Civilian casualties is a military term describing civilian or non-combatant persons killed, injured, or imprisoned by military action. The description of civilian casualties includes any form of military action regardless of whether civilians were targeted directly. This differs from the description of collateral damage that only applies to unintentional effects of military action including unintended casualties.

Civilian casualties therefore include victims of atrocities such as the Nanking Massacre committed on a civilian population where hundreds of thousands of men were slaughtered, while girls and women ages ranging from 10 to 70 were systematically raped or killed by Japanese soldiers in 1937. Another example is the My Lai Massacre (Vietnamese: thảm sát Mỹ Lai) that was committed by U.S. soldiers during the Vietnam War on hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians. Such military action, which has the sole purpose of inflicting civilian casualties is illegal under modern rules of war, and may be considered a war crime or crime against humanity.

Other kinds of civilian casualties may involve the targeting of civilian populations for military purposes, such as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which killed over 150,000 civilians. The legality of such action was at the time governed by international law found in the Hague Regulations on Land Warfare of 1907, which state "the attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings which are undefended is prohibited".^[1] Also relevant, were the Hague Draft Rules of Air Warfare of 1922–1923, which state "air bombardment is legitimate only when is directed against a military objective."^[2][3] The Rome Statute defines "intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population" to be illegal, but only came into effect on July 1, 2002 and has not been ratified by every country.^[4]

The ethics of civilian casualties[link]

Many modern nations' views on the ethics of civilian casualties align with the Just War theory, which advocates a system of proportionality. An act of war is deemed proportional in Just War theory if the overall destruction expected from the use of force is outweighed by the projected good to be achieved.^[5] This view is a war-adapted version of utilitarianism, the moral system which advocates that the morally correct action is the one that does the most good.

However, moral philosophers often contest this approach to war. Such theorists advocate absolutism, which holds there are various ethical rules that are, as the name implies, absolute. One such rule is that non-combatants cannot be attacked because they are, by definition, not partaking in combat; to attack non-combatants anyway, regardless of the expected outcome, is to deny them agency. Thus, by the absolutist view, only combatants can be attacked. The philosopher Thomas Nagel advocates this abolutist rule in his essay ^[6]War and Massacre.

Finally, the approach of pacifism is the belief that war of any kind is morally unjust. Pacifists sometimes extend humanitarian concern not just to enemy civilians but also to combatants, especially conscripts.^[7]

Civilian casualty ratio[link]

The civilian casualty ratio in an armed conflict is the ratio of civilian casualties to combatant casualties or total casualties. The measurement can apply either to casualties inflicted by a particular belligerent or to casualties in the conflict as a whole.

According to a 2001 study by the International Committee of the Red Cross, the civilian to soldier death ratio in wars fought since the mid-20th century has been 10:1, meaning ten civilian deaths for every soldier death.^[8] Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, the number of civilian casualties as a proportion of total casualties has been rising.

See also[link]

• Casualty (person)
• Civilian casualty ratio
• Just War Theory
• Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Collateral damage
• Concentration camps
• List of concentration and internment camps

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
• Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century [9].
• The world's worst massacres [10]. By Greg Brecht. Fall, 1987. Whole Earth Review.

Kathy Kelly
Speaking at Lasallian Youth, 2008
Born	Kathy Kelly December 10, 1952 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Education	Loyola University Chicago
Occupation	Peace activist
Years active	1978–present

Kathy Kelly (born 1952)^[1][2] is an American peace activist, pacifist and author, one of the founding members of Voices in the Wilderness, and currently a co-coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence. As part of peace team work in several countries, she has traveled to Iraq twenty-six times, notably remaining in combat zones during the early days of both US-Iraq wars. She has been arrested more than sixty times at home and abroad, and written of her experiences among targets of U.S. military bombardment and inmates of U.S. prisons. She lives in Chicago.

