Jack Abramoff (pronounced /ˈeɪbrəmɒf/; born February 28, 1959) is an American former lobbyist, businessman, movie producer and writer.[1][2] He was at the heart of an extensive corruption investigation that led to his conviction and to 21 persons either pleading guilty or being found guilty,[3] including White House officials J. Steven Griles and David Safavian, U.S. Representative Bob Ney, and nine other lobbyists and Congressional aides.
Abramoff was College Republican National Committee National Chairman from 1981 to 1985, a founding member of the International Freedom Foundation, allegedly financed by apartheid South Africa,[4][5] and served on the board of directors of the National Center for Public Policy Research, a conservative think tank. From 1994 to 2001 he was a top lobbyist for the firm of Preston Gates & Ellis, and then for Greenberg Traurig until March 2004.
After a guilty plea in the Indian lobbying scandal and his dealings with SunCruz Casinos in January 2006, he was sentenced to six years in federal prison for mail fraud, conspiracy to bribe public officials, and tax evasion. He served four years before being released on December 3, 2010.[6] After his release from prison, he wrote the book Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist which was published in November 2011.
Abramoff's lobbying and the surrounding scandals and investigation are the subject of two 2010 films: the documentary Casino Jack and the United States of Money, released in May 2010,[7] and the feature film Casino Jack, released on December 17, 2010, starring Kevin Spacey as Abramoff.[8][9]
Jack Abramoff was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey into a Jewish family.[10] His father, Franklin Abramoff, was president of the Franchises unit of Diners Club credit card company.[5]
In 1968, when Abramoff was 10, his family moved to Beverly Hills, California, where he attended Beverly Hills High School.[11] In high school he played football and became a weight-lifting champion.[10] At the age of 12, after seeing the film version of Fiddler on the Roof, Abramoff decided to become an Orthodox Jew.[12]
As an undergraduate at Brandeis University,[11] Abramoff served as Chairman of the Massachusetts Alliance of College Republicans, which organized student volunteers for Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign. He graduated with a B.A. in English in 1981, taking six years to finish his degree, and earned his Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1986.
According to Nina Easton, Abramoff gained much of his credibility in the conservative movement through his father, Franklin Abramoff. As president of Diners Club International, Abramoff's father worked closely with Alfred S. Bloomingdale, a personal friend of Ronald Reagan.[13]
After graduating from Brandeis, Abramoff ran for election as chairman of the College Republican National Committee (CRNC). After a campaign which cost over $10,000 and was managed by Grover Norquist, Abramoff won the election after the chief competitor, Amy Moritz (who later, as Amy Ridenour, became a founding director of the National Center for Public Policy Research, and was involved in several trips funded by Jack Abramoff), was persuaded to drop out. Abramoff "changed the direction of the committee and made it more activist and conservative than ever before," notes the CRNC. "It is not our job to seek peaceful coexistence with the Left", Abramoff was quoted as saying in the group's 1983 annual report. "Our job is to remove them from power permanently."[14]
Norquist served as executive director of the committee under Abramoff. He later recruited Ralph Reed, a former president of the University of Georgia College Republicans chapter, as an unpaid intern. According to Reed's book Active Faith, Reed also introduced Abramoff to his future wife, Pam Alexander.
At the CRNC, Abramoff developed political alliances with College Republican chapter presidents across the nation, many who would later hold key roles in state and national politics and business, and some who would later interact with Abramoff as a lobbyist. Some of those relationships were at the core of the federal investigation.
At the CRNC, Abramoff, Norquist and Reed formed what was known as the "Abramoff-Norquist-Reed triumvirate". After Abramoff's election, the trio purged "dissidents" and re-wrote the CRNC's bylaws to consolidate their control over the organization. According to Easton's Gang of Five, Reed was the "hatchet man" and "carried out Abramoff-Norquist orders with ruthless efficiency, not bothering to hide his fingerprints".[13]
In 1983, the CRNC passed a resolution condemning "deliberate planted propaganda by the KGB and Soviet proxy forces" against the government of South Africa, at a time when that country's government was under worldwide criticism for the apartheid regime.[15]
In 1984, Abramoff and other College Republicans formed the "USA Foundation", a non-partisan tax-exempt organization which held two days of rallies on college campuses around the United States celebrating the first anniversary of the invasion of Grenada. In a letter to campus Republican leaders, Abramoff claimed:
| “ |
While the Student Liberation Day Coalition is nonpartisan and intended only for educational purposes, I don't need to tell you how important this project is to our efforts as [College Republicans]. I am confident that an impartial study of the contrasts between the Carter/Mondale failure in Iran and the Reagan victory in Grenada will be most enlightening to voters 12 days before the general election.[16] |
” |
In 1985, Abramoff joined Citizens for America, a pro-Reagan group that helped Oliver North build support for the Nicaraguan Contras. Citizens for America staged an unprecedented meeting of anti-Communist rebel leaders known as the Democratic International in Jamba, Angola. This conference included leaders of the Mujahedeen from Afghanistan, UNITA from Angola, the Contras, and opposition groups from Laos. Out of this largely ceremonial conference came the International Freedom Foundation. Abramoff helped to organize, and also attended the conference.
Abramoff's membership ended on a sour note when Citizens for America's sponsor Lewis Lehrman, a former New York gubernatorial candidate, concluded that Abramoff had spent his money carelessly.[17]
In 1986, Reagan appointed Abramoff as a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.[18]
Abramoff spent 10 years in Hollywood. He wrote and produced, with his brother Robert, the 1989 film Red Scorpion. The film had a $16 million budget and starred Dolph Lundgren playing the Spetznaz-like Soviet commando Nikolai, sent by the USSR to assassinate an African revolutionary in a country similar to Angola. Nikolai sees the evil of the Soviets and changes sides, becoming a freedom fighter for the African side.[19][20][21]
The South African government financed the film via the International Freedom Foundation, a front-group chaired by Abramoff, as part of its efforts to undermine international sympathy for the African National Congress.[22] The filming location was in South-West Africa (now Namibia).[23][24]
On April 27, 1998, Abramoff wrote a letter to the editor of The Seattle Times rebutting an article critical of him and his alleged role as effectively a Public Relations puppet of the then-apartheid South African military. Abramoff rebutted: "The IFF was a conservative group which I headed. It was vigorously anti-Communist, but it was also actively anti-apartheid. In 1987, it was one of the first conservative groups to call for the release of Nelson Mandela, a position for which it was roundly criticized by other conservatives at the time. While I headed the IFF, we accepted funding only from private individuals and corporations and would have absolutely rejected any offer of South African military funding, or any other kind of funding from any government — good or evil."[25]
During this period in South Africa, Abramoff first met South African–born rabbi David Lapin, who would become his religious advisor, and Lapin's brother and fellow rabbi Daniel Lapin, who allegedly introduced Abramoff to Congressman Tom DeLay (R-TX) at a Washington, DC dinner shortly after the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994.[26] Lapin later claimed that he did not recall the introduction.
