- published: 01 Sep 2019
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Quantum tunnelling or tunneling (see spelling differences) refers to the quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. This plays an essential role in several physical phenomena, such as the nuclear fusion that occurs in main sequence stars like the Sun. It has important applications to modern devices such as the tunnel diode,quantum computing, and the scanning tunnelling microscope. The effect was predicted in the early 20th century and its acceptance as a general physical phenomenon came mid-century.
Tunnelling is often explained using the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the wave–particle duality of matter. Pure quantum mechanical concepts are central to the phenomenon, so quantum tunnelling is one of the novel implications of quantum mechanics.
Quantum tunnelling was developed from the study of radioactivity, which was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Radioactivity was examined further by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, for which they earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.Ernest Rutherford and Egon Schweidler studied its nature, which was later verified empirically by Friedrich Kohlrausch. The idea of the half-life and the impossibility of predicting decay was created from their work.
Tunnel 57 was a tunnel under the Berlin Wall, that in October of 1964 was the location of a mass escape by 57 East Berlin citizens. Student and future astronaut Reinhard Furrer was among the West German escape helpers who assisted the East Berliners in escaping. During the escape, East German border guards came upon the scene. A West German escape helper, Christian Zobel, opened fire, the bullet piercing the lung of young East German guard Egon Schultz, who was then also fatally wounded by friendly fire from another guard. A memorial plaque on the site today commemorates both the successful escape, and Schultz's death as a victim of the Berlin Wall.
Coordinates: 52°32′10.62″N 13°23′33.79″E / 52.5362833°N 13.3927194°E / 52.5362833; 13.3927194
Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional object. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat. It is the two-dimensional analog of the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept).
The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size. In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of area is the square metre (written as m2), which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares. In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number.
An area is an administrative unit of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which typically is composed of multiple stakes and missions. Areas are the primary church administrative unit between individual stakes and the church as a whole.
The areas as they now exist were formed in January 1984. Prior to that time, general authorities served as "area supervisors" and at times resided outside of Salt Lake City. In 1984, 13 initial areas were created; by 1992 there were 22, and by early 2007 there were 31. As of August 2012 there are 25 areas.
Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the area presidency. In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada. Each of these areas were placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities from specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem.
In graph drawing, the area used by a drawing is a commonly used way of measuring its quality.
For a drawing style in which the vertices are placed on the integer lattice, the area of the drawing may be defined as the area of the smallest axis-aligned bounding box of the drawing: that is, it the product of the largest difference in x-coordinates of two vertices with the largest difference in y-coordinates. For other drawing styles, in which vertices are placed more freely, the drawing may be scaled so that the closest pair of vertices have distance one from each other, after which the area can again be defined as the area of a smallest bounding box of a drawing. Alternatively, the area can be defined as the area of the convex hull of the drawing, again after appropriate scaling.
For straight-line drawings of planar graphs with n vertices, the optimal worst-case bound on the area of a drawing is Θ(n2). The nested triangles graph requires this much area no matter how it is embedded, and several methods are known that can draw planar graphs with at most quadratic area.Binary trees, and trees of bounded degree more generally, have drawings with linear or near-linear area, depending on the drawing style. Every outerplanar graph has a straight-line outerplanar drawing with area subquadratic in its number of vertices, If bends or crossings are allowed, then outerplanar graphs have drawings with near-linear area. However, drawing series-parallel graphs requires an area larger than n by a superpolylogarithmic factor, even if edges can be drawn as polylines.
Connect with AREA: https://www.instagram.com/area.mk/ https://www.facebook.com/GrupaAreaOfficial/ Сите мои Ñ?лики Од Ñ?ите мои Ñ?лики што ги чувам што ги редам и подредувам Ñ?амо една не ми дава мир од глава не излегува. Еден човек и една жена Ñ?амо меÑ?ец млад и блага Ñ?ветлина еден за друг знаат што им треба и меÑ?то нив ветрот зборува. ПеÑ?но моја збеÑ?нуваш во мене оÑ?тави да ме најде тој по тебе ѕвездо моја блеÑ?нуваш за мене Ñ?еуште дише, дише тој во тебе. Сите мои Ñ?лики што ги чувам Ñ?ите мои Ñ?еќавања тажни океани, пловам по нив да ме потонат у не , не можат. ПеÑ?но моја збеÑ?нуваш во мене оÑ?тави да ме најде тој по тебе ѕвездо моја блеÑ?нуваш за мене Ñ?еуште дише, дише тој во тебе. ПеÑ?но моја, ѕвездо моја, желбо моја, Ñ?амо моја ти Ñ?и Ñ?ила какава нема ти Ñ?и Ñ?ила што ме тера Божји глаÑ? да ...
Connect with AREA: https://www.instagram.com/area.mk/ https://www.facebook.com/GrupaAreaOfficial/
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Math is fun! Learn about area in this math video for kids! You will learn the difference between perimeter and area, learn how area works and even learn how to find the area of rectangles and squares! �� Homeschool Pop? Join our team and get tattoos here: http://homeschoolpop.com Thanks for learning with us today! We hope to see you next video! Homeschool Pop Team
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Connect with AREA: https://www.instagram.com/area.mk/ https://www.facebook.com/GrupaAreaOfficial/ Фреквенција на љубовта Земи ме мене можеш да ми веруваш да,да земи ме мене не Ñ?ум она што ти бараш, јаÑ? Ñ?ум она што ти треба. Ð?е губи време имаш план, имаш план да го оÑ?воиш Ñ?иот Ñ?вет не губи време дај оÑ?лободи Ñ?е го имаш веќе овој универзум цел. Во наÑ? е, во наÑ? е, во наÑ? е овој универзум цел во наÑ? е, во наÑ? е овој универзум цел најди ја, фати ја иÑ?тава фреквенција зборувам, зборувам на фреквенција на љубовта. Земи ме мене о не, не зборувам за пари, не, не зборувам за некаква моќ земи ме мене опушти Ñ?е, чувÑ?твувај, Ñ?акај ме оваа ноќ не губи време а твоите прÑ?ти не мируваат, ти бараш пат да зграбиш Ñ?е не губи време оÑ?лободи Ñ?е го имаш веќе овој универзум цел. Во наÑ? е, во наÑ? е, во н...
Quantum tunnelling or tunneling (see spelling differences) refers to the quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. This plays an essential role in several physical phenomena, such as the nuclear fusion that occurs in main sequence stars like the Sun. It has important applications to modern devices such as the tunnel diode,quantum computing, and the scanning tunnelling microscope. The effect was predicted in the early 20th century and its acceptance as a general physical phenomenon came mid-century.
Tunnelling is often explained using the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the wave–particle duality of matter. Pure quantum mechanical concepts are central to the phenomenon, so quantum tunnelling is one of the novel implications of quantum mechanics.
Quantum tunnelling was developed from the study of radioactivity, which was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Radioactivity was examined further by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, for which they earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.Ernest Rutherford and Egon Schweidler studied its nature, which was later verified empirically by Friedrich Kohlrausch. The idea of the half-life and the impossibility of predicting decay was created from their work.