Biography[link]

Childhood and Schooling 1953-1978[link]

Kelly was born in 1953 in Chicago's Garfield Ridge neighborhood to parents Frank and Catherine Kelly.^[3] She attended St. Paul-Kennedy "shared-time" high school, which split her days between a Catholic institution where she was given the writings of Daniel Berrigan and Martin Luther King Jr. to read alongside biblical texts,^[4] and a desegregating public school where interracial violence was common.^[5] She obtained her BA from Loyola University Chicago working a succession of night jobs to help cover tuition, including a stint on a meat-packing factory line which inspired her to become a lifelong vegetarian. During these years she remembers being deeply moved by Alain Resnais' Holocaust documentary Night and Fog, by a lecture by Vietnam War activist Tom Cornell, and by the activist scripture writings of William Stringfellow.^[6]

Poverty and Peace Activist 1978-1996[link]

After college in 1978, and while working on her MA in Religious Education (at Chicago Theological Seminary,) Kelly began volunteer work in Chicago's Uptown neighborhood (where she still resides), working at a local soup kitchen with a circle of activists, including future SOAW founder Roy Bourgeois, centered around Chicago's Francis of Assisi House, a homeless shelter in the Catholic Worker tradition. In 1980 she began work as a teacher of religion at St. Ignatius College Preparatory School.^[4]

In 1982 she married fellow activist Karl Meyer and began a lifetime of "war tax resistance" (refusal to pay federal taxes on pacifist grounds), asking her employer to reduce her salary beneath the taxable income.^[7] A Jesuit professional development grant enabled her to travel to Nicaragua in 1985 and participate in a fast led by Foreign Minister Miguel D'Escoto against U.S.-backed Contra activity.^[8] Returning to the U.S., she left St. Ignatius in 1986 in order to focus on activism^[9] including two years as a teacher in Uptown's Prologue High School serving marginalized low-income youth.^[10]

In August 1988, Kelly participated in the Missouri Peace Planting, trespassing at a nuclear missile silo near Kansas City, Missouri to plant corn on it. For this action she served nine months in a Lexington, KY maximum security prison.^[11]

In 1990 she joined the Gulf Peace Team, a delegation assembled to protest the imminent Persian Gulf War and spent the first 14 days of the air war encamped on the Iraq-Saudi border before evacuation ^[12] to Baghdad and then Amman in Jordan where she helped coordinate relief work.

Kelly helped organize and participated in several nonviolent direct action teams in war zones outside Iraq: Bosnia in December 1992 and August 1993, and Haiti in the summer of 1994. She and Meyer divorced in 1994 although they have continued as friends.

Voices in the Wilderness 1996-2003[link]

In 1993, after her return from Bosnia, Kelly became a full-time caregiver to her father, assisted (until his death in 2000) by a network of former Iraq peace team members now living in and around her and her father's shared Uptown apartment.^[13] In late 1995 Kelly and several other of these activists resolved to form Voices in the Wilderness, a campaign to end the U.S./U.N sanctions regime against Iraq. In a January 1996 letter, the activists wrote then U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno a letter declaring an intention to travel to Iraq with food and medicine in violation of the sanctions. A return letter threatened the participants with separate 12-year prison sentences and fines of one million dollars each.^[14]

Between 1996 and 2003 Voices organized over seventy delegations to Iraq bringing food and medicine directly to Iraqi citizens in deliberate violation of both UN-imposed economic sanctions and US law. Participants refused to pay fines for these actions but instead solicited matching donations from supporters for supplies to distribute on repeat visits. Members sought to raise awareness at home with demonstrations, media appearances, and personal accounts of their delegation work. Kelly went on 26 of these delegations.^[14]

Voices work was chiefly focused on, but not exclusive to, Iraq: in April 2002 Kelly and her fellow activists, walking on foot and engaging in repeated negotiations with Israeli Defense Force officers, became the first internationals to visit the Jenin refugee camp after learning, while on peace team work in the West Bank, of the recent attack there and what she described as its heavy civilian toll after observing it first-hand.

In March 2003, Kelly returned to Baghdad shortly before the start of the Iraq War, witnessing the Shock and Awe bombardment, and remaining for two months. She narrated her experiences of bombardment for Westerners via antiwar and religious witness websites. When the air war gave way to a ground invasion, she and other activists were present to greet arriving U.S. soldiers with dates and water.^[11]

In November of that same year Kelly joined 43 other activists crossing illegally into the Fort Benning U.S. Army base as part of the annual School of the Americas Watch vigil, and incurred a three-month prison sentence which she carried out in Illinois' Pekin Prison in 2004, to which she was seen off by longtime friend Studs Terkel.^[3] Her experiences in prison resulted in many of the essays collected in her book Other Lands Have Dreams, published in 2005.

Voices in the Wilderness was eventually assigned a $20,000 fine by the U.S. government which it refused to pay. In 2005, the group Voices for Creative Nonviolence was formed to continue challenging U.S. military and economic warfare against Iraq and other countries.

