Isleños in the United States, it usually applies to the Canarian descendants of Louisiana. There were four places in southeast Louisiana settled by Isleños, with the main settlement being St. Bernard Parish.

The Isleños still speak the Canarian dialect of Spanish. Their Spanish has some borrowed words from neighboring cultures. The Isleños are proud of their heritage and have annual festivals in Louisiana to celebrate their culture. There is a museum as well as an exclusive Isleño cemetery and a church in St. Bernard Parish. The Isleños have dominated the fishing and farming industries, especially sugarcane.

In Texas, in earlier times, there was a small community of Isleños that founded San Antonio in 1731, one hundred years before the first English-speaking immigrants arrived in the region.^[24]

As far as Latin America is concerned, Canarian emigration to Cuba, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico has been there for centuries as well. Canarian people greatly influenced the Cuban culture, even those typical Cuban industries such as tobacco and sugar have the signature of Canarian people^{[citation needed]}. In Puerto Rico, whole villages were founded by Canarian settlers. In addition, several towns across the Northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo León were founded by Canarian settlers, the most recognized Canarian settlement, took place in 1604, which was led by Canarian settler Bernabé de las Casas in the Salinas Valley region of the former New Kingdom of León, this was a crucial event for the subsequent expansion of Canarian settlements in Texas. }.

Canary Islands[link]

Canary Islands (Spanish Islas Canarias [ˈislas kaˈnaɾjas]) (28° 06'N, 15° 24'W) are an archipelago of the Kingdom of Spain consisting of seven islands of volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean.

Notable Canarians[link]

• Ángel Guimerá, Writer
• José de Anchieta, Jesuit priest and missionary
• Francisco de Miranda
• Carla Antonelli, LGBT rights activist and actress
• Rosana Arbelo, singer
• Rafael Arozarena, writer
• Javier Bardem, Academy Awarded actor
• Bencomo, pre-Hispanic King
• Beneharo, pre-Hispanic King
• Agustín de Betancourt y Molina, engineer, Russian General
• Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur
• Manolo Blahnik, fashion designer
• Olga Cerpa, singer
• José Comas Quesada, painter
• Óscar Domínguez, painter
• Doramas, pre-Hispanic warrior
• David Silva, football player
• José Doreste, sailor, yacht racer and olympic champion
• Luis Doreste, sailor, yacht racer and world champion and olympic champion
• Ruslan Ela, soccer player
• Nicolás Estévanez, politician
• José Franchy y Roca, journalist and politician, Minister of Industry in the Second Spanish Republic
• Juan Carlos Fresnadillo, filmmaker
• Jose Campeche, artist
• Pedro García Cabrera, poet
• Antonio González y González, scientist, chemist
• Fernando Guanarteme, pre-Hispanic king
• Pedro Guerra, music composer and singer
• Emeterio Gutiérrez Albelo, poet
• Nancy Fabiola Herrera, mezzo-soprano opera singer
• Manolo Hussein, professional basketball coach
• K-Narias, reggaeton pop duo
• Alfredo Kraus, opera singer
• Carolina Bang, actress
• Juan Negrín, politician
• Fernando León y Castillo, politician
• Juan Fernando López Aguilar, politician and jurist, former Minister of Justice
• Domingo López Torres, painter, writer, poet and marxist revolutionary
• Maninidra, pre-Hispanic warrior
• César Manrique, artist
• Cristo Marrero Henríquez, professional footballer
• Manolo Millares, painter
• José María Millares Sall, poet
• María Montez, actress, Hollywood Queen of Technicolor
• Manuel Mora Morales writer and filmmaker
• Narciso Rodriguez, American fashion designer born to Cuban parents with Canarian origins^[25]
• Tomás Morales, poet
• Pily Nieblas, singer-songwriter and painter
• Leopoldo O'Donnell, General and statesman
• Frances Ondiviela, telenovelas actress, former Miss Spain and model
• Benito Pérez Galdós, writer
• Domingo Pérez Minik, writer
• Alonso Quesada, writer
• Aythami Ruano, judoka
• Daida Ruano, six time Windsurfing world champion, twin sister of Iballa Ruano
• Iballa ruano, professional windsurfer, twin sister of Daida Ruano
• Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma, professional footballer
• Sergio Rodríguez, NBA basketball player
• Jerónimo Saavedra, politician, mayor of Las Palmas and two times president of Canaries
• Mary Sánchez, Grammy nominated folk and bolero singer
• Sara Da Pin Up, hip hop artist
• Caco Senante, salsa singer and actor
• Carla Suárez Navarro, tennis player
• Tanausu, pre-Hispanic King of Aceró
• Tinguaro, pre-Hispanic warrior General
• Goya Toledo, actress and model
• Jose Toledo, model and TV host
• Danny Vain, Professional Photographer & Lyricist
• Juan Carlos Valerón, football player
• Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa, writer
• José Vélez, singer
• José Viera y Clavijo, historian
• Rosanna Walls, actress
• Eduardo Westerdahl, painter, art critic and writer, and a member of the Surrealist Movement
• Pedro Zerolo, LGBT rights activist, lawyer and politician

