The Lion King is a 1994 American animated musical adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 32nd feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. The story takes place in a kingdom of anthropomorphic lions in Africa, and was influenced by the biblical tales of Joseph and Moses, and the William Shakespeare plays Hamlet and Macbeth. The film was produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, produced by Don Hahn, and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton. The voice cast includes Matthew Broderick, Jeremy Irons, James Earl Jones, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Moira Kelly, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Rowan Atkinson, Robert Guillaume, Madge Sinclair, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin and Jim Cummings. It tells the story of Simba, a young lion who is to take his father Mufasa's place as king. However, after Simba's uncle Scar kills Mufasa, he must stop his uncle from conquering the Pride Lands and avenge his father.
Development of The Lion King began in 1988 during a meeting between Jeffrey Katzenberg, Roy E. Disney and Peter Schneider while promoting Oliver & Company in Europe. Thomas Disch wrote a film treatment, and Woolverton developed the first scripts while George Scribner was signed on as director, being later joined by Allers. Production began in 1991, with most of the animators inexperienced or interested in animals as most of the Disney team wanted to work on Pocahontas instead. Some time after the staff traveled to Hell's Gate National Park to research on the film's setting and animals, Scribner left production disagreeing with the decision to turn the film into a musical, and was replaced by Minkoff. When Hahn joined the project, he was dissatisfied with the script and the story was promptly rewritten. Nearly 20 minutes of animation sequences took place at Disney-MGM Studios in Florida. Computer animation was also used in several scenes, most notably in the wildebeest stampede scene.
The Lion King was released on June 15, 1994[2] to a positive reaction from critics, who praised the film for its music and story. With over earnings of over US$951 million worldwide as of 2011, the film is the highest-grossing hand-drawn film in history,[4] the highest-grossing 2D animated film in the United States,[5] and the 16th-highest-grossing feature film. The Lion King garnered two Academy Awards for its achievement in music and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Its songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, with an original score by Hans Zimmer.[6]
A Broadway adaptation of the film opened in 1997, and won six Tony Awards, including Best Musical. Disney followed the film with two direct-to-video productions, the sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and the prequel/parallel The Lion King 1½ (2004).
In the Pride Lands of Africa, a lion rules over the other animals as king. As king Mufasa shows the lands to his son Simba, he tells him that Simba cannot go to a shadowy place beyond the borders. Later that day, Simba's envious uncle Scar tells him that the shadowy place is in fact an elephant graveyard. Simba's curiosity is piqued, and he convinces his best friend Nala, a female lion cub, to come with him. At the graveyard, the cubs are attacked by three spotted hyenas, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, before Mufasa rescues them. The hyenas are in fact friends of Scar, who then plots with them to take over the Pride Lands.
On Scar's orders, the hyenas stampede a large pack of wildebeest into a gorge where Simba is. Mufasa rescues Simba, but as Mufasa attempts to flee by climbing the gorge's walls, Scar throws his brother back into the stampede, killing him. After Simba finds Mufasa's body in the gorge, Scar tricks him into thinking that Mufasa's death is his fault, and afterwards advises him to run away and to never come back. As Simba leaves, Scar orders the hyenas to go after Simba, but the cub is able to escape. Scar then announces to the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed and steps forward as the new king.
Simba, now far from home, collapses in the desert from exhaustion, but is found by Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and a warthog who nurse him back to health. Timon and Pumbaa then take Simba in, and the lion grows on a carefree life under the motto "hakuna matata". Years later, Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness, who turns out to be Nala. The two reconcile and begin falling in love. Nala tries to get Simba to come back home by saying that because of Scar allowing the hyenas to live in the Pride Lands, it has become a wasteland with not enough food and water. Still feeling guilt over his father's death, Simba refuses to return and storms off.