In December 1994, Abramoff was hired as a lobbyist at Preston Gates Ellis & Rouvelas Meeds LLP, the lobbying arm of the law firm Preston Gates & Ellis LLP based in Seattle, Washington. According to The Seattle Times, following the Republican takeover of Congress in 1995, partner Emanuel Rouvelas determined that the firm "didn't have a conservative, Christian Coalition Republican with strong ties to the new Republican leadership".[27] The traditionally Democratic-leaning firm hired Abramoff for the specific purpose of attaining these wanted ties. Abramoff was described in a press release as having close ties to Newt Gingrich and Dick Armey.
According to The Seattle Times, Abramoff used Preston Gates & Ellis to access a higher pedigree of clientele.[28]
In 1995, Abramoff began representing Indian tribes with gambling interests. He became involved with the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. One of Abramoff's first acts as a tribal gaming lobbyist was to defeat a Congressional bill to tax Indian casinos, sponsored by Bill Archer (R-TX) and Ernest Istook (R-OK). According to Washington Business Forward, a lobbying trade magazine, "Tom DeLay was a major factor in those victories, and the fight helped cement the alliance between the two men".[29] DeLay has called Abramoff "one of (his) closest and dearest friends".
The Washington Post, on December 29, 2005, reported: "Jack Abramoff liked to slip into dialogue from The Godfather as he led his lobbying colleagues in planning their next conquest on Capitol Hill. In a favorite bit, he would mimic an ice-cold Michael Corleone facing down a crooked politician's demand for a cut of Mafia gambling profits: 'Senator, you can have my answer now if you like. My offer is this: nothing.'"[30]
Salon.com political writer Thomas Frank considers Abramoff to have acted as a con man.[31][32] In an appearance with former U.S. Representative Bob Ney and former Greenberg Traurig lobbyist Neil Volz on Kojo Nnamdi's National Public Radio affiliate WAMU-FM radio show, Alex Gibney, director and writer of the 2010 film Casino Jack and the United States of Money elaborated on Abramoff's criminal modus operandi. Gibney remarked, "one of his (Abramoff's) great gifts was being able to tell people what they wanted to hear, and this was how he was able to sell things and get them into trouble."
Abramoff and his law firm were paid at least $6.7 million by the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) from 1995 to 2001, which made manufacture goods with the "Made in the USA" label but is not subject to U.S. labor and minimum wage laws. After Abramoff paid for DeLay and his staffers to go on trips to the CNMI, they crafted policy that extended exemptions from federal immigration and labor laws to the islands' industries. Abramoff also negotiated for a $1.2 million no-bid contract from the Marianas for "promoting ethics in government" to be awarded to David Lapin, brother of Daniel Lapin. Abramoff also secretly funded a trip for James E. Clyburn (D-SC) and Bennie Thompson (D-MS). In 1999 Congressman Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) went on an Abramoff-funded trip to the Marshall Islands with John Doolittle (R-CA), Ken Calvert (R-CA), delegates of Guam, American Samoa, Virgin Islands and eight staffers.[33]
Documentation also indicates that Abramoff's lobbying team helped prepare Rep. Ralph Hall's (R-TX) statements on the House floor in which he attacked the credibility of escaped teenaged sex worker "Katrina," in an attempt to discredit her testimony regarding the state of the sex slave industry on the island.[34] Ms. magazine also explored Abramoff's dealings in the CNMI and the plight of garment workers like Katrina in their spring 2006 article.[35]
Later lobbying efforts involved mailings from a Ralph Reed marketing company to Christian conservative voters and bribery of Roger Stillwell, a Department of the Interior official who in 2006 pleaded guilty to accepting gifts from Abramoff.
Executives of Naftasib, a Russian energy company, funneled almost $3.4 million to Abramoff and DeLay advisor Ed Buckham between 1997 and 2005. About $60,000 was spent on a trip to Russia in 1997 for Tom DeLay, Buckham, and Abramoff. In 1998, $1 million was sent to Buckham via his organization U.S. Family Network to "influence DeLay's vote in 1998 on legislation that helped make it possible for the International Monetary Fund to bail out the faltering Russian economy." DeLay voted for the legislation. The money was funneled through the Dutch company Voor Huisen, the Bahamas company Chelsea Enterprises, and the London law firm James & Sarch Co.[36][37]
The executives involved, who met DeLay during the 1997 trip, were Marina Nevskaya and Alexander Koulakovsky. Nevskaya was also involved in Abramoff's support of an Israeli military academy, as indicated by an email sent to Abramoff.[38]
In 1999, eLottery hired Abramoff to block the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act, which he did by enlisting Reed, Norquist, and Tom DeLay's former chief of staff, Tony Rudy.[39]
Emails from 2000 show that Susan Ralston helped Abramoff pass checks from eLottery to Lou Sheldon's Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) and also to Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform (ATR), in route to Reed's company, Century Strategies.[40][41]
Main article:
Team AbramoffOn January 8, 2001, Abramoff left Preston Gates to join the Government Relations division of the Washington, D.C. law firm Greenberg Traurig, which once described him as "directly involved in the Republican party and conservative movement leadership structures" and "one of the leading fund raisers for the party and its congressional candidates".[42] With the move to Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff took as much as $6 million worth of client business from his old firm, including the Marianas Islands account. At Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff recruited a team of lobbyists known familiarly as "Team Abramoff". The team included many of his former employees from Preston Gates and former senior staffers of members of Congress.
Around the time he joined Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff's choice of lobbying clients changed to focus much more on Native American tribes. While Abramoff was a registered lobbyist for 51 clients while working at Preston Gates, with only four being tribes, Abramoff would eventually represent 24 clients for whom he was registered lobbyist at Greenberg Traurig, of which seven were tribes.
