1,2-Dichloroethane
IUPAC name 1,2-Dichloroethane
Other names Ethylene dichloride Ethane dichloride Dutch liquid, Dutch oil Freon 150
Identifiers
CAS number	107-06-2 Y
ChemSpider	10 Y
UNII	55163IJI47 Y
KEGG	C06752 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL16370 N
RTECS number	KI0525000
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES ClCCCl
Properties
Molecular formula	C2H4Cl2
Molar mass	98.96 g mol−1
Appearance	Colorless liquid with characteristic odor
Density	1.253 g/cm³, liquid
Melting point	-35 °C, 238 K, -31 °F
Boiling point	84 °C, 357 K, 183 °F
Solubility in water	0.87 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Viscosity	0.84 mPa·s at 20 °C
Structure
Dipole moment	1.80 D
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
R-phrases	R11 R45 R36/37/38
S-phrases	S45 S53
Main hazards	Toxic, flammable
NFPA 704	3 3 0
Flash point	13 °C
Related compounds
Related haloalkanes	Methyl chloride Methylene chloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Related compounds	Ethylene Chlorine Vinyl chloride
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
N (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known by its old name of ethylene dichloride (EDC), is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, mainly used to produce vinyl chloride monomer (VCM, chloroethene), the major precursor for PVC production. It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour. 1,2-Dichloroethane is also used generally as an intermediate for other organic chemical compounds and as a solvent. It forms azeotropes with many other solvents, including water (b.p. 70.5 C) and other chlorocarbons.^[1]

History[link]

In 1794, physician Jan Rudolph Deiman, merchant Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk, chemist Anthoni Lauwerenburg, and botanist Nicolaas Bondt, under the name of Gezelschap der Hollandsche Scheikundigen (Dutch: Society of Dutch Chemists), were the first to produce 1,2-dichloroethane from olefiant gas (oil-making gas, ethylene) and chlorine gas. Although the Gezelschap in practice did not do much in-depth scientific research, they and their publications were highly regarded. Part of that acknowledgement is that 1,2-dichloroethane has been called "Dutch oil" in old chemistry.

Production[link]

Nearly 20 million tons of 1,2-dichloroethane are produced in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan.^[2] Production is primarily achieved through the iron(III) chloride-catalysed reaction of ethene (ethylene) and chlorine.

H₂C=CH₂ + Cl₂ → ClCH₂-CH₂Cl

1,2-dichloroethane is also generated by the copper(II) chloride-catalysed "oxychlorination" of ethylene:

2 H₂C=CH₂ + 4 HCl + O₂ → 2 ClCH₂-CH₂Cl + 2 H₂O

In principle, it can be prepared by the chlorination of ethane and, less directly, from ethanol.

Uses[link]

Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production[link]

With approximately 80% of the world's consumption of 1,2-dichloroethane, the major use of 1,2-dichloroethane is in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM, chloroethene) with hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. VCM is the precursor to polyvinyl chloride.

Cl-CH₂-CH₂-Cl → H₂C=CH-Cl + HCl

The hydrogen chloride can be re-used in the production of more 1,2-dichloroethane via the oxychlorination route described above.

Other uses[link]

As a good apolar aprotic solvent, 1,2-dichloroethane is used as degreaser and paint remover. As a useful 'building block' reagent, it is used as an intermediate in the production of various organic compounds such as ethylenediamine. In the laboratory it is occasionally used as a source of chlorine, with elimination of ethene and chloride.

Via several steps, 1,2-dichloroethane is a precursor to 1,1,1-trichloroethane, which is used in dry cleaning. Historically, 1,2-dichloroethane was used as an anti-knock additive in leaded fuels.^[3]

Safety[link]

1,2-Dichloroethane is toxic (especially by inhalation due to its high vapour pressure), highly flammable,^[4] and carcinogenic. Its high solubility and 50-year half-life in anoxic aquifers make it a perennial pollutant and health risk that is very expensive to treat conventionally, requiring a method of bioremediation.^[5] While the chemical is banned from use by U.S. manufacturers^[6], a case was reported in 2009 of molded plastic consumer products (toys and holiday decorations) from China that released 1,2-dichloroethane into homes at levels high enough to produce cancer risk.^[7] Substitutes are recommended and will vary according to application. Dioxolane and toluene are possible substitutes as solvents. Dichloroethane is unstable in the presence of aluminium metal and, when moist, with zinc and iron.

