Dazed and Confused is a 1993 coming of age comedy film written and directed by Richard Linklater. The film's large ensemble cast featured a number of future stars, including Matthew McConaughey, Jason London, Ben Affleck, Milla Jovovich, Cole Hauser, Parker Posey, Adam Goldberg, Joey Lauren Adams, Nicky Katt, and Rory Cochrane. The film depicts a group of teenagers during the last day of school in 1976.

The film grossed less than $8 million at the U.S. box office but later achieved cult film status. Quentin Tarantino included it on his list of the 10 greatest films of all time in the 2002 Sight and Sound.^[1] It also ranked third on Entertainment Weekly magazine's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.^[2] The magazine also ranked it 10th on their "Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years" list.^[3]

The title of the film is derived from the Jake Holmes song of the same name, popularized by Led Zeppelin.^[4] Linklater approached surviving members of the band for permission to use their songs in the film, but, while Jimmy Page agreed, Robert Plant refused.^[5]

Plot[link]

Led Zeppelin onstage in Chicago in 1975, showing Jimmy Page holding up the bow as used at the climax of "Dazed and Confused".

It is May 28, 1976, the last day of school at Lee High School in the suburbs of Austin, Texas. The next year's group of seniors are preparing for the annual hazing of incoming freshmen. Randall "Pink" Floyd, the school's star football player, is asked to sign a pledge promising not to take drugs during the summer or do anything that would "jeopardize the goal of a championship season". When classes end, the incoming freshman boys are hunted down by the seniors at the junior high school for paddling. The incoming freshman girls are also hazed; they are rounded up in the school parking lot by senior girls, covered in mustard, ketchup, flour and raw eggs, and forced to propose to senior boys.

Freshman Mitch Kramer escapes the hazing with his best friend Carl Burnett when Carl's mom pulls a shotgun on Fred O'Bannion but is cornered at his baseball game, where he is violently paddled. O'Bannion, a senior participating in the hazing tradition for a second year after failing to graduate, takes special pleasure in punishing Mitch. Pink gives the injured Mitch a ride home and offers to take him cruising with friends that night. Plans for the evening are ruined when Kevin Pickford's parents discover he planned to host a keg party. Elsewhere, the intellectual trio of Cynthia Dunn, Tony Olson and Mike Newhouse, known as the class nerds, decide to participate in the evening's activities. Pink and his friend David Wooderson, an older man who still socializes with high school students, pick up Mitch and head for the Emporium, a pool hall popular with teenagers.

As the evening progresses, students loiter around the Emporium, listen to rock music, cruise the neighborhood and stop at the hamburger drive-in. Mitch is introduced to sophomore Julie Simms, with whom he shares a mutual attraction. While cruising again with Pink, Kevin, and Don Dawson, Mitch drinks beer and smokes marijuana for the first time. They play mailbox baseball, but a neighborhood resident brandishing a gun threatens to call the police. They barely escape after the resident fires at their car. After returning to the Emporium, Mitch runs into his middle school friends. They hatch a plan to get revenge on O'Bannion, who continues hazing freshman students. The plan culminates with them dumping paint on O'Bannion and him leaving in a fit of rage.

After the Emporium closes, an impromptu keg party is planned in a field under one of Austin's moonlight towers. Cynthia, Tony and Mike arrive at their first keg party. Mike is threatened by tough guy Clint Bruno. Tony runs into freshman Sabrina Davis, whom he met earlier during the hazing. They begin hanging out together. Dunn likes Wooderson and exchanges phone numbers with him. Mike, suffering from the humiliation of his confrontation with Clint, decides to make a stand, punches him, and gets tackled. The fight is broken up by Pink and Wooderson. Football player Benny O'Donnell confronts Pink about his refusal to sign the pledge. Pink, the only player not to have signed, believes it violates his individuality and beliefs. Mitch leaves the keg party with Julie. They drive to a nearby hill overlooking town to make out. Tony gives Sabrina a ride home and they kiss good night.

As night turns to dawn, Pink, David, Don, and several friends including Ron Slater and Simone Kerr decide to smoke marijuana on the 50-yard line of the football field. The police arrive, so they ditch the drugs. Recognizing Pink, the police call football Coach Conrad. Conrad lectures Pink about hanging out with "losers" and insists that he sign the pledge. Pink says that he might play football, but he is not going to sign the pledge. Pink leaves with his friends to get tickets to an Aerosmith concert. Mitch arrives home after sunrise to find his mother has waited up for him. She decides against punishment but warns him about coming home late again. Mitch goes to his bedroom, puts on headphones and listens to "Slow Ride" by Foghat as Pink, David, Ron and Simone travel down a highway to purchase their tickets.

Cast[link]

• Jason London as Randall "Pink" Floyd
• Wiley Wiggins as Mitch Kramer
• Rory Cochrane as Ron Slater
• Sasha Jenson as Don Dawson
• Michelle Burke as Jodi Kramer
• Christine Harnos as Kaye Faulkner
• Adam Goldberg as Mike Newhouse
• Anthony Rapp as Tony Olson
• Matthew McConaughey as David Wooderson
• Marissa Ribisi as Cynthia Dunn
• Jason O. Smith as Melvin Spivey
• Shawn Andrews as Kevin Pickford
• Cole Hauser as Benny O'Donnell
• Milla Jovovich as Michelle Burroughs
• Joey Lauren Adams as Simone Kerr
• Christin Hinojosa as Sabrina Davis
• Ben Affleck as Fred O'Bannion
• Parker Posey as Darla Marks
• Deena Martin as Shavonne Wright
• Nicky Katt as Clint Bruno
• Esteban Powell as Carl Burnett