Voices for Creative Nonviolence 2005-present[link]

Voices for Creative Nonviolence has organized numerous fasts and peace walks and sent several delegations to meet with Iraqi refugees in countries neighboring Iraq, especially Jordan. In the summer of 2006, Kelly and other Voices activists traveled to Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War between Israel and Hezbollah, reporting from the capital city of Beirut and then, once the cease-fire was declared, from damaged villages in the country's south.

In 2007 VCNV initiated the "Occupation Project," in which activists in 25 states occupied the offices of 39 Senators and congressional Representatives whom they regarded as insufficiently committed to defunding the Iraq war. In the campaign's first ten weeks participants incurred 320 arrests. In the 2008 presidential campaign season, a corresponding campaign targeted candidates' offices, and "Witness Against War," a march from Chicago to the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

In January 2009, Kelly had helped organize "Camp Hope: Countdown to Change," a 19-day winter vigil two blocks from the Chicago home of then-President-Elect Barack Obama, but she spent most of the length of the vigil in Egypt and in the Gaza Strip, witnessing Israel's 22-day Operation Cast Lead assault on the region, living with a Gazan family in a neighborhood skirting the area under heaviest bombardment.

In April 2009, working with the Nevada Desert Experience, Kelly and fourteen others (including Father Louie Vitale, Stephen Kelly, SJ, Eve Tetaz, and John Dear, entered Creech Air Force Base to distribute leaflets protesting drone attacks in Pakistan piloted remotely from the base. They were arrested and charged with criminal trespass,^[15][16] for which they were sentenced to "time served" in a January 2011 ruling. The judge in the case had taken a 4-month recess to consider their claim to have entered the base in order to prevent a crime.

In May and June 2009, Kelly traveled to Pakistan with a small VCNV delegation, including activist Gene Stoltzfus, that met with organizations and families in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Shah Mansour,^[17] Tarbella,^[18] and Lahore, reporting back with essays.

As would be documented in a 2012 Al Jazeera documentary^[19], in January 2010 Kelly was arrested in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol building^[20] while taking part in a mock funeral, organized by Witness Against Torture, remembering Mani al-Utaybi, Yasser al-Zahrani, and Ali Abdullah Ahmed, three men then recently alleged to have been tortured to death in the U.S. Guantanamo Bay prison complex. All participants of the protest were acquitted in court the following June.^[21]

In May 2010 Kelly made another Pakistan trip alongside activists Simon Harak, SJ and Josh Brollier. They met with families in the Swat Valley, Peshawar and Shah Mansur, as well as spending time in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore. As part of this trip Kelly and Brollier travelled in Afghanistan as guests of the Emergency Surgical Center for Victims of War, visiting Panjshir and First Aid Posts on the outskirts of Panjshir, Kabul, and Bagram (site of the Bagram Air Force Base). The stated intention of the trip was "learning more about conditions faced by ordinary people in Afghanistan."

Kelly made two other visits to Afghanistan in 2010, working closely with Bamiyan province's Afghan Youth Peace Volunteers. In October and November 2010 she visited the Afghan youths for one week in their home province before spending several weeks in Kabul, where she met with refugees from Helmand province and representatives of several NGOs, and wrote reports on her experience.

In December 2010, Kelly and six other Voices activists met with Afghan Youth Peace Volunteers in Kabul to assist them in a brief activist campaign; the Afghan youth issued a "People's December Review" to counter President Barack Obama's December Review of the Afghan war, they hosted two international call-in days using the Skype internet phone service, and they conducted interviews, not only with NGO aid workers involved in the Oxfam America-authored "Nowhere to Turn" report, but with U.S. Professor Noam Chomsky (via a Skype connection), and (separately) with current and former Afghan parliamentarians Ramazan Bashardost and Malalai Joya. Kelly's delegation helped them post internet transcripts of most of these events on their website.

Kelly returned with Voices to Afghanistan in March and early April 2011.

On April 22, 2011 Kelly was among 37 protesters arrested in Syracuse, New York at Hancock Field Air National Guard Base in a protest against drone warfare organized by the Upstate NY Coalition to Ground the Drones and End the Wars.^[22][23]

Kelly spent June 22-July 9 in Athens, Greece as a passenger (along with retired colonel Ann Wright, "The Color Purple" author Alice Walker, and retired CIA analyst Ray McGovern) on The Audacity of Hope, the U.S. boat in Freedom Flotilla II, a campaign to sail to Gaza from international waters in defiance of the Israeli naval blockade. The Greek government refused to allow the ship to sail, based first on a third-party complaint concerning the ship's seaworthiness, and then in an open policy of opposition to the flotilla. The ship attempted to sail for international waters but was intercepted by armed coast card vessels and impounded.^[24] Kelly stayed a week in solidarity with the arrested Greek captain until bail could be arranged, then attempted to reach Gaza by plane in the "Flytilla",^[25] but was denied entry to Israel and returned to Greece.