References[link]

1. ^ Manfred Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Rassaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, Trevor Mann “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
2. ^ J.A. Field & R. Sierra-Alvarez (2004). "Biodegradability of chlorinated solvents and related chlorinated aliphatic compounds". Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 3 (3): 185–254. DOI:10.1007/s11157-004-4733-8. 
3. ^ Seyferth, D. (2003). "The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2". Organometallics 22 (25): 5154–5178. DOI:10.1021/om030621b. 
4. ^ "1,2-Dichoroethane MSDS." Mallinckrodt Chemicals. 19 May 2008. Web. <http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/d2440.htm>.
5. ^ S. De Wildeman & W. Verstraete (25 Mar., 2003). "The quest for microbial reductive dechlorination of C2 to C4 chloroalkanes is warranted". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 61 (2): 94–102. DOI:10.1007/s00253-002-1174-6. PMID 12655450. 
6. ^ Toxic Christmas: Plastic Ornaments May Pollute Your Air
7. ^ Doucette, WJ and Hall, AJ and Gorder, KA (Winter, 2010). "Emissions of 1, 2-Dichloroethane from Holiday Decorations as a Source of Indoor Air Contamination". Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 30 (1): 67–73. DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01267.x. 

External links[link]

• Gezelschap der Hollandsche Scheikundigen
• ChemicalLand compound database
• Environmental Chemistry compound database
• Merck Chemicals database
• National Pollutant Inventory - 1,2 Dichlorethane Fact Sheet
• Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of ethylene dichloride, EPA report EPA-450/4-84-007d, March 1984

Lee Ha Yi (Hangul: 이하이, born September 23, 1996), also known by her stage name Lee Hi, is a South Korean singer. She is known as the SBS's "Survival K-Pop Star" runner-up of 2011. Her debut single "1,2,3,4", was released on October 28, 2012 and reached #1 with the first-week sales of 667,549 downloads.^[1][2] Following the launch of her solo career, Lee Hi is expected to debut as a member of forthcoming girl group SuPearls managed by the same entertainment agency.^[3]

Biography[link]

Lee Ha Yi was born on September 23, 1996, and from Bucheon. She attended Sukchun Elementary School and Sangil Middle School, where she was a student of popular youtuber, Simon Stawski. She is currently in School of performing Arts in Seoul.^[2]

Career[link]

In 2012, Lee Hi finished as the runner-up of Survival K-Pop Star,^[4] and was scouted out by YG Entertainment CEO, Yang Hyun-suk.^[5]

On October 8, Epik High released their first song in about three years entitled "It's Cold" featuring Lee Ha Yi.^[3]

On October 29, Lee Hi's new single "1,2,3,4" was released. The song was written by Masta Wu and produced by CHOICE37 and Lydia Paek. The music video was directed by director Han Sa Min, who also did 2NE1‘s “Lonely” and Big Bang’s “Blue” and “Monster."^[6] The song reached #1 on all the main music charts.^[7] The song ranked #1 for five consecutive days.^[8] She also dominated montly charts.^[9][10] She has ranked on the top spot 11 times on the hourly real time charts, which set a record for female soloists in 2012^[11] She performed "1,2,3,4" on Inkigayo on November 4.^[12]

Her second single, “Scarecrow”, was released on November 22, 2012.^[13]

In 2013, Her debut album will be released in March.^[14]

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

Featured singles[link]

K-pop Star Tracks[link]

Videography[link]

Music videos[link]

Awards[link]

World Music Awards[link]

Golden Disk Awards[link]

Seoul Music Awards[link]

Music Shows[link]

[edit] M! Countdown

'References'[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

ko:이하이

hu:I Hai zh:李遐怡

Troian Avery Bellisario (born October 28, 1985) is an American actress. She currently stars as Spencer Hastings in the ABC Family series Pretty Little Liars.