See also[link]

• White Cuban
• Nationalities in Spain
• Guanche language
• Isleños
• Canarian dialect
• Tenerife
• Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the city
• Gran Canaria
• Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the city

References[link]

• [1]
• [2]
• [3]
• [4]
• [5]

v t e Spanish diaspora By Country Africa Equatorial Guinea Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Cuba Jamaica Mexico Peru Puerto Rico United States Asia Philippines Europe United Kingdom Oceania Australia See also Conquest of the Canary Islands Isleño

Manuel Mora Morales (born 1952 in San Sebastián de La Gomera on La Gomera, Canary Islands), is a Canarian writer, filmmaker and editor. He completed his studies at the University of La Laguna on the island of Tenerife. He is the president of the Asociación de Editores de Canarias (lit. Canarian Editors Association).^[1]

Selected works[link]

He wrote several works including:

• Mitos y leyendas de las Islas Canarias (Myths and Legends of the Canary Islands).
• Todo sobre el libro (All about the Book), essay.
• Iballa, roman.
• El libro de Barbuzano (Barbuzano's Book), Biographie.
• La conversación (The Chat), fiction.
• El libro de los guachinches (The secret Routes of the Wine), etnography.
• El libro del gofio, ethnography.
• Historia de Tenerife (History of Tenerife), History.
• Historia de Gran Canaria (History of Gran Canaria), History.*El corazón de La Gomera (The Heart of La Gomera), book.
• La leyenda del Garajonay (Garajonay's Legend), Children's Fantasy.
• La emigración canaria a Cuba (The Canarian Emigration to Cuba), film and essay.
• Los canarios del Misisipi (The Canary Islander in Louisiana), film.
• Con la mano en el agua (With the hand in water), film.
• La emigración canaria a Puerto Rico (The Canarian Emigration to Puerto Rico), film.
• La emigración canaria a Venezuela (The Canarian Emigration to Venezuela), film.
• La emigración canaria a Uruguay y Argentina (The Canarian Emigration to Uruguay and Argentina), film.
• La emigración canaria a Santo Domingo (The Canarian Emigration to Santo Domingo), film.
• Tenerife paso a paso (Tenerife step by step), book.
• Gran Canaria paso a paso (Gran Canaria step by step), book.
• Playas (Beaches), film.
• El extraño caso del correíllo La Palma (The misthery of the steamboat La Palma), film.
• El patrimonio marítimo de Canarias (Coasts of the Canary Islands), documentary film.

• El Hierro, el corazón y la memoria (El Hierro, the Heart and the Memory), film.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official blog of Manuel Mora Morales (in Spanish)

Manuel Mora Valverde (27 August 1909 – 29 December 1994) was a communist and labor leader in Costa Rica. He was born in San José and helped to found the Workers and Farmers Party (later the People's Vanguard Party) in 1931. For his contributions to the labor movement and to the institution of a welfare state, Mora was awarded the title Benemérito de la Patria by the Legislative Assembly.

External links[link]

• (Spanish) A short biography

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2009)

David Hoyt Canary (born August 25, 1938) is an American actor, who starred in both soap operas and prime time television. He is best known for his roles as the ranch foreman, Candy Canaday on Bonanza (a role he played from 1967–1970; 1972–1973) and identical twins Adam Chandler from 1983 to 2010 and Stuart Chandler from 1984 to 2009 on the daytime serial, All My Children. He has won five Daytime Emmy Awards for Lead Actor in 1988, '89, '93, '95 and 2001, and has been nominated an additional eleven times, most recently in 2008.