In late December 2011 Kelly and two other international activists returned to a working-class Kabul neighborhood to live alongside members of the Afghan Youth Peace Volunteers, who she then helped escort on a brief January delegation to Bhopal in India. She returned unexpectedly to Kabul for one week in February 2012 ^[26] after having been denied a visa to enter Bahrain with the February 14th delegation of Witness Bahrain activists ^[27] seeking to support demonstrations on the one-year anniversary of that country's suppressed Arab Spring uprising.

Author and speaker[link]

Kelly has reported on her time on peace teams and in prison in numerous articles for peace and religious journals, and for websites such as CounterPunch and CommonDreams.org. Several of her essays have appeared in books on the Iraq War. In 2005 she authored "Other Lands Have Dreams: From Baghdad to Pekin Prison" (CounterPunch), collecting and expanding on her letters from Iraq and from prison. She is co-author of "Prisoners on Purpose: a Peacemakers Guide to Jails and Prison." (Progressive Foundation:1989), and co-editor of "War and Peace in the Gulf"(Spokesman:2001). She spends much of her time touring the country on speaking engagements for schools, churches, festivals,^[28] and activist groups from whom she accepts but does not require a stipend. Associates have commented in interviews on her heavy work and travel schedule, noting in one instance that "Jail is the only place she can rest."^[29] Her latest articles have focused on the experiences of Afghan and Pakistani people facing consequences of U.S. military action.

Education[link]

• B.A. Loyola University at Chicago 1974
• Masters in Religious Education, Chicago Theological Seminary; part of a consortium of schools which included the Jesuit School of Theology at Chicago where Kelly took courses each quarter

Awards and Nominations[link]

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• Pax Christi USA Teacher of Peace Award, 1998
• Newberry Library Free Speech Award, 1998
• Detroit City Council Testimonial Resolution commending humanitarian efforts, February 1999
• Robert O. Cooper Fellowship in Peace and Justice Award, Southern Methodist University March 1999
• University of the Incarnate Word Distinguished Speaker Award March 1999
• California State Assembly Certificate of Recognition for Founding of Voices in the Wilderness November 1999
• The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for her extraordinary commitment to befriend the Iraqi people and bring to light their great suffering under the immoral UN/US economic sanctions 1999.
• Consortium on Peace Research and Development Social Courage Award, 1999
• Dan Berrigan Award, DePaul University 1999
• Office of the Americas Peace and Justice Award November 1999
• International Fellowship of Reconciliation Pfeiffer Peace Award, February 2000
• Arab American Anti Discrimination Committee Humanitarian Award June 2000
• American Friends Service Committee (1947 laureate) nomination for the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize ^[30]
• Chaldean Iraqi American Association of Michigan Appreciation Award for Dedication in Lifting Sanctions Against Iraq July 2001
• Newberry Library "1st place" orator – Bughouse Square Debates August 2001
• Life for Relief and Development Humanitarian Services Award September 2001
• Nomination by 1976 Nobel laureate Mairead Maguire for the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.^[31]
• 'special recognition' as a Woman of Peace at the Global Exchange Human Rights Awards in San Francisco with Bianca Jagger, Barbara Lee and Arundhati Roy. May 2003
• Archbishop Oscar Romero Award, Mercyhurst College March 2003
• Anonymous nomination for the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize ^[32]
• Call to Action Leadership Award, with Voices in the Wilderness 2003
• Thomas Merton Center Award, Pittsburgh, PA 2003
• Adela Dwyer St. Thomas of Villanova Peace Award, Villanova University, Voices in the Wilderness 2003
• William Scarlett Award from The Witness, Voices in the Wilderness 2003
• Association of Chicago Priests, Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Common Ground Award with Voices in the Wilderness 2004
• First Annual Award for Justice on behalf of the Religious Orders Partnership given to Kathy Kelly and Voices in the Wilderness
• Cranbrook Peace Foundation Annual Peace Award 2004
• Houston Peace and Justice Center National Peacemaker Award
• Peace Seeker of the Year 2005, Montana Peace Seekers Network
• Doctor of Theology honoris causa from Chicago Theological Seminary awarded May 14, 2005
• Honorary degree awarded from Lewis University, May 15, 2005
• Elliott Black Award for 2006 awarded by the American Ethical Union
• De Paul Center for Church/State Studies 2007 John Courtney Murray Award April 2007
• Bradford-O'Neill Medallion for Social Justice Recipient, Dominican University September 2007
• The Oscar Romero Award presented by Pax Christi Maine October 2007
• The War Resisters League (WRL) 2010 Peace Award, presented by WRL, May 2, 2010
• The Chomsky Award of the Justice Studies Association, 2011