Wise mandrill Rafiki tracks Simba down, telling that Mufasa is still "alive" and then takes Simba to a pond and tells him to look into the water. Seeing only his reflection at first, Simba looks harder and sees an image of Mufasa. Rafiki says that Mufasa lives within him as a large storm cloud appears overhead and a specter of Mufasa speaks out to Simba, saying that he has forgotten who he is and that he must take his rightful place as the true king of Pride Rock. Simba then realizes that he can no longer run from his past and goes back home. Nala, Timon and Pumbaa follow him, and agree to help him fight.
At the Pride Lands, Simba confronts Scar on Pride Rock. Scar backs Simba up to the end of Pride Rock to the point where Simba slips over the edge, dangling by his paws. Scar taunts him and then whispers that he killed Mufasa. The enraged Simba leaps back up and pins Scar, forcing his uncle to reveal the truth to the other lions. A fight ensues between the hyenas and lionesses while Simba chases and confronts Scar alone at the top of Pride Rock. Scar begs Simba for mercy, saying he is family and accusing the hyenas of planning everything. Simba says he does not believe Scar anymore, but spares his life and tells him to run away and never return. Scar meekly walks past him, but afterwards attacks his nephew. After a fierce battle, Simba triumphs and throws Scar off of Pride Rock. Scar survives the fall, but is attacked and killed by the hyenas, who overheard his attempt to betray them.
With Scar and the hyenas gone, Simba descends from the top of Pride Rock where he is acknowledged by the pride as the rain falls again. Sometime later, Pride Rock is restored to its former glory and Simba looks down happily at his kingdom with Nala, Timon, and Pumbaa by his side; Rafiki presents Simba and Nala's newborn cub to the inhabitants of the Pride Lands and the circle of life continues.
- Jonathan Taylor Thomas and Matthew Broderick as Simba - Mufasa and Sarabi's son, who becomes King of the Pride Lands. Jason Weaver and Joseph Williams provide Simba's young and adult singing voices respectively. Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino respectively served as the supervising animators for the young and adult Simba.
- James Earl Jones as Mufasa - Simba's father, the King of the Pride Lands as the film begins. Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Mufasa.
- Jeremy Irons as Scar - Mufasa's younger brother and Simba's uncle, who usurps the throne. Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Scar.
- Niketa Calame and Moira Kelly as Nala - Simba's best friend and later his queen. Sally Dworsky and Laura Williams respectively provided her young and adult singing voices. Aaron Blaise and Anthony de Rosa respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Nala.
- Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella as Timon and Pumbaa, respectively - Simba's meerkat and warthog friends. Michael Surrey and Tony Bancroft respectively served as the supervising animators for Timon and Pumbaa.
- Robert Guillaume as Rafiki - a wise old mandrill who serves as shaman of the Pride Lands and presents newborn cubs of the King and Queen to the animals of the Pride Lands. James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki.
- Rowan Atkinson as Zazu - a hornbill who serves as the king's majordomo. Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Zazu.
- Madge Sinclair as Sarabi - Mufasa's queen, Simba's mother and the leader of the lioness hunting party. Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Sarabi.
- Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin and Jim Cummings as Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, respectively - the three members of the hyena trio who serve Scar.
- Zoe Leader as Sarafina - Nala's mother, who is shown briefly talking to Simba's mother, Sarabi.
- Jim Cummings as Gopher - a minor character who pops up during Simba's pouncing lesson to warn Zazu about the hyenas.