Former White House Deputy Counsel Timothy Flanigan left his job in December 2002 to work as General Counsel for Corporate and International Law at Tyco International. He immediately hired Abramoff to lobby Congress and the White House on matters relating to Tyco's Bermuda tax-exempt status.[43] Flanigan stated to the Senate Judiciary Committee that Abramoff "bragged" that he could help Tyco avoid tax liability aimed at offshore companies because he "had good relationships with members of Congress".[44]
Tyco Inc. claimed in August 2005 that Abramoff had been paid $1.7 million for "astroturfing", or the creation of a fake "grassroots" campaign to oppose proposals to penalize US corporations registered abroad for tax reasons. The work allegedly was never performed, and most of the fee Tyco paid Abramoff to lobby against the legislation was "diverted to entities controlled by Mr. Abramoff".[44]
Abramoff's team represented the government of Malaysia, and worked toward improving Malaysian relations with the United States, particularly with trade relations.[45]
Abramoff also met with the government of Sudan, offering a plan to deflect criticism from American Christian groups over the regime's alleged role in the Darfur conflict. Abramoff promised to enlist Reed to assist, as well as starting a grassroots campaign to improve the image of Sudan in America.[46]
Abramoff was a lobbyist for the school TV news service Channel One News. From 1999 to 2003, Channel One retained him to ensure Congress did not block funds to their service. Not only did Channel One face frequent campaigns by political groups to persuade Congress to limit its presence in schools, but it also derived much of its advertising revenue from U.S. government sources, including the Office of National Drug Control Policy and military recruitment. Since Abramoff and Channel One parted ways, Channel One's advertising revenues have dropped substantially, but a cause-and-effect relationship would be difficult to establish.[47]
On October 18, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Bob Ney, as chair of the House Administration Committee, approved a 2002 license for an Israeli telecommunications company to install antennas for the House or Representatives. The company, then Foxcom Wireless, an Israeli start-up telecommunications firm, (which has since moved headquarters from Jerusalem to Vienna, Virginia, and been renamed MobileAccess Networks) later paid Abramoff $280,000 for lobbying. It also donated $50,000 to the Capital Athletic Foundation charity that Abramoff sometimes used to secretly pay for some of his lobbying activities.[48] In Michael Scanlon's plea agreement, this activity was described as public corruption.[49]
Jack Abramoff's now-closed Signatures restaurant, in the
Penn Quarter neighborhood of Washington, D.C.
Abramoff maintained four skyboxes at major sports arenas for political entertaining at a cost of over $1 million a year. Abramoff hosted many fundraisers at these skyboxes including events for politicians publicly opposed to gambling, such as John Doolittle.[50]
Then Senate Finance Committee Ranking Member and current Chairman Max Baucus returned $18,892 in contributions that his office found to be connected to Abramoff. Included in the returned donations was an estimated $1,892 that was never reported for Baucus' use of Abramoff's skybox at a professional sports arena and concert venue in downtown Washington in 2001.[51]
Abramoff also was co-owner of Signatures Restaurant, a high-end Washington establishment which he used to reward friends and associates. His fellow lobbyist Kevin A. Ring treated Justice Department official Robert E. Coughlin to free tickets to the skyboxes and took him out to Signatures multiple times in exchange for favors.[52] The restaurant, once thriving, was closed once investigations closed in on Abramoff.
DeLay, Ney and Florida Republican Representative Tom Feeney have each gone on golf trips to Scotland that were apparently arranged or funded by Abramoff. These trips took place in 2000, 2002 and 2003. Ney and Feeney each claimed that their trips were paid for by the National Center for Public Policy Research, but the group denied this. Spokespeople for Ney and Feeney blamed others for filing errors. Ney later pleaded guilty to knowing that Abramoff had paid for the trip.
A former top procurement official in the Bush administration, David H. Safavian, has been convicted of lying and obstruction of justice in connection with the Abramoff investigation. Safavian, who traveled to Scotland with Reed and Ney on a golf outing arranged by Abramoff, was accused of concealing from federal investigators information about Abramoff's plans to do business with the General Services Administration at the time of the golf trip — in particular, seeking help finding property for his private religious school, Eshkol Academy, and for one of his tribal clients. Safavian was then GSA chief of staff.[53]
Jack Abramoff was a highly influential figure as lobbyist and activist in the Bush administration.[54] In 2001, Abramoff was a member of the Bush administration's 2001 Transition Advisory Team assigned to the Department of the Interior.[55] Abramoff befriended the incoming Deputy Secretary of the Interior J. Steven Griles.
The draft report of the House Government Reform Committee said the documents — largely Abramoff's billing records and e-mails — listed 485 lobbying contacts with White House officials over three years, including 10 with top Bush aide Karl Rove. The report said that of the 485 contacts listed, 345 were described as meetings or other in-person contacts; 71 were described as phone conversations and 69 were e-mail exchanges.[56]
In the first ten months of 2001, the Abramoff lobbying team logged almost 200 contacts with the Bush administration.[55] He may have used these senior level contacts to assist in his lobbying for Indian tribes concerning tribal gaming. The Department of the Interior has Federal regulatory authority over tribal affairs such as tribal recognition and gaming. From 2000 to 2003, six Indian tribes paid Abramoff over $80 million in lobbying fees.[5]
The Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs has authority over policy and grants to US territories such as the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI).[57] This may have assisted Abramoff in lobbying for textile interests in the islands. U.S. Senator Conrad Burns (R-MT) and DeLay also heavily lobbied the CNMI for opposing the minimum wage.[58][59]
Abramoff asked for $9 million in 2003 from the president of Gabon, Omar Bongo, to arrange a meeting with Bush and directed his fees to an Abramoff-controlled lobbying firm, GrassRoots Interactive.[60] Bongo did meet with Bush in the Oval Office on May 26, 2004.[60] There has been no evidence in the public record that Abramoff had any role in organizing the meeting, or that he received any money or had a signed contract with Gabon.[60]
White House and State Department officials described Bush's meeting with Bongo, whose government is regularly accused by the United States of human rights abuses, as routine.[60] The officials said they knew of no involvement by Abramoff in the arrangements. Officials at Gabon's embassy in Washington did not respond to written questions.[60]
Susan Ralston, Rove's assistant since 2001, previously worked as an administrative assistant for both Abramoff and Reed.[5][61]
According to former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, Abramoff was paid $1.2 million to arrange a meeting between Mahathir and Bush, allegedly at the direction of the Heritage Foundation. Mahathir insisted that someone unknown to him had paid for the meeting.[62]
On May 9, 2001, Chief Raul Garza of the Kickapoo tribe of Texas met with Bush, with Abramoff and Norquist in attendance. Abramoff was identified in the background of a photo taken at the meeting.[63] Days before the meeting, the tribe paid $25,000 to Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform at Abramoff's direction. According to the organization's communications director, John Kartch, the meeting was one of several gatherings with Bush sponsored by ATR. On the same day, the chief of the Louisiana Coushattas also attended an ATR-sponsored gathering with Bush. The Coushattas also gave $25,000 to ATR soon before the event.