Reaction[link]

Dazed and Confused was released on September 24, 1993 in 183 theaters, grossing $918,127 on its opening weekend. It went on to make $7.9 million in North America.^[6]

Reviews[link]

The film received very positive reviews from critics and has a 98% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film three stars out of four, praising the film as "art crossed with anthropology" with a "painful underside".^[7] In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Dazed and Confused has an enjoyably playful spirit, one that amply compensates for its lack of structure".^[8] Desson Howe, in his review for The Washington Post, wrote, "Dazed succeeds on its own terms and reflects American culture so well, it becomes part of it".^[9] In her review for The Austin Chronicle, Marjorie Baumgarten praised Matthew McConaughey's performance: "He is a character we're all too familiar with in the movies but McConaughey nails this guy without a hint of condescension or whimsy, claiming this character for all time as his own".^[10]

Rolling Stone's Peter Travers praised Linklater as a "sly and formidable talent, bringing an anthropologist's eye to this spectacularly funny celebration of the rites of stupidity. His shitfaced American Graffiti is the ultimate party movie – loud, crude, socially irresponsible and totally irresistible".^[11] In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "Linklater is surely no ham-fisted moralist, and his film has lots of attitude to shake a finger at. But it also has enough buoyant '70s music to shake anybody's tail feather, and a kind of easy jubilance of narrative and character".^[12] Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A" rating, and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Yet if Linklater captures the comic goofiness of the time, he also evokes its liberating spirit. The film finds its meaning in the subtle clash between the older, sadistic macho-jock ethos and the follow-your-impulse hedonism that was the lingering legacy of the '60s".^[13]

Legacy[link]

Entertainment Weekly ranked the film #17 on their list of "The Top 50 Cult Films",^[14] third on their list of the 50 Best High School Movies,^[15] 10th on their "Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years" list,^[16] and ranked it #6 on their "The Cult 25: The Essential Left-Field Movie Hits Since '83" list.^[17] Quentin Tarantino included it on his list of the 12 greatest films of all time in the 2002 Sight and Sound poll.^[18]

The Criterion Collection released a two-disc boxed-set edition of the film on June 6, 2006 in the U.S. and Canada. Features included an audio commentary by Richard Linklater, deleted scenes, the original trailer, the 50 minute "Making Dazed" documentary that aired on the American Movie Classics channel on September 18, 2005, on-set interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, cast auditions and footage from the ten-year anniversary celebration. Also included is a 72-page book featuring new essays by Kent Jones, Jim DeRogatis, and Chuck Klosterman as well as memories from the cast and crew, character profiles and a mini reproduction of the original film poster designed by Frank Kozik. Entertainment Weekly gave it an "A" rating and called it a "fine edition grants this enduring cult classic the DVD treatment it deserves".^[19]

American Film Institute recognition:

• AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
  • "That's what I love about these high school girls, man. I get older, they stay the same age." – Nominated^[20]

Soundtracks[link]

[edit] Dazed and Confused (1993)

1. "Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo" – Rick Derringer
2. "Slow Ride" – Foghat
3. "School's Out" – Alice Cooper
4. "Jim Dandy" – Black Oak Arkansas
5. "Tush" – ZZ Top
6. "Love Hurts" – Nazareth
7. "Stranglehold" – Ted Nugent
8. "Cherry Bomb" – The Runaways
9. "Fox on the Run" – Sweet
10. "Low Rider" – War
11. "Tuesday's Gone" – Lynyrd Skynyrd
12. "Highway Star" – Deep Purple
13. "Rock and Roll All Nite" – KISS
14. "Paranoid" – Black Sabbath

[edit] Even More Dazed and Confused (1994)

1. "Free Ride" – Edgar Winter Group
2. "No More Mr. Nice Guy" – Alice Cooper
3. "Livin' in the USA" – The Steve Miller Band
4. "Never Been Any Reason" – Head East
5. "Why Can't We Be Friends?" – War
6. "Summer Breeze" – Seals and Crofts
7. "Right Place, Wrong Time" – Dr. John
8. "Balinese" – ZZ Top
9. "Lord Have Mercy On My Soul" – Black Oak Arkansas
10. "I Just Want to Make Love to You" – Foghat
11. "Show Me the Way" – Peter Frampton
12. "Do You Feel Like We Do" – Peter Frampton

Book[link]

In September 1993, St. Martin's Press published a 127-page, softcover book (ISBN 0-312-09466-3) inspired by Richard Linklater's screenplay. It was compiled by Linklater, Denise Montgomery, and others, and designed by Erik Josowitz. It was presented as a kind of yearbook, with character profiles, essays by characters, a time-line focusing on the years 1973 to 1977, and various 1970s pop culture charts and quizzes. It also featured dozens of black-and-white photos from the film.

Some of the material contained in the 1993 book was reprinted in the 72-page book included with the 2006 Criterion DVD.

Lawsuit[link]

In October 2004, three of Linklater's former classmates from Huntsville High School, whose surnames are Wooderson, Slater, and Floyd, filed a defamation lawsuit against Linklater, claiming to be the basis for the similarly named characters on the film. The lawsuit was filed in New Mexico rather than Texas because New Mexico has a longer statute of limitations.^[21] The suit was subsequently dismissed.^[22]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dazed and Confused

• Dazed and Confused at the Internet Movie Database
• Dazed and Confused at AllRovi
• Dazed and Confused at Rotten Tomatoes
• Dazed and Confused at Box Office Mojo