The idea for The Lion King was conceived in late 1988 during a conversation between Jeffrey Katzenberg, Roy E. Disney and Peter Schneider on a plane to Europe to promote the film Oliver and Company. During the conversation, the topic of a story set in Africa came up, and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea.[7] Producer Thomas Schumacher, who had just completed The Rescuers Down Under, decided to attach himself to the project "because lions are cool". The idea was then developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation's vice president for creative affairs Charlie Fink.[8] Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death,[9] and ideas from personal life experiences, such as some of his trials in his bumpy road in politics, saying about the film, "It is a little bit about myself."[9] In November of that year Thomas Disch (author of The Brave Little Toaster) wrote a treatment, entitled King of the Kalahari,[10] and afterwards Linda Woolverton spent a year writing drafts of the script, which was titled King of the Beasts and then King of the Jungle.[8] The original version of the film was very different from the final film. The plot was centered in a battle being between lions and baboons with Scar being the leader of the baboons, Rafiki being a cheetah,[9] and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba's childhood friends. Simba would also not leave the kingdom, but become a "lazy, slovenly, horrible character" due to manipulations from Scar, so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age.[8]
Oliver and Company director George Scribner was the initial director of the film,[12] being later joined by Roger Allers, who was the lead story man on Beauty and the Beast in October 1991.[7] Allers brought with him Brenda Chapman, who would become the head of story.[8] Afterwards, several of the lead crew members, including Allers, Scribner, Hahn, Chapman, and production designer Chris Sanders, took a trip to Hell's Gate National Park in Kenya, in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film.[13] After six months of story development work Scribner decided to leave the project, as he clashed with Allers and the producers on their decision to turn the film into a musical, as Scribner's intention was of making a documentary-like film more focused on natural aspects.[7][14] Rob Minkoff replaced Scribner, and producer Don Hahn joined the production. Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme, and after establishing the main theme as "leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world", asked for a final retool. Allers, Minkoff, Chapman and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale, who had just finished Beauty and the Beast.[13] The script also had its title changed from King of the Jungle to The Lion King, as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah.[7] The Lion King was the first Disney animated feature to be an original story, rather than being based on an already-existing work. The filmmakers have said that the story of The Lion King was inspired by the Joseph and Moses stories from the Bible and William Shakespeare's Hamlet.[15] During the summer of 1992, the team was joined by screenwriter Irene Mecchi, with a second screenwriter, Jonathan Roberts, joining a few months later. Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process, fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comic business for Pumbaa, Timon and the hyenas.[16] Lyricist Tim Rice worked closely with the writing team, flying to California at least once a month, as his songs needed to work in the narrative continuity. Rice's lyrics - which were reworked up to the production's end - were even pinned to the storyboards during development.[13] Rewrites were frequent, with animator Andreas Deja saying that completed scenes would be delivered only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated due to dialog changes.[8]
The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters - for instance, James Earl Jones was cast because the directors found his voice "powerful" and similar to a lion's roar. Nathan Lane originally auditioned for Zazu, and Ernie Sabella for a hyena. Upon meeting each other at the recording studio, the actors, who at the time were co-stars in Guys and Dolls, asked to record together as hyenas. The directors laughed at their performance and decided to cast the duo as Timon and Pumbaa.[17][18] For the hyenas, the original intention was reuniting Cheech & Chong, but while Cheech Marin accepted to play Banzai, Tommy Chong was unavailable. Thus his role was changed into a female hyena, Shenzi, played by Whoopi Goldberg.
"The Lion King was considered a little movie because we were going to take some risks. The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music of Elton John. People said, 'What? Good luck with that.' But for some reason, the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated."
The development of The Lion King started concurrently with Pocahontas, which most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.[15] The story artists also did not have much faith in the project, with Brenda Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job "because the story wasn't very good",[8] and writer Burny Mattinson saying to co-worker Joe Ranft about the film that "I don't know who is going to want to watch that one."[14] Most of the leading animators were either doing their first major work supervising a character, or had much interest in animating an animal.[9] Thirteen of these supervising animators, both in California and Florida, were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film's main characters. The animation leads for the main characters included Mark Henn on young Simba, Ruben A. Aquino on adult Simba, Andreas Deja on Scar, Aaron Blaise on young Nala, Anthony DeRosa on adult Nala, and Tony Fucile on Mufasa.[16] Nearly 20 minutes of the film, including the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence, were animated at the Disney-MGM Studios facility. Ultimately, more than 600 artists, animators and technicians contributed to The Lion King over the course of its production.[12] Weeks before the film was to be released, production was affected by the 1994 Northridge earthquake, which shut off the studio and required the animators to finish their work from home.[19]
The character animators studied real-life animals for reference, as was done for the 1942 Disney film Bambi. Jim Fowler, renowned wildlife expert, visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings an authentic feel.[13] The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew. Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries - which employ telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance. The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher - which, following Scribner's request for realism, tried to depict effects such as lens flare - and the works of painters Charles Marion Russell, Frederic Remington and Maxfield Parrish.[13][20] Since the characters were not anthropomorphized, all the animators had to learn to draw four-legged animals, and the story and character development was done through usage of longer shots following the characters.