The details of the Kickapoo meeting and a letter dated May 10, 2001, from ATR thanking the Kickapoos for their contribution were revealed to the New York Times in 2006 by former council elder Isidro Garza, who with Raul Garza (no relation), is under indictment in Texas for embezzling tribal money. According to Isidro Garza, Abramoff did not say the donation was required to meet Bush; the White House denied any knowledge of the transaction.[64]
Other photos have surfaced of Abramoff and Bush meeting at the White House and Oval Office on either December 22 or 23, 2002. The photos were found on a site that published many pictures of governmental events, ReflectionsOrders.com. The owner of the site removed the photos almost immediately when the presence of Abramoff and Bush together was discovered. Some Internet users located the photos and preserved copies of some of them.[65] The owner of the site gave thousands of dollars to the Bush campaign and Republican National Committee, according to public FEC contribution records.[66]
An NPR news report from March 2006 stated that: "...Abramoff recently granted a rare press interview to Vanity Fair magazine, where he asserts President Bush and other prominent figures in Washington know him very well. He called them liars for denying contact with him".[67]
In June 2006, Abramoff began secretly granting exclusive interviews to former Boston Globe investigative reporter Gary S. Chafetz, without the knowledge of Abramoff's attorneys or the federal prosecutors with whom Abramoff had been cooperating. These interviews — conducted before and during Abramoff's imprisonment — continued until May 2008. In September 2008, Chafetz's book, The Perfect Villain: John McCain and the Demonization of Lobbyist Jack Abramoff was rushed into print prior to the 2008 presidential election. In his book, Chafetz asserted that Abramoff, though guilty of some of the charges, was the victim of misleading and sensational reporting by the Washington Post, vengeance and mendacity on the part of Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), and strong-arm tactics of the Justice Department who forced Abramoff into confessing to crimes he did not believe he was guilty of. Chafetz also accused federal prosecutors of abusive — and possibly illegal — tactics in their reliance on private and public honest services fraud, which he characterized as vague and controversial.[68][69]
Abramoff has founded or run several non-profit organizations, including Capital Athletic Foundation and Eshkol Academy; as well as lobbying firms and political think tanks such as American International Center, GrassRoots Interactive, and the National Center for Public Policy Research. While these organizations had varying degrees of legitimate activities, it has come to light that Abramoff used these organizations to channel millions of dollars to recipients not related to the organizations.
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Although Federal tax records show that various Indian tribes donated more than $6 million to the Capital Athletic Foundation, less than 1% of the money went to athletic programs, the stated purpose of the foundation. The majority of the funds went to the Eshkol Academy in Maryland, an Orthodox Jewish school founded by Abramoff in 2002. Hundreds of thousands of dollars from CAF were also spent on golf trips to Scotland for Abramoff, Ney, Reed, and Safavian, as well as purchases of camping equipment sent to a high school friend. Abramoff solicited Safavian's help in looking for property deals for Eshkol Academy and tribal clients, leading to Safavian's conviction.[70]
GrassRoots Interactive, now defunct, was a small Silver Spring, Maryland, lobbying firm controlled by Abramoff. Millions of dollars flowed into GrassRoots Interactive in 2003, the year it was created, and then flowed out again to unusual places. At least $2.3 million went to a California consulting firm that used the same address as the law office of Abramoff's brother, Robert. A separate check for $400,000, from GrassRoots, was made out to Kay Gold LLC, another Abramoff family company.[71]
Abramoff was a board member and secretary/treasurer of the Maldon Institute for at least five years (1999–2003). He was one of only four board members, including John Rees.[72]
In late 2004, the Senate Indian Affairs Committee began to investigate Abramoff's lobbying on behalf of American Indian tribes and casinos. In September he was called before the Committee to answer questions about that work, but pleaded the fifth.[73]
On August 11, 2005, Abramoff and Adam Kidan were indicted by a federal grand jury in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on fraud charges arising from a 2000 deal to buy SunCruz Casinos from Konstantinos "Gus" Boulis. Abramoff and Kidan are accused of using a fake wire transfer to make lenders believe that they had made a $23 million down payment, in order to qualify for a $60 million loan.[74] Kidan received the same sentence as Abramoff — 5 years, 10 months — which he began serving at Fort Dix Federal Penetentiary, in Fort Dix, New Jersey, on October 23, 2006. Ney also was implicated in helping to consummate the deal.
After the partners purchased SunCruz in September 2000, the business relationship with Boulis deteriorated, culminating in a fistfight between Kidan and Boulis in December 2000. In February 2001 Boulis was murdered in his car in a Mafia-style attack. The murder investigation, which presently includes three mobsters who had received payments from Kidan, is ongoing. Two of the suspects face the death penalty. SunCruz is now owned and operated by Oceans Casinos Cruises.
On January 4, 2006, Abramoff pleaded guilty to conspiracy and wire fraud in Miami, related to the SunCruz deal. The plea agreement called for a maximum sentence of over seven years and would run simultaneously with the sentence in the Washington corruption case, but could be reduced if Abramoff cooperates fully. The remaining four counts in the Florida indictment were dismissed.[75]
On March 29, 2006, Abramoff and Kidan were both sentenced in the SunCruz case to the minimum amount, 70 months, and to pay US$21.7 million in restitution. According to the "memorandum in aid of sentencing", the sentencing judge, U.S. District Judge Paul C. Huck, received over 260 pleas for leniency from various people, including "rabbis, military officers and even a professional hockey referee."[76] The defendants are still cooperating with federal investigators and will be sentenced later in the Indian lobbying case.
In 2002 Abramoff was retained under a secret contract by the Guam Superior Court to lobby against a bill proposing to put the Superior Court under the authority of the Guam Supreme Court. On November 18, 2002, a grand jury issued a subpoena demanding that the administrator of the Guam Superior Court release all records relating to the contract. On November 19, 2002, U.S. Attorney Frederick A. Black, the chief prosecutor for Guam and the instigator of the indictment, was unexpectedly demoted and removed from the office he had held since 1991. The federal grand jury investigation was quickly wound down and took no further action. In 2005 Public Auditor Doris Flores Brooks initiated a new investigation of the Abramoff contract, which is continuing.