Career[link]

Bellisario made her acting debut in the 1988 film Last Rites at the age of three.^[1] From 1990 to 2007, she guest starred on Quantum Leap, Tequila and Bonetti, JAG, First Monday and NCIS, television series that were produced by her father Donald Bellisario. In 1998, she co-starred with Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in the film Billboard Dad. Beginning in 2006, Bellisario began appearing in a number of independent short films namely, Unspoken, Archer House and Intersect. In November 2009, Bellisario was cast as Spencer Hastings in the TV series Pretty Little Liars based on the book series of the same name by Sara Shepard.^[2]

Personal life[link]

Bellisario graduated from the University of Southern California.^[3] She is of African, English, French, Italian Danish and Serbian descent^[4][5] Bellisario is in a relationship with actor Patrick J. Adams.^[6]

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Troian Bellisario at the Internet Movie Database
• Troian Bellisario on Twitter

Jennifer Beals
Beals at a fan convention for The L Word in November 2008
Born	(1963-12-19) December 19, 1963 (age 48) Chicago, Illinois, United States
Occupation	Actress Model (former)
Years active	1980–present
Spouse	Alexandre Rockwell (m. 1986–1996; divorced) Ken Dixon (m. 1998–present; 1 child)

Jennifer Beals (born December 19, 1963) is an American actress and a former teen model. She is known for her roles as Alexandra "Alex" Owens in the 1983 film Flashdance, and as Bette Porter on the Showtime drama series The L Word. She earned an NAACP Image Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for the former. She has appeared in more than 50 films.

Early life[link]

Beals was born on the southside of Chicago,^[1] the daughter of Jeanne (née Anderson), an elementary school teacher, and Alfred Beals, who owned grocery stores.^[2][3] She is biracial,^[4] as her father was African American and her mother is Irish American.^[5] She has two brothers, Bobby and Gregory.^[6] Her father died when Beals was nine years old,^[7] and her mother married Edward Cohen in 1981.^[8] Beals has said her biracial heritage had some effect on her, as she "always lived sort of on the outside", with an idea "of being the other in society".^[5] She got her first job at age 13 at an ice cream store, using her height at the time (she is now nearly 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)), to convince her boss she was 16.^[7]

Beals was inspired to become an actress by two events: doing a high school production of Fiddler on the Roof and seeing Balm in Gilead with Joan Allen while volunteer-ushering at the Steppenwolf Theatre.^[9]

She graduated from the progressive Francis W. Parker School.^[10] Beals also was chosen to attend the elite Goodman Theatre Young People's Drama Workshop.^[11] Beals attended Yale University, receiving a B.A. in American literature in 1987;^[12] she deferred a term so she could film Flashdance.^[10] While at Yale, Beals was a resident of Morse College.^[12]

Career[link]

Film[link]

Beals in Sweden, July 1983

Beals had a minor role in the 1980 film My Bodyguard,^[13] then came to fame with her starring part in Flashdance. The third-highest grossing U.S. film of 1983, Flashdance is the story of 18-year-old Alex, a welder by day and exotic dancer by night, whose dream is to be accepted someday at an illustrious school of dance. Beals was cast for this key role while still a student at Yale. She was nominated for a Golden Globe and the film received an Academy Award for Best Song. Many of Beals' elaborate dance moves were actually performed by stunt double Marine Jahan.^[14]

After she filmed Flashdance, she resumed her studies, making only one film during that time: playing the titular character The Bride with singer-actor Sting, a gothic horror film loosely based on the 1935 classic Bride of Frankenstein^[15] shot during her summer break,^[16] and also appearing in the Cinderella episode of Faerie Tale Theatre.^[13] She was asked by Joel Schumacher to do St. Elmo's Fire but turned it down preferring to stay at Yale.^[17]

Starring opposite Nicolas Cage, the actress portrays a lusty and thirsty vampire in 1989's Vampire's Kiss.