Quotes[link]

From Baghdad on March 19, 2003 - "I suppose I’m more prepared than most of my companions for the grueling roar of warplanes, the thuds that threaten eardrums, the noise of antiaircraft and exploding 'massive ordnance.' Compared to average Iraqis my age, I’ve tasted only a small portion of war, but I’m not a complete stranger ... I feel passionately prepared to insist that war is never an answer. But nothing can prepare me or anyone else for what we could possibly say to the children who will suffer in the days and nights ahead. What can you say to a child who is traumatized, or maimed, or orphaned, or dying? Perhaps only the words we’ve murmured over and over at the bedsides of dying children in Iraqi hospitals. 'I’m sorry. I’m so very sorry.'".^[33]

"One way to stop the next war is to continue to tell the truth about this one."

"One of the most important "Spiritual Directors" in my life has been the Internal Revenue Service ... finding ways to live without owning property, relying on savings, or growing attached to a job ... Becoming a war tax refuser was one of the simplest decisions I've ever made."^[34]

"I want to be in touch with the people caught in a war at home. The war against the poor."^[35]

Bibliography, editing, and contributions[link]

• Kelly, Kathy (2005). Other Lands Have Dreams: from Baghdad to Pekin Prison. Counterpunch Press. ISBN 1-904859-28-3.
• Kelly, Kathy. "Raising Voices: The Children of Iraq, 1990-1999" in Arnove, Anthony (ed.) (2000). Iraq Under Siege: The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War, South End Press.
• "Writings by Kathy Kelly". Voices for Creative Non-Violence (category search).
• Bhatia, Bela; Drèze, Jean; Kelly, Kathy, eds. (2001). War and peace in the Gulf: testimonies of the Gulf Peace Team. Spokesman Books.
• Kelly, Kathy. "Searching for the truth in Jenin" in Nancy Stohlman, Nancy; Aladin, Laurieann eds. (2003). Live from Palestine South End Press. pp. 137–141.
• Kelly, Kathy (June 2, 2006). Right Livelihood. Common Dreams.
• Kelly, Kathy (May 20, 2006). Eve of Departure. Common Dreams.
• Kelly, Kathy (May 28, 2006). Enduring Memories. Common Dreams.
• Kelly, Kathy. "Foreword" in Smith-Ferri, David (2011). With Children Like Your Own: Iraq and Afghanistan Poems, 2008-2011. Haleys. ISBN 978-1-884540-28-8

Further reading[link]

• Ferner, Mike (2006). "Courage Under Fire," in Inside the Red Zone, Praeger. pp. 85–91.
• Sinker, Daniel (2001). "Voices in the Wilderness," in We Owe You Nothing: Punk Planet:The Collected Interviews. Akashic Books. pp. 267–279

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Terry, Don (October 17, 2004). "The Peace Warrior". Chicago Tribune Magazine: 14–19,28–29,33. http://paceebene.org/nvns/nonviolence-news-service-archive/peace-warrior. 
• Kelly, Kathy (2005). Other Lands Have Dreams: from Baghdad to Pekin Prison. Counterpunch Press. ISBN 1-904859-28-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=UxJ0k2RSqd8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

External links[link]

• "Kathy Kelly: The Power of Peace" 30-minute Al Jazeera documentary.
• Worse than an Earthquake: Peace Activist Kathy Kelly on the Destruction in Gaza. Interview. January 27, 2009. Democracy Now.
• Peace Activist Kathy Kelly on the Secret US War in Pakistan. Interview. June 10, 2010. Democracy Now.
• Voices in the Wilderness website.
• Voices for Creative Nonviolence website.
• Kathy Kelly Papers/VITW Records. Marquette University.
• Afghan Youth Peace Volunteers website. Transcripts of December 2010 activities.