Group 1 race
2,000 Guineas Stakes
The Finish of the Two Thousand Guineas at Newmarket by Samuel Henry Alken (1810–1894)
Location	Rowley Mile Newmarket, England
Inaugurated	1809
Race type	Flat / Thoroughbred
Sponsor	QIPCO
Website	Newmarket
Race information
Distance	1 mile (1,609 metres)
Surface	Turf
Track	Straight
Qualification	Three-year-olds excluding geldings
Weight	9 st 0 lb Allowances 3 lb for fillies
Purse	£350,000 (2012) 1st: £213,513.13

Engraving of the 1874 2,000 Guineas, from the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, May 1874

The 2,000 Guineas Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late April or early May.

It is one of Britain's five Classic races, and at present it is the first to be run in the year. It also serves as the opening leg of the Triple Crown, followed by the Derby and the St Leger, although the feat of winning all three has been rarely attempted in recent decades.

History[link]

The 2,000 Guineas was first run on 18 April 1809, and it preceded the introduction of a version for fillies only, the 1,000 Guineas, by five years. Both races were established by the Jockey Club under the direction of Sir Charles Bunbury, who had earlier co-founded the Derby at Epsom. The races were named according to their original prize funds (a guinea amounted to 21 shillings, or £1.05).

By the mid-1860s, the 2,000 Guineas was regarded as one of Britain's most prestigious races for three-year-olds. The five leading events for this age group, characterised by increasing distances as the season progressed, began to be known as "Classics". The concept was later adopted in many other countries.

European variations of the 2,000 Guineas include the Irish 2,000 Guineas, the Mehl-Mülhens-Rennen, the Poule d'Essai des Poulains and the Premio Parioli. Elsewhere, variations include the Australian Guineas and the Satsuki Shō.

The 2,000 Guineas is served by trial races such as the Craven Stakes and the Greenham Stakes, but for some horses it is the first race of the season. The 2,000 Guineas itself can act as a trial for the Derby, and the last horse to win both was Sea the Stars in 2009.

Since 2001, the 2,000 Guineas and the 1,000 Guineas have offered equal prize money. Each had a purse of £350,000 in 2012.

Records[link]

Leading jockey (9 wins):

• Jem Robinson – Enamel (1825), Cadland (1828), Riddlesworth (1831), Clearwell (1833), Glencoe (1834), Ibrahim (1835), Bay Middleton (1836), Conyngham (1847), Flatcatcher (1848)

Leading trainer (7 wins):

• John Scott – Meteor (1842), Cotherstone (1843), Nunnykirk (1849), West Australian (1853), Fazzoletto (1856), The Wizard (1860), The Marquis (1862)

Leading owner (7 wins): (includes part ownership)

• Sue Magnier – Entrepreneur (1997), King of Kings (1998), Rock of Gibraltar (2002), Footstepsinthesand (2005), George Washington (2006), Henrythenavigator (2008), Camelot (2012)

• Fastest winning time – Mister Baileys (1994), 1m 35.08s
• Widest winning margin (since 1900) – Tudor Minstrel (1947), 8 lengths
• Longest odds winner – Rockavon (1961), 66/1
• Shortest odds winner – St Frusquin (1896), 12/100
• Most runners – 28, in 1930
• Fewest runners – 2, in 1829 and 1830

Winners[link]

^a Nureyev finished first in 1980, but he was relegated to last place following a stewards' inquiry.

See also[link]

• Horseracing in Great Britain
• List of British flat horse races

References[link]

• Racing Post:
  • 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997
  • 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
  • 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

• galopp-sieger.de – 2000 Guineas Stakes.
• horseracinghistory.co.uk – 2000 Guineas.
• horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Two Thousand Guineas (2012).
• pedigreequery.com – 2000 Guineas Stakes – Newmarket.
• tbheritage.com – Two Thousand Guineas Stakes.
• Abelson, Edward; John Tyrrel (1993). The Breedon Book of Horse Racing Records. Breedon Books. pp. 23–31. ISBN 1-873626-15-0. 
• Randall, John; Tony Morris (1985). Horse Racing: The Records. Guinness Superlatives Ltd. pp. 14–24. ISBN 0-85112-446-1. 