In 1995, Beals and Denzel Washington co-starred in Devil in a Blue Dress, a period film based on a Walter Mosley novel featuring L.A. private detective, Easy Rawlins. Beals plays a biracial woman passing for white. That same year she appeared with Tim Roth in two segments of the four-story anthology Four Rooms, one of which was directed by her then-husband, Alexandre Rockwell.

Rockwell had previously directed her in the 1992 independent film In the Soup, which was a Grand Prize winner at the Sundance Film Festival.^[18] In 2003, she played one of the sequestered jury members in the film adaptation of Runaway Jury.

She had a leading role in 2006's The Grudge 2, sequel to the hit horror film of two years earlier. In 2010, Beals reunited with Denzel Washington in the post-Apocalyptic action drama, The Book of Eli, where she played a blind woman who is the mother of Mila Kunis' character and a servant of Gary Oldman's.^[19]

Television[link]

In 1992, she appeared in 2000 Malibu Road as attorney Perry Quinn. It was her first ongoing television series; she said she had been leery as she previously had not "found a character I wanted to live with for several years".^[11]

Beals made a brief cameo in the final episode of Frasier. In 2007, she appeared in the small TV drama My Name Is Sarah, in which she plays Sarah Winston, a sober woman who joins Alcoholics Anonymous to conduct research for her book but finds herself falling in love with a recovering alcoholic and - as a result - having to deal with her original deception in joining the group.^{[citation needed]}

Beals starred in Showtime Network's The L Word, where she played Bette Porter, an Ivy League educated lesbian. At Beals' request, Bette was made biracial, enabling Pam Grier's Kit Porter character to become Bette's half-sister.^[20] She initially researched the part more in that the woman is the director of an art museum rather than a lesbian;^[21] "I was much more obsessed by the work that Bette did, because she was so obsessed by the work that she did."^[22] The series ran for six seasons and ended in March 2009.

She also appears alongside Tim Roth in Lie To Me, as Cal Lightman's ex-wife, Zoe Landau.

Beals is the female lead in Fox's TV drama The Chicago Code. Her character Teresa Colvin is Chicago's first female police superintendent.^[23] The series was canceled after its first season.^[24]

Beals turned down an offer to appear on Dancing with the Stars, saying: "I am not a dancer. They asked me and I said 'no.' You could back up a truck to my door filled with cash and I wouldn't do it."^[25]

Personal life[link]

Beals was married to Alexandre Rockwell from 1986 to 1996.^[5] In 1998, she married Ken Dixon, a Canadian entrepreneur.^[26] On October 18, 2005, Beals gave birth to their daughter. She is also stepmother to Dixon's two children from a previous marriage.^[27]

Beals has described herself as a "spiritual person".^[28] She has expressed interest in the Holy Bible, Roman Catholicism, and is a practicing Buddhist.^[29][30]

She has been a vocal advocate for gay rights saying "I think after playing Bette Porter on The L Word for six years I felt like an honorary member of the community."^[31] Beals was a Celebrity Grand Marshal at the 2006 San Francisco Pride Parade.^[32]

She is a photographer, who has had shows of her work under her married name, Dixon.^[33] She has a book about her time on The L Word featuring her own photographs.^[34] In 1989, she spent some time in Haiti photographing the elections.^[35]

In 2010, Beals served as the Grand Marshal of the McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade in Chicago.^[36] Beals spoke about two charities that she holds dear in her heart, the Matthew Shepard Foundation and Pablove.^[37]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jennifer Beals

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jennifer Beals

• Jennifer Beals
• Jennifer Beals at the Internet Movie Database
• Jennifer Beals at AllRovi
• Bette Porter L-word Wiki