In 2006 California attorney and Marshall Islands lobbyist Howard Hills, and Tony Sanchez, a former administrator of the Guam Superior Court, were indicted for unlawful influence, conspiracy for unlawful influence, theft of property held in trust, and official misconduct for allegedly authorizing 36 payments of $9,000 vis a vis a pre-existing contract between Hills and the Guam Superior Court, each written out to Hills, but funneled to Abramoff. Hills, trusting Sanchez as a court official at face value, assumed that this was a temporary circumstance and agreed to help facilitate transition for what he thought was a standard government contract between Abramoff and the court. For this Hills received no compensation. Before indictments or investigations were initiated, Hills halted his temporary contract with Abramoff and reported what he thought was potentially suspicious behavior to public officials when it occurred to him that something may be wrong. In 2007, superseding indictments were issued against Hills and Sanchez, and in 2008 further related indictments were handed down against Abramoff and Abramoff's firm at the time, Greenberg Traurig. The charges against both attorney Howard Hills and Greenberg Traurig have since been dismissed.
Abramoff and his partner Michael Scanlon (a former Tom DeLay aide) conspired to bilk Indian casino gambling interests out of an estimated $85 million in fees. The lobbyists also orchestrated lobbying against their own clients in order to force them to pay for lobbying services. These practices were the subject both of long-running criminal prosecution and hearings by the Senate Indian Affairs Committee. On November 21, 2005, Scanlon pleaded guilty to conspiring to bribe a member of Congress and other public officials.
On January 3, 2006, Abramoff pleaded guilty to three felony counts—conspiracy, fraud, and tax evasion—involving charges stemming principally from his lobbying activities in Washington on behalf of Native American tribes. In addition, Abramoff and other defendants must make restitution of at least $25 million that was defrauded from clients, primarily the Native American tribes. Further, Abramoff owes the Internal Revenue Service $1.7 million as a result of his guilty plea to the tax evasion charge. In the agreement, Abramoff admits to bribing public officials, including Ney.[77] Also included: the hiring of congressional staffers and conspiring with them to lobby their former employers -— including members of Congress -— in violation of a one-year federal ban on such lobbying.[78]
On January 3, 2006, Abramoff pleaded guilty to three criminal felony counts related to the defrauding of American Indian tribes and corruption of public officials, in a Washington, D.C., federal court.[79] The four tribes Abramoff and his associates had been involved with included Michigan's Saginaw Chippewas, California's Agua Caliente, the Mississippi Choctaws, and the Louisiana Coushattas. Abramoff was accused of defrauding the tribes of tens of millions of dollars on issues associated with Indian gaming.[80]
Later in 2006 Abramoff lobbyists Neil Volz and Tony Rudy pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges; in September 2006 Ney himself pleaded guilty to conspiracy and making false statements.
On September 4, 2008, a Washington court found him guilty of trading expensive gifts, meals and sports trips in exchange for political favors, and U.S. District Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle sentenced him to a four-year term in prison, to be served concurrently with his previous sentences. Abramoff cooperated in a bribery investigation involving lawmakers, their aides, and members of the Bush administration.[81][82][83]
- Adam Kidan (a former Abramoff business partner), was sentenced in Florida in March 2006 to nearly six years in prison for conspiracy and fraud in the 2000 purchase of the Fort Lauderdale-based SunCruz Casinos gambling fleet.
- Susan B. Ralston (R) Special Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to Karl Rove, resigned October 6, 2006 after it became known that she accepted gifts and passed information to her former boss Jack Abramoff.[84]
- Roger Stillwell (R) Staff in the Department of the Interior under George W. Bush. Pleaded guilty and received two years suspended sentence[85] for not reporting hundreds of dollars worth of sports and concert tickets he received from Abramoff.
- Steven Griles, (R) (former Deputy Interior Secretary) the highest-ranking Bush administration official convicted in the scandal, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice. He admitted lying to a Senate committee about his relationship with Abramoff, who repeatedly sought Griles' intervention at Interior on behalf of Indian tribal clients.
- David Safavian, (R) (former White House official), the Bush administration's former top procurement official, was sentenced to 18 months in prison in October 2006[86] after he was found guilty of covering up his dealings with Abramoff.[87][88]
- Bob Ney, then U. S. Representative, (R-Ohio), pleaded guilty September 2006, sentenced in January 2007 to 2½ years in prison, acknowledged taking bribes from Abramoff. Ney was in the traveling party on an Abramoff-sponsored golf trip to Scotland at the heart of the case against Safavian.
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- Neil Volz, (R) a former chief of staff to Ney who left government to work for Abramoff, pleaded guilty in May 2006 to conspiring to corrupt Ney and others with trips and other aid
- William Heaton, (R) former chief of staff for Ney, pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge involving a golf trip to Scotland, expensive meals, and tickets to sporting events between 2002 and 2004 as payoffs for helping Abramoff's clients.
- Thomas Hart (R), former chief of staff for Ney, pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge involving a golf trip to Scotland, expensive meals, and tickets to sporting events between 2002 and 2004 as payoffs for helping Abramoff's clients.
- Italia Federici, (R) co-founder of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, pleaded guilty to tax evasion and obstruction of a Senate investigation into Abramoff's relationship with officials at the Department of Interior.
- Mark Zachares, former aide to U. S. Representative Don Young, (R-Alaska), pleaded guilty to conspiracy. He acknowledged accepting tens of thousands of dollars worth of gifts and a golf trip to Scotland from Abramoff's team in exchange for official acts on the lobbyist's behalf.