Joel Gregory Mason (March 12, 1912 – October 31, 1995) was a player in the National Football League.

Biography[link]

Mason was born on March 12, 1912, in Iron River, Michigan.^[1]

Career[link]

Mason played with the Chicago Cardinals during the 1939 NFL season. After two seasons away from the NFL, he would play four seasons with the Green Bay Packers. During his time with them he was a member of the 1944 NFL Champion Packers.

He played at the collegiate level at Western Michigan University.^[2]

See also[link]

• List of Green Bay Packers players

References[link]

This biographical article relating to an American football player, coach, or other figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Janusz Korczak
Janusz Korczak
Born	July 22, 1879 (1878-07-22) Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
Died	August 1942 (1942-09) Treblinka extermination camp
Occupation	Children's author, humanitarian, pediatrician and child pedagogue

Janusz Korczak, the pen name of Henryk Goldszmit,^[1] (July 22, 1878 or 1879 – August 1942) was a Polish-Jewish educator, children's author, and pediatrician known as Pan Doktor (Mr. Doctor) or Stary Doktor (Old Doctor). After spending many years working as director of an orphanage in Warsaw, he refused freedom and stayed with his orphans when the institution was sent from the Ghetto to Treblinka extermination camp, during the Grossaktion Warsaw of 1942.^[2]

Biography[link]

Under foreign partitions[link]

Korczak was born in Warsaw in 1878 or 1879 (sources vary) into the family of Józef Goldszmit,^[1] a respected lawyer from a family of proponents of the haskalah,^[3] and Cecylia nee Gębicka, daughter of a prominent Kalisz family.^[4] His father fell ill around 1890 and was admitted to mental hospital where he died six years later in April 1896. Spacious apartments – first along Miodowa street, then Świętojerska – had to be given up. Henryk worked as a tutor after school.^[5] In 1898 he used Janusz Korczak as a writing pseudonym in the Ignacy Jan Paderewski Literary Contest. The name originated from the book Janasz Korczak and the Pretty Swordsweeperlady (O Janaszu Korczaku i pięknej Miecznikównie) by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski.^[6] In the 1890s he studied in the Flying University. During the years 1898–1904 Korczak studied medicine at the University of Warsaw and also wrote for several Polish language newspapers. After graduation he became a pediatrician. During the Russo-Japanese War in 1905–1906 he served as a military doctor. Meanwhile his book Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu) gained him some literary recognition. After the war he continued his practice in Warsaw.

The Krochmalna Street orphanage where Korczak worked. He lived in a room at the attic

In 1907–1908 Korczak went to study in Berlin. While working for the Orphan's Society in 1909 he met Stefania Wilczyńska, his future closest associate.^[7] In 1911–1912 he became a director of Dom Sierot in Warsaw, the orphanage of his own design for Jewish children. He took Wilczyńska as his assistant. There he formed a kind-of-a-republic for children with its own small parliament, court, and a newspaper. He reduced his other duties as a doctor. Some of his descriptions of the summer camp for Jewish children in this period and subsequently, were later published in his Fragmenty Utworów and have been translated into English.

During World War One, in 1917 Korczak became a military doctor with the rank of Lieutenant. He served again as a military doctor in the Polish Army with the rank of Major during the Polish-Soviet War, but after a brief stint in Łódź was assigned to Warsaw.

Sovereign Poland[link]

In 1926 Korczak arranged for the children of the Dom Sierot to begin their own newspaper, the Mały Przegląd (Little Review), as a weekly attachment to the daily Polish-Jewish Newspaper Nasz Przegląd (Our Review). In these years, his secretary was the noted Polish novelist Igor Newerly.

During the 1930s he had his own radio program where he promoted and popularized the rightes of children. In 1933 he was awarded the Silver Cross of the Polonia Restituta. Between 1934–1936 Korczak traveled every year to Mandate Palestine and visited its kibbutzim, which led to some anti-semitic commentaries in the Polish press. It additionally spurred his estrangement with the non-Jewish orphanage he had also been working for. Still, he refused to move to Palestine even when Stefania Wilczyńska went to live there in 1938.

The Holocaust[link]

In 1939, when World War II erupted, Korczak volunteered for duty in the Polish Army but was refused due to his age. He witnessed the Wehrmacht takeover of Warsaw. When the Germans created the Warsaw Ghetto in 1940, his orphanage was forced to move from its building, Dom Sierot at Krochmalna 92 to the Ghetto (first to Chłodna 33 and later to Sienna 16 / Śliska 9).^[8] Korczak moved in with them. In July, Janusz Korczak decided that the children in the orphanage should put on Rabindranath Tagore’s play, The Post Office.

Janusz Korczak and the children, memorial at Yad Vashem

Monument of Korczak at Warsaw

On August 5 or 6, 1942, German soldiers came to collect the 192 orphans (there is some debate about the actual number: it may have been 196), and about one dozen staff members, to transport them to Treblinka extermination camp. Korczak had been offered sanctuary on the “Aryan side” by Żegota but turned it down repeatedly, saying that he could not abandon his children. On August 5, he again refused offers of sanctuary, insisting that he would go with the children.

The children were dressed in their best clothes, and each carried a blue knapsack and a favorite book or toy. Joshua Perle, an eyewitness, described the procession of Korczak and the children through the ghetto to the Umschlagplatz (deportation point to the death camps):

... Two hundred pure souls, condemned to death, did not weep. Not one of them ran away. None tried to hide. Like stricken swallows they clung to their teacher and mentor, to their father and brother, Janusz Korczak, so that he might protect and preserve them. Janusz Korczak was marching, his head bent forward, holding the hand of a child, without a hat, a leather belt around his waist, and wearing high boots. A few nurses were followed by two hundred children, dressed in clean and meticulously cared for clothes, as they were being carried to the altar.

— Joshua Perle,  Holocaust cronicles ^[9]

According to a popular legend, when the group of orphans finally reached the Umschlagplatz, an SS officer recognized Korczak as the author of one of his favorite children's books and offered to help him escape. By another version, the officer was acting officially, as the Nazi authorities had in mind some kind of "special treatment" for Korczak (some prominent Jews with international reputations got sent to Theresienstadt). Whatever the offer, Korczak once again refused. He boarded the trains with the children and was never heard from again.

Korczak's evacuation from the Ghetto is also mentioned in Władysław Szpilman's book The Pianist:

I happened to see Janusz Korczak and his orphans leaving the ghetto. The evacuation of the Jewish orphanage run by Janusz Korczak had been ordered for that morning. The children were to have been taken away alone. He had the chance to save himself, and it was only with difficulty that he persuaded the Germans to take him too. He had spent long years of his life with children and now, on this last journey, he could not leave them alone. He wanted to ease things for them. He told the orphans they were going out in to the country, so they ought to be cheerful. At last they would be able to exchange the horrible suffocating city walls for meadows of flowers, streams where they could bathe, woods full of berries and mushrooms. He told them to wear their best clothes, and so they came out into the yard, two by two, nicely dressed and in a happy mood. The little column was led by an SS man..."

— Władysław Szpilman,  The Pianist ^[10]

Some time after, there were rumors that the trains had been diverted and that Korczak and the children had survived. There was, however, no basis to these stories. Most likely, Korczak, along with Wilczyńska and most of the children, was killed in a gas chamber upon their arrival at Treblinka.