The use of computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways. The most notable use of computer animation is in the "wildebeest stampede" sequence. Several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds, cel shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd. [21] Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two-and-a-half minute stampede sequence.[16] Other usages of computer animation were done through CAPS, which helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots, and was employed on the coloring, lighting and particle effects.
The enthusiastic audience reception to an early Lion King film trailer, which consisted solely of the opening sequence with the song "Circle of Life", suggested that the film would be very successful. While both The Lion King and Pocahontas were commercial successes, The Lion King received more positive feedback and earned larger grosses than did Pocahontas, released one year later.[22][23][24]=
Lyricist Tim Rice, who was working with composer Alan Menken on songs for Aladdin, was invited to write the songs, and accepted on the condition of finding a composing partner. As Menken was unavailable, the producers accepted Rice's suggestion of Elton John,[18] after Rice's invitation of ABBA fell through due to Benny Andersson being busy with the musical Kristina från Duvemåla.[9] John expressed an interest of writing "ultra-pop songs that kids would like; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them", mentioning a possible influence of The Jungle Book, where he felt the "music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults".[25]
John and Rice wrote five original songs for this film ("Circle of Life", "I Just Can't Wait to Be King", "Be Prepared", "Hakuna Matata" and "Can You Feel the Love Tonight") with the singer's performance of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" over the end credits.[26] The IMAX and DVD releases added another song, "The Morning Report", which was based on a song discarded during development that eventually got featured in the live musical version of The Lion King.[27] The film's score was composed by Hans Zimmer, who was hired based on his work in two films in African settings, The Power of One and A World Apart,[13] and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M.[26]
The film's original motion picture soundtrack was released on July 13, 1994. It was the fourth-best-selling album of the year on the Billboard 200 and the top-selling soundtrack.[28] It is the only soundtrack for an animated film to be Diamond certified (10x platinum). A bootleg recording exists of Hans Zimmer's complete instrumental score for the film, but it has never been given a full release by Disney.[29][30]
The use of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa has led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In July 2004, the family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's heirs reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money.[31]
Upon release, The Lion King was accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie-ins with Burger King, Mattel, Kodak, Nestlé and Payless ShoeSource, and various merchandise,[32] accounting 186 licensed products.[33][34] In 1994, Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film,[35] with $214 million alone for Lion King toys during Christmas 1994.[36]
The Lion King earned $422,783,777 in North America and an estimated $528,800,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $951,583,777.[3] It is the second-highest-grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the highest-grossing film of Walt Disney Animation Studios. It is also the highest-grossing motion picture of 1994 worldwide.[37] After its initial run, having earned $768.6 million,[38] it ranked as the second-highest grossing film of all time worldwide, behind Jurassic Park .[39] It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in North America, outside North America, and worldwide) until it was surpassed by the computer animated Finding Nemo (2003), Shrek 2 (2004), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) and Toy Story 3 (2010). During its 3D re-release, The Lion King surpassed all but Toy Story 3 to rank as the second-highest-grossing animated film worldwide, and the highest-grossing hand-drawn animation.[40] It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance.[41] As of 2012, it ranks as the 16th highest-grossing of all time worldwide.[42]
The Lion King had a limited release in North America on June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters, El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City. It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17–19, standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking.[43] The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend.[44] The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 theaters. The Lion King grossed $40.9 million - which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film - to top the weekend box office.[12] By the end of its theatrical run, in spring 1995, it had earned $312,855,561,[3] being the second-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America behind Forrest Gump.[45] Outside North America, it earned $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $768.6 million.[38]
The film was re-issued on December 25, 2002 for IMAX and large-format theaters. On its first weekend, it made $2.7 million from 66 locations, a $27,664 per theater average. This run ended with $15,686,215 on May 30, 2003.[46]