- Kevin A. Ring former staff to John Doolittle (R-CA) was convicted of five charges of corruption.[89][90] He was sentenced to 20 months in prison in October 2011.[3]
- James Hirni, former staff to Tim Hutchinson (R-AR) was charged with wire fraud for giving a staffer for Don Young (R) of Alaska a bribe in exchange for amendments to the Federal Highway Bill. (2008)[91]
- Tom DeLay (R-TX) The House Majority Leader was reprimanded twice by the House Ethics Committee and his aides indicted (2004–2005); eventually DeLay himself was investigated in October 2005 in connection with the Abramoff scandal, but not indicted. DeLay resigned from the House 9 June 2006.[92] Delay was found to have illegally channeled funds from Americans for a Republican Majority to Republican state legislator campaigns. He was convicted of two counts of money laundering and conspiracy in 2010.[93]
-
- Michael Scanlon (R) former staff to Tom DeLay: working for Abramoff, pled guilty to bribery.[82][83]
- Tony Rudy (R) former staff to Tom DeLay, pleaded guilty to conspiracy.[83]
- James W. Ellis (R) executive director of Tom DeLay's political action committee, Americans for a Republican Majority (ARMPAC), was indicted by Texas for money laundering.[94]
- John Colyandro executive director of Tom DeLay's political action committee, Texans for a Republican Majority (TRMPAC), was indicted by Texas for money laundering[94]
- John Albaugh former chief of staff to Ernest Istook (R-OK) pled guilty to accepting bribes connected to the Federal Highway Bill. Istook was not charged. (2008)[95]
- Jared Carpenter (R) Vice-President of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, was discovered during the Abramoff investigation and pled guilty to income tax evasion. He got 45 days, plus 4 years probation.[96]
- Robert E. Coughlin (R) Deputy Chief of Staff, Criminal Division of the Justice Department pleaded guilty to conflict of interest after accepting bribes from Jack Abramoff. (2008)[52]
- Horace Cooper former labor department official with the Bush administration and aide to Rep. Dick Armey plead guilty to falsifying a document when he did not report receiving gifts from Abramoff.[97]
Abramoff served four years of a six year sentence. On November 15, 2006, he began serving his term in the minimum security prison camp of Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland, Maryland, as inmate number 27593-112. The Justice Department had requested that he serve his sentence there so as to be accessible to agents in Washington for cooperation as the investigations related to his associates intensified.[98] Abramoff worked as a clerk in the prison chaplain’s office for 12 cents an hour. He was also teaching courses in public speaking and screenwriting to his fellow inmates and instituted a popular movie night.[99]
On June 8, 2010, he was released from federal prison and was transferred to a halfway house in Baltimore, Maryland until the end of his six year sentence.[100] In late June he started working at the kosher pizzeria Tov Pizza, working about 40 hours a week from 10:30 a.m. till 5:30 p.m., earning between $7.50 and $10.00 per hour.[101][102] He finished working at Tov Pizza when he was released from the halfway house on December 3, 2010.[6][103]
In November 2011 the book Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist Abramoff wrote after he was released from prison was published. The 300-page memoir is an account of his life in Washington as a lobbyist.[104] In its last chapter, titled “Path to Reform”, Abramoff portrays himself as someone who supports genuine reform and lists a number of proposals to eliminate bribery of government officials, such as barring members of Congress and their aides for life from becoming lobbyists.[105]
Abramoff has become a critic of the lobbying industry and has appeared on radio and television, “trying ... to redeem and rebrand himself”. He has a Facebook page and game app called “Congressional Jack”, and a feature film in the works about the lobbying milieu. He plans to charge for giving talks about corruption in Washington, and has briefed F.B.I. agents on the nature of corruption.[99] He has joined the Republic anti-corruption nonprofit organization united republic anti-corruption nonprofit organization,[106] and has started in February 2012 as one of the lead bloggers at United Republic′s newly launched Republic Report, described as “an anti-corruption blog focusing on how self-interested dollars are warping the public-interest responsibilities of America's democratic institutions” by the Huffington Post.[107]
- ^ James, Frank (November 18, 2011). "Jack Abramoff: From Corrupt Lobbyist To Washington Reformer". NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2011/11/18/142506057/jack-abramoff-from-corrupt-lobbyist-to-washington-reformer. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ^ "Jack Abramoff - writer for the film, Red Scorpion - Rotten Tomatoes"
- ^ a b Froomkin, Dan (October 28, 2011). "Jack Abramoff, In New Book, Decries Endemic Corruption In Washington". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/28/jack-abramoff-new-book-corruption-in-washington_n_1064602.html. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
- ^ Dele Olojede; Timothy M. Phelps (July 16, 1995). "Front for Apartheid". Newsday. http://www.bilderberg.org/roundtable/lhiff.html.
- ^ a b c d Schmidt, Susan and Grimaldi, James V. (2005-12-29). "The Fast Rise and Steep Fall of Jack Abramoff". Washington Post. p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/28/AR2005122801588.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ a b Inmate Finder, Jack Abramhoff
- ^ Stephen Holden, "The Eye in a Hurricane of Corruption", New York Times, May 7, 2010.
- ^ Casino Jack at IMDB.
- ^ "Bagman Trailer: The Other Jack Abramoff Movie", Vulture at New York, June 15, 2010.
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- ^ a b Associated Press. "As Congress sweats, Abramoff will tell all." St. Petersburg Times. January 4, 2006. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
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- ^ Chait, Jonathan (December 18, 2005). "Big on money, short on memory (commentary)". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/943038721.html?dids=943038721:943038721&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+18%2C+2005&author=JONATHAN+CHAIT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=M.5&desc=JONATHAN+CHAIT.
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- ^ "The fast rise and steep fall of Jack Abramoff: How a well-connected lobbyist became the center of a far-reaching corruption scandal," The Washington Post, December 29, 2005.
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- ^ "Jack A. Abramoff". Greenberg Traurig - Biographies. Greenberg Traurig. Archived from the original on June 12, 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20030612020908/http://gtlaw.com/bios/govadmin/abramoffj.htm.
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- ^ a b Smith, R. Jeffrey (2005-09-23). "Tyco Exec: Abramoff Claimed Ties to Administration". Washington Post. p. A06. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/22/AR2005092202204.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Edsall, Thomas B. (April 17, 2005). "Think Tank's Ideas Shifted as Malaysia Ties Grew". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A59539-2005Apr16.html.