A differing account of Korczak's death is given in Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto diary:

Dr. Janusz Korczak’s children’s home is empty now. A few days ago we all stood at the window and watched the Germans surround the houses. Rows of children, holding each other by their little hands, began to walk out of the doorway. There were tiny tots of two or three years among them, while the oldest ones were perhaps thirteen. Each child carried the little bundle in his hand. All of them wore white aprons. They walked in ranks of two, calm, and even smiling. They had not the slightest foreboding of their fate. At the end of the procession marched Dr. Korczak, who saw to it that the children did not walk on the sidewalk.”

— Mary Berg,  The Diary ^[11]

There is a cenotaph for him at the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.

Writings[link]

Korczak's best known writing is his fiction and pedagogy, and his most popular works have been widely translated. His main pedagogical texts have been translated into English, but of his fiction, as of 2011 only King Matt the First has been translated into English, though Kaytek the Wizard is scheduled for a June, 2012 release in English.

The copyright to all works by Korczak was acquired by The Polish Book Institute as of January 8, 2010.^[12] As of late 2011, they have embarked on an initiative to publish or re-publish many of Korczak's books, both in Polish and in other languages.^[13] As Korczak died in 1942, it is likely that his works will be available in the public domain as of January 1, 2013.^[14]

Korczak's overall literary oeuvre covers the period 1896 to August 8, 1942. It comprises works for both children and adults, and includes literary pieces, social journalism, articles and pedagogical essays, together with some scrappy unpublished work, in all totaling over twenty books, over 1,400 texts published in around 100 publications, and around 300 texts in manuscript or typescript form. A complete edition of his works is planned for 2012.^[15]

Children's books[link]

Korczak often employed the form of the fairy tale in order to actually prepare his young readers for the dilemmas and difficulties of real adult life, and the need to take responsible decisions.

In the 1923 King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy) and its sequel King Matt on the Desert Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej) Korczak depicted a child prince who is catapulted to the throne by the sudden death of his father, and who must learn from various mistakes.

He tries to read and answer all his mail by himself and finds that the volume is too much and he needs to rely on secretaries; he is exasperated with his ministers and has them arrested, but soon realises that he does not know enough to govern by himself, and is forced to release the ministers and institute constitutional monarchy; when a war breaks out he does not accept being shut up in his palace, but slips away and joins up, pretending to be a peasant boy - and narrowly avoids becoming a POW; he takes the offer of a friendly journalist to publish for him a "royal paper" -and finds much later that he gets carefully edited news and that the journalist is covering up the gross corruption of the young king's best friend; he tries to organise the children of all the world to hold processions and demand their rights - and ends up antagonising other kings; he falls in love with a black African princess and outrages racist opinion (by modern standards, however, Korczak's depiction of blacks is itself not completely free of stereotypes which were current at the time of writing); finally, he is overthrown by the invasion of three foreign armies and exiled to a desert island, where he must come to terms with reality - and finally does.

The later Kajtuś the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej) (1935) anticipated Harry Potter in depicting a schoolboy who gains magic powers, and it was very popular during the 1930s, both in Polish and in translation to several other languages. Kajtuś has, however, a far more difficult path than Harry Potter: he has no Hogwarts-type School of Magic where he could be taught by expert mages, but must learn to use and control his powers all by himself - and most importantly, to learn his limitations.

Pedagogical books[link]

In his pedagogical works, Korczak shares much of his experience dealing with difficult children. Korczak's ideas were further developed by many other pedagogues such as Simon Soloveychik and Erich Dauzenroth.

Partial Bibliography[link]

Fiction[link]

• Children of the Streets (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901)
• Fiddle-Faddle (Koszałki opałki, Warsaw 1905)
• Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, 2nd edition 1927) – partially autobiographical
• Mośki, Joski i Srule (Warsaw 1910)
• Józki, Jaśki i Franki (Warsaw 1911)
• Fame (Sława, Warsaw 1913, corrected 1935 and 1937)
• Bobo (Warsaw 1914)
• King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923) ISBN 1-56512-442-1
• King Matt on a Deserted Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923)
• Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo małego Dżeka, Warsaw 1924)
• When I Am Little Again (Kiedy znów będę mały, Warsaw 1925)
• Senat szaleńców, humoreska ponura (a screenplay for the Ateneum theatre in Warsaw 1931)
• Kaytek the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej, Warsaw 1935)