In 2011, The Lion King was converted to 3D for a two-week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3D Blu-Ray release.[47][48] The film opened at the number one spot on Friday, September 16, 2011 with $8.9 million[49] and finished the weekend with $30.2 million, ranking number one at the box office.[50] This made The Lion King the first re-issue release to earn the number-one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue of Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi in March 1997.[40] The film also achieved the fourth-highest September opening weekend of all time.[51] It held off very well on its second weekend, again earning first place at the box office with a 27% decline to $21.9 million.[52] Most box-office observers had expected the film to fall about 50% in its second weekend and were also expecting Moneyball to be at first place.[53]
After its initial box-office success, many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks, even though its 3D Blu-Ray release was scheduled for two-and-a-half weeks after its theatrical release.[52] In North America, the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12, 2012 with a gross $94,242,001. Outside North America, it has earned $78,400,000.[54] The successful 3D re-release of The Lion King made Disney and Pixar plan 3D theatrical re-releases of Beauty and the Beast, Finding Nemo, Monsters Inc., and The Little Mermaid from 2012 to 2013.[55]
[edit] Critical response
The Lion King received general critical acclaim and at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 92 reviews collected, the film has an overall approval rating of 89%, with a weighted average score of 8.1/10.[23] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized 0–100 rating to reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 83 from the 14 reviews it collected.[56]
Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert called the film "a superbly drawn animated feature" and, in his print review wrote, "The saga of Simba, which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly to Hamlet, is a learning experience as well as an entertainment."[57] On the television program Siskel & Ebert the film was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to previous Disney films. Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film a "Thumbs Up" but Siskel said that it was not as good as earlier films such as Beauty and the Beast and was "a good film, not a great one".[58] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it "an impressive, almost daunting achievement" and felt that the film was "spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney's feature-length animations", but was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying, "Shakespearean in tone, epic in scope, it seems more appropriate for grown-ups than for kids. If truth be told, even for adults it is downright strange."[59] Owen Gleiberman, film critic for Entertainment Weekly, praised the film and wrote that it "has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie".[60] Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film and felt that it was "a hugely entertaining blend of music, fun and eye-popping thrills, though it doesn't lack for heart".[61] The staff of TV Guide wrote that "The film has some of Disney's most spectacular animation yet—particularly in the wildebeest stampede—and strong vocal performances, especially by skilled Broadway comedian Nathan Lane. However, it suffers from a curiously undeveloped story line."[62] James Berardinelli, film critic for ReelViews, praised the film saying, "With each new animated release, Disney seems to be expanding its already-broad horizons a little more. The Lion King is the most mature (in more than one sense) of these films, and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children. Happily, for those of us who generally stay far away from 'cartoons', they have succeeded."[63]
The Lion King received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations. The film would go on to win two Golden Globes, for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score,[64] as well as two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (by Hans Zimmer) and Best Original Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John and Tim Rice.[65] The songs "Circle of Life" and "Hakuna Matata" were also nominated.[65] "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" also won the BMI Film Music Award, and the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance.[66][67] The film also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature, Best Achievement in Voice Acting (for Jeremy Irons) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation.[68]
At the Saturn Awards, the film was nominated in two categories, Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category.[69][70] The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to Speed and Backbeat respectively.[71] The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight."[72] At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song, though it lost in both categories.[73] The Lion King won the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids' Choice Awards.[74]
In 2008, The Lion King was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by Empire magazine,[75] and in June 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[76] In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "10 Top 10"—the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. The Lion King was acknowledged as the 4th best film in the animation genre.[77]
- American Film Institute Lists[78][79][80]