- ^ Hamburger, Tom and Silverstein, Ken (2006-04-06). "Abramoff Offered to Aid Sudan, Envoy Says". Los Angeles Times. http://darfur.tribe.net/thread/21564b09-d585-4737-b286-dd27c986a7e9. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Teinowitz, Ira (2006-01-10). "Primedia Employed Lobbyist Abramoff for Channel One". Commercial Alert. http://www.commercialalert.org/news/Archive/2006/01/primedia-employed-lobbyist-abramoff-for-channel-one. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Grimaldi, James V. and Schmidt, Susan (2005-10-18). "Lawmaker's Abramoff Ties Investigated". Washington Post. p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/17/AR2005101701918_pf.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ "Ex-DeLay Aide In Corruption Plea". The Smoking Gun. 2005-11-21. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/1121052scanlon1.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Bookman, Jay (2005-06-28). "The lies of lobbygate". Rutland Herald. http://www.rutlandherald.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050628/NEWS/506280307/1039. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ news services (20 December 2005). "Sen. Baucus Returns Funds Tied to Abramoff". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/19/AR2005121901476.html. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
- ^ a b Grimaldi, James (2008-04-23). "Ex-Official Linked to Abramoff Pleads Guilty". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/22/AR2008042202430_pf.html. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- ^ Schmidt, Susan and Grimaldi, James V. (2005-11-26). "Lawmakers Under Scrutiny in Probe of Lobbyist". Washington Post. p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/25/AR2005112501423.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ John Anderson, Follow the money: how George W. Bush And the Texas Republicans hog-tied America, Scribner: 2007 ISBN 0-7432-8643-X, 331 pages: 13
- ^ a b "Controversial lobbyist had close contact with Bush team". USA Today. Associated Press. 2005-05-06. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-05-06-abramoff-bush_x.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ "The Abramoff Report: Staff Report of the Committee on Government Reform". U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform, 109th Congress. Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20080731124622/http://oversight.house.gov/abramoff/docs/abramoff.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
- ^ "Northern Mariana Islands". The World Factbook. 2006-08-08. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cq.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Ross, Brian (2005-04-06). "DeLay's Lavish Island Getaway". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/print?id=647725. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ "Abramoff: The House That Jack Built". Think Progress. http://thinkprogress.org/abramoff/. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ a b c d e Shenon, Philip (2005-11-10). "Lobbyist Sought $9 Million to Set Bush Meeting". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/politics/10lobby.html?ex=1289278800&en=3564c89497493794&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Dickinson, Tom (2006-01-09). "Connecting the Dots: Abramoff and Rove". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/nataffdaily/story/9130607. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ "Fmr Malaysian PM: Abramoff Was Paid to Arrange Bush Meeting". Fox News. Associated Press. 2006-02-21. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,185482,00.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Philip Shenon and Lowell Bergman (February 2, 2006). "Photograph Shows Lobbyist at Bush Meeting With Legislators". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/politics/12lobby.html?ex=1297400400&en=b3401c810fac9067&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss.
- ^ Philip Shenon (March 10, 2006). "$25,000 to Lobby Group Is Tied to Access to Bush". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/10/politics/10abramoff.html?ex=1299646800&en=9587f3b5199aa66c&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss.
- ^ "Wind-Breaking News!". Thedoubles.com. http://www.thedoubles.com/gwbja.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17. [dead link]
- ^ "Photograph Company President that "scrubbed" Abramoff photo with Bush gave to Bush". The Daily Delay. 2006-01-26. http://dailydelay.blogspot.com/2006/01/photograph-company-president-that.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ NPR: Lobbyist Abramoff Says GOP Elite Know Him Well
- ^ Politico.com
- ^ Lewrockwell.com
- ^ Isikoff, Michael (2006-05-02). "Fund-Raising: Take It to the (West) Bank". Newsweek. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmnew/is_/ai_n14760146. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Shenon, Philip (2005-11-10). "Lobbyist Sought $9 Million to Set Bush Meeting". New York Times. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/1110-04.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Mediatransparency.org
- ^ Fox News "Timeline of Key Events in Jack Abramoff Investigation", January 4, 2006
- ^ Staley, Krista-Ann (2005-08-19). "Abramoff will plead not guilty to fraud charges, lawyer says". JURIST. http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2005/08/abramoff-will-plead-not-guilty-to.php. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ "Abramoff Pleads Guilty, Will Help in Corruption Probe." CBS News. January 4, 2006.
- ^ "Abramoff gets 5 years, 10 months in fraud case". 2006-03-29. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12066674/. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
- ^ Torry, Jack and Riskind, Jonathan (2006-01-04). "Lobbyist admits he gave Ney bribes". The Columbus Dispatch. http://www.columbusdispatch.com/live/contentbe/dispatch/2006/01/04/20060104-A1-01.html. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ "Abramoff complaint" (PDF). The Washington Post. 2006-01-03. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/documents/abramoff_info_010306.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ Forsythe, Michael and Jonathan D. Salant. "Abramoff Pleads Guilty, Will Help in Corruption Probe." Bloomberg News Service. January 3, 2006.
- ^ Schmidt, Susan. "A Jackpot from Indian Gaming Tribes." The Washington Post Online 22 Feb 2004 14 Nov 2008
- ^ Schmidt, Susan and Grimaldi, James V. (2005-11-26). "Lawmakers Under Scrutiny in Probe of Lobbyist".WashingtonPost.com, p. A01. Retrieved 2006-08-17.
- ^ a b "US lobbyist jailed for corruption". BBC News. 2008-09-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7599249.stm.
- ^ a b c Wilber, Del Quentin; Carrie Johnson (2008-09-04). "Abramoff Sentenced to 4 Years in Prison for Corruption". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/04/AR2008090402321.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
- ^ www.washingtonpost.com, October 7, 2006, "Rove Aid Linked to Abramoff Resigns" by Peter Baker and James V. Grimaldi
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Safavian sentenced to 18 months in jail - politics - msnbc.com". MSNBC. 2006-10-27. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15446565/. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
- ^ "#08-1138: Former GSA Chief of Staff David Safavian Convicted of Obstruction, Making False Statements (2008-12-19)". Justice.gov. 2008-12-19. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2008/December/08-crm-1138.html. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
- ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (June 21, 2006). "Ex-Aide To Bush Found Guilty". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/20/AR2006062001626.html.
- ^ Carrie Johnson and Del Quentin Wilber (September 9, 2008). "Former Abramoff Associate Is Arrested: Indictment Charges Fraud, Conspiracy". The Washington Post. p. A02. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/08/AR2008090801302.html. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
- ^ Conery, Ben (November 10, 2010). www.washingtontimes.com "Trial deadlocked for Abramoff associate Ring". The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/kevin-a-ring/ www.washingtontimes.com.
- ^ Zachary Roth (November 24, 2008). "Abramoff Lobbyists Wanted Measure Attached To Young's Transportation Bill". TPM Muckraker. http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2008/11/abramoff_lobbyists_wanted_meas.php.
- ^ Chicago Tribune, Thursday, August 26, 2010, Section 1, pg 19, "Delay trial to be held in Austin, judge rules," by News Services
- ^ www.yahoo.com, November 24, 2010, "Jury convicts Tom Delay in money laundering trial" by Juan A. Lozano, AP
- ^ a b "3 DeLay Workers Indicted in Texas. Aides Charged in Fundraising Probe," Washington Post, September 22, 2005.
- ^ Former Istook aide pleads guilty in lobbying scandal, Daily Oklahoman June 2, 2008
- ^ Mike Soraghan (July 14, 2007). "Abramoff investigation leads to another guilty plea". The Hill. http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/abramoff-investigation-leads-to-another-guilty-plea-2007-07-14.html.
- ^ [2] Huffington Post, May 7, 2010.
- ^ David Dishneau, Matt Apuzzo (2006-11-15). "Jack Abramoff Reports to Md. Prison". Washington Post (AP). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/15/AR2006111501159.html.