Pedagogical books[link]

• Momenty wychowawcze (Warsaw, 1919, 2nd edition 1924)
• How to Love a Child (Jak kochać dziecko, Warsaw 1919, 2nd edition 1920 as Jak kochać dzieci)
• The Child's Right to Respect (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw, 1929)
• Playful pedagogy (Pedagogika żartobliwa, Warsaw, 1939)

Other books[link]

• Diary (Pamiętnik, Warsaw, 1958)
• Fragmenty Utworów (Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Nasza Księgarnia, 1978). Excerpts translated by Adele L. Milch were published in Moment Magazine, November 1979.
• The Stubborn Boy: The Life of Pasteur (Warsaw, 1935)

In popular culture[link]

In addition to theater, opera, TV, and film adaptations of his works, such as King Matt the First and Kaytek the Wizard, there have been a number of works about Korczak, inspired by him, or featuring him as a character.

Books:

• Milkweed by Jerry Spinelli (2003) – Doctor Korczak runs an orphanage in Warsaw where the main character often visits him
• Moshe en Reizele (Mosje and Reizele) by Karlijn Stoffels (2004) – Mosje is sent to live in Korczak's orphanage, where he falls in love with Reizele. Set in the period 1939-1942. Original Dutch, German translation available. No English version as of 2009^[update].
• Once by Morris Gleitzman (2005), partly inspired by Korczak, featuring a character modeled after him
• Kindling by Alberto Valis (Felici Editori, 2011), Italian thriller novel. The life of Korczak through the voice of a Warsaw ghetto's orphan. As of 2011^[update], no English translation.
• The Time Tunnel - Kingdom of the Children by Galila Ron-Feder-Amit (2007) is an Israeli children's book in the Time Tunnel series that takes place in Korczak's orphanage.

Stage plays:

• Dr Korczak and the Children by Erwin Sylvanus (1957)
• Korczak's Children by Jeffrey Hatcher (2003)
• Dr Korczak's Example by David Greig (2001)^[16]
• The Children's Republic by Hannah Moscovitch (2009)

Musicals:

• Korczak by Nick Stimson and Chris Williams (2011) presented by Youth Music Theatre: UK at the Rose Theatre, Kingston in August 2011.

Film:

• Korczak, written by Agnieszka Holland, directed by Andrzej Wajda (1990)

Television:

• Studio 4: Dr Korczak and the Children - BBC adaptation of Sylvanus's play, written and directed by Rudolph Cartier (13 March 1962)

Music:

• Korczak's Orphans – opera, music by Adam Silverman, libretto by Susan Gubernat (2003)
• Kaddish – long poem/song by Aleksandr Galich (1970)

Astronomy:

• Asteroid 2163 Korczak is named in his honor.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Bystrzycka, Anna (July 2007). "Dzieci z sierocińca". Zwrot: 30–31. 
• Joseph, Sandra (1999). A Voice for the Child: The inspirational words of Janusz Korczak. Collins Publishers.
• Lifton, Betty Jean (1988). The King of Children: The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak Collins Publishers.
• Mortkowicz-Olczakowa, Hanna (1961). Bunt wspomnień. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
• Parenting Advice from a Polish Holocaust Hero from National Public Radio
• Lawrence Kohlberg (1981). The Philosophy of Moral Development: Education for Justice pp. 401–408. Harper & Row, Publishers, San Francisco.

External links[link]

	Poland portal
	Biography portal
	Judaism portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Janusz Korczak

• Janusz Korczak Living Heritage Association
• Ojemba Productions presents 'KORCZAK' at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2005!
• Korczak's Orphans opera by Adam Silverman and Susan Gubernat
• I'm small, but important, German Documentary by Walther Petri and Konrad Weiss
• Wiersz Kazimierza Dąbrowskiego "Wątek X - Janusz Korczak" Heksis 1/2010