The Lion King was first released on VHS and laserdisc in the United States on March 3, 1995, under Disney's "Masterpiece Collection" video series. In addition, Deluxe Editions of both formats were released. The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film, an exclusive lithograph of Rafiki and Simba (in some editions), a commemorative "Circle of Life" epigraph, six concept art lithographs, another tape with the half-hour TV show The Making of The Lion King, and a certificate of authenticity. The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film, six concept art lithographs and The Making of The Lion King, and added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, and a directors' commentary that the VHS edition did not have, on a total of four double sided discs. The VHS tape quickly became one of the best-selling videotapes of all time: 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first day[81] and ultimately sales totaled more than 30 million[82] before these home video versions went into moratorium in 1997.[83]
On October 7, 2003, the film was re-released on VHS and released on DVD for the first time, titled The Lion King: Platinum Edition, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs. The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc, a remastered version created for the 2002 IMAX release and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version.[84] A second disc, with bonus features, was also included in the DVD release. The film's soundtrack was provided both in its original Dolby 5.1 track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix, making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped.[85] By means of seamless branching, the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene – a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song ("The Morning Report"). A Special Collector's Gift Set was also released, containing the DVD set, five exclusive lithographed character portraits (new sketches created and signed by the original character animators), and an introductory book entitled The Journey.[83] The Platinum Edition of The Lion King featured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release, including re-drawn crocodiles in the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence as well as other alterations.[86] More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release.[81] A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films (in two-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January 2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.[87]
The Diamond Edition of The Lion King was released on October 4, 2011.[47] This marks the time that the film has been released in high-definition Blu-ray and on Blu-ray 3D.[47][88] The initial release was produced in three different packages, a two-disc version with Blu-Ray and DVD, a four-disc version with Blu-Ray, DVD, Blu-Ray 3D, and digital copy, and an eight-disc box set which also included the sequels The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride and The Lion King 1½.[47][88] A standalone single-disc DVD release also followed on November 15, 2011.[47] The Diamond Edition topped the Blu-Ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold.[89] The film sold 3.83 million units on Blu-Ray Dics in total (equivalent of $101.14 million).[90]
Certain elements of the film were considered to bear a resemblance to a famous 1960s Japanese anime television show, Kimba the White Lion, with characters having analogues, and various individual scenes being nearly identical in composition and camera angle. Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was in fact working on a remake of Kimba, since he was familiar with the Japanese original.[91] Disney's official stance is that the similarities are all coincidental.[92] Yoshihiro Shimizu, of Tezuka Productions, which created Kimba the White Lion, has refuted rumours that the studio was paid hush money by Disney but explains that they rejected urges from within the industry to sue because, "we're a small, weak company. It wouldn't be worth it anyway ... Disney's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world!"[93]
Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word "SEX" might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down,[94] which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity. The film's animators have stated that the letters spell "SFX" (a common abbreviation of "special effects"), and was intended as an innocent "signature" created by the effects animation team.[95]
Hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal: one hyena researcher sued Disney studios for defamation of character,[96] and another - who had organized the animators' visit to the University of California's Field Station for Behavioural Research, where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas -[97] included boycotting The Lion King as a way of helping to preserve hyenas in the wild.[98]
Between 1995 and 1999, the characters of Timon and Pumbaa received their own animated show, The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa, which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes. Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane himself.
In 1998, a sequel entitled The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride was released on VHS. The film centers around Simba's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders. 2004 saw the release of another Lion King film on DVD, The Lion King 1½. It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters did during the events of the original movie.
Along with the film release, three different video games based on The Lion King were released by Virgin Interactive on December 1994. The main title was developed by Westwood Studios, and published for PC and Amiga computers and the consoles SNES and Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. Dark Technologies created the Game Boy version, while Syrox Developments handled the Master System and Game Gear version.