- ^ a b Feuer, Alan (November 12, 2011). "For Ex-Lobbyist Abramoff, a Multimedia Effort at Redemption". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/us/jack-abramoff-making-a-multimedia-effort-at-redemption.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
- ^ "Abramoff transferred from prison to halfway house". CNN. 2010-06-08. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-06-08/justice/jack.abramoff.released_1_ohio-republican-bob-ney-jack-abramoff-prison.
- ^ Leibovich, Mark (June 23, 2010). "Abramoff, From Prison to a Pizzeria Job". NYTimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/24/us/24abramoff.html?ref=politics. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
- ^ "Jack Abramoff's new job: Selling pizza, not influence". Baltimore Sun. June 22, 2010. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-06-22/news/bal-abramoff-pizza-0622_1_jack-abramoff-home-detention-new-job. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
- ^ "Abramoff concludes stint at kosher pizzeria". AP via baltimore.cbslocal.com. 2010-12-13. http://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2010/12/13/abramoff-concludes-stint-at-kosher-pizzeria/.
- ^ Smith, Jeffrey R. (December 9, 2011). "In Jack Abramoff’s memoir, ‘Capitol Punishment,’ an unrepentant reformer?". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/in-jack-abramoffs-memoir-capitol-punishment-an-unrepentant-reformer/2011/11/30/gIQAxZIpiO_story.html. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ^ Lowenfeld, Jonah (March 8, 2012). "Destitute: The new Jack Abramoff". Jewish Journal. http://www.jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/article/destitute_the_new_jack_abramoff_20120308. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ^ "About Us". United Republic. http://unitedrepublic.org/about-us/. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ^ Clemons, Steve (February 3, 2012). "Corruption Watchdogs Have a Hot New Blogger: Jack Abramoff". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-clemons/corruption-watchdogs-have_b_1252921.html. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- Roche, Walter F. (August 8, 2005). "Bush removal ended Guam investigation". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/08/08/bush_removal_ended_guam_investigation/.
- Byrne, John. Abramoff, lobbyists linked to troubled multibillion-dollar Homeland Security contract, rawstory.com. Accessed February 3, 2006.
- How many conservative columnists did Jack Abramoff rent for his clients?, Media Matters for America. Accessed February 3, 2006.
- Kurtz, Howard and Babcock, Charles R. "Two 'Nonpolitical' Foundations Push Grenada Rallies", The Washington Post, October 4, 1984.
- Taibbi, Matt, "Meet Mr. Republican: Jack Abramoff, Rolling Stone, March 24, 2006
- A Jackpot From Indian Gaming Tribes, Washington Post, February 22, 2004.
- Abramoff may strike deal with prosecutors; Plea could mean lobbyist would implicate members of Congress, MSNBC, December 21, 2005
- www.jackinthehouse.org
- "A Lobbyist in Full" New York Times, May 1, 2005.
- Transcript of PBS Now episode with snippets of Senate Indian case testimony
- Abramoff's associations with various organizations
- Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell's statement on Abramoff
- Committee on Indian Affairs hearing transcript
- A Look at Jack Abramoff's Ties to the South Pacific Island of Saipan... from Democracy Now
- "Committee Asks Justice Dept. To Broaden Inquiry of Lobbyist" New York Times.
- "Democrats Also Got Tribal Donations" Washington Post
- "Lobbyist, rabbi talk of tricking the Cosmos"
- "Abramoff in Court on Charges of Fraud", Financial Times, August 12, 2005.
- Abramoff's Federal Campaign Contributions, NewsMeat.com
- Statement of Sen. Byron Dorgan
- Abramoff, Scanlon and the Influence of Money -- on Fresh Air/NPR with Terry Gross
- Op-Eds for Sale, Business Week
- Abramoff and al-Arian: Lobbyist's "Charity" a Front for Terrorism Informed Comment
- The Jack Abramoff Story collected news and analysis from the Washington Post
- Cleveland Plain Dealer, January 15, 2006, "What you should know about Abramoff case" Excellent, simplified, summary. Good intro to the situation.
- Levenson, Michael (January 15, 2006). "Roots of a lobbyist". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/01/15/roots_of_a_lobbyist/.
- Birnbaum, Jeffrey H.; Balz, Dan (January 4, 2006). "Case Bringing New Scrutiny To a System and a Profession". Washington Post. p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/03/AR2006010301536.html. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- 'Dear Judge': Religion-tinged Letters Praise Good Deeds of Felon Lobbyist, Forward April 7, 2006
- "Abramoff Gets Shuffled Out of the Way?". Susan Bradford, Agonist, October 24, 2006.
- Lynched! The Shocking Story of How the Political Establishment Manufactured a Scandal to Have Republican Super-lobbyist Jack Abramoff Removed from Power. Susan Bradford.
- A Swashbuckling Spectacle of Corruption - Bill Moyers Investigates Abramoff Lobbying Scandal streaming video, mp3, transcript
- "Abramoff Pleads Guilty to Three Counts: Lobbyist to Testify About Lawmakers in Corruption Probe, The Washington Post, January 4, 2006, page A1.
- Capitol Crimes. Abramoff, Inc. Bill Moyers PBS documentary series Moyers on America
- Department of the Interior: Communications Between DOI and Jack Abramoff (2005)- Extensive collection of materials obtained by the Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington under the Freedom of Information Act.
- Barry Yeoman, Fall of a True Believer, Mother Jones
- Jack Abramoff--MSNBC Interactive connections
- "Jack Abramoff's CV". Archived from the original on 2003-06-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20030612020908/http://gtlaw.com/bios/govadmin/abramoffj.htm. "Jack is directly involved in the Republican party and conservative movement leadership structures"
- Ms. Magazine Spring 2006 article "Paradise Lost: Greed, Sex Slavery, Forced Abortions and Right-Wing Moralists"
- "The Fast Rise and Steep Fall of Jack Abramoff: How a Well-Connected Lobbyist Became the Center of a Far-Reaching Corruption Scandal", The Washington Post, December 29, 2005, page A1.
- ThePerfectVillain.com, The Perfect Villain: John McCain and the Demonization of Lobbyist Jack Abramoff, published September 2008.
- "Casino Jack and the United States of Money–A Look at Corporate Money and Politics", Democracy Now!, January 27, 2010
- "The man who blew the whistle on Jack Abramoff tells the story of how he did it", The Hill (newspaper), January 26, 2010
- Kevin Spacey stars in the upcoming film Casino Jack (2010)
- Casino Jack official web site
- Jack Abramoff on The George Jarkesy Show (2012)
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