Another adaptation by Torus Games, The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure, telling the story of both The Lion King and Simba's Pride, was released in 2000 for the Game Boy Color and PlayStation.[99] Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games, a 1995 PC game collection of puzzle games by 7th Level, later ported to the SNES by Tiertex.
Simba is a recurring summon in the Kingdom Hearts series by Square Enix,[100][101] and Kingdom Hearts II features a playable The Lion King world known as Pride Lands, with a plotline loosely related to the storyline of the original film.[102] Simba was also featured in the Nintendo DS title Disney Friends.
A musical adaptation with the same name premiered in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1997, opening on Broadway in October 1997 at the New Amsterdam Theatre. It won six Tony Awards including Best Musical. The show moved to the Minskoff Theatre in 2006 and is still running to this day. It is now Broadway's seventh longest-running show in history. The show's financial success led to other productions in North America and all over the world.
- ^ Stewart, Jocelyn (2008-02-10). "Artist created many famous film posters". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20100314184353/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/10/local/me-alvin10. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
- ^ a b c "The Lion King (1994)". Yahoo! Movies. Yahoo!. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800216534/info. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
- ^ a b c d "The Lion King". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
- ^ "Highest grossing animated films". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=animation.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ "The Lion King interview". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20071231043027/http://www.dvdfile.com/news/special_report/in_the_round/lionking/1.html. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ^ "The Lion King – 1994 Academy Awards". Boxofficemojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/oscar/movies/?id=lionking.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-17.
- ^ a b c d (Blu-Ray) The Lion King: A Memoir - Don Hahn. The Lion King: Diamond Edition: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Neuwirth, Allan (2003). Makin' toons: inside the most popular animated TV shows and movies. Skyhorse Publishing Inc.. ISBN 978-1-58115-269-2.
- ^ a b c d e (Blu-Ray) The Pride of the King. The Lion King: Diamond Edition: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2011.
- ^ "THE ORIGINS OF 'THE LION KING'". James Cummins Book Seller. http://www.jamescumminsbookseller.com/news/?p=59. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ a b c Daly, Steve (1994-07-08). "Mane Attraction". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,302837,00.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
- ^ a b c d e f Finch, Christopher (1994). "Afterword". The art of The Lion King. Hyperion. pp. 165–193. ISBN 978-0-7868-6028-9.
- ^ a b Norman, Floyd (2010). Ghez, Didier. ed. Walt's People -, Volume 9. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 463–464. ISBN 978-1-4500-8746-9.
- ^ a b The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 2), Origins (DVD). Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 1994-06-15.
- ^ a b c "Lion King Production Notes" (Press release). Walt Disney Pictures. 1994-05-25. http://www.lionking.org/text/FilmNotes.html. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ a b King, Susan (September 15, 2011). "As 'Lion King' goes 3-D, cast and filmmakers recall making". The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-lion-king-20110915,0,5817895,full.story. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
- ^ a b The Making of The Lion King (Laserdisc). The Lion King laserdisc: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 1995.
- ^ Shirey, Eric (Sep 28, 2011). "Producer Don Hahn Shares His Experiences Working on 'The Lion King'". Yahoo!. http://voices.yahoo.com/producer-don-hahn-shares-his-experiences-working-on-9456197.html?cat=40. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
- ^ 2007, Hans P.. Dream worlds: production design for animation. Focal Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-240-52093-9.
- ^ The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 2), Computer Animation (DVD). Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 1994-06-15.
- ^ "Pocahontas revenue". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pocahontas.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
- ^ a b "Rotten Tomatoes – The Lion King". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lion_king/. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
- ^ "Rotten Tomatoes – Pocahontas". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1063809-pocahontas/. Retrieved 2006-09-17.
- ^ White, Timothy. "Elton John: The Billboard Interview". Billboard: 95–96. http://books.google.com/books?id=1wkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA27.
- ^ a b The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 1), Music: African Influence (DVD). Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 1994-06-15.
- ^ The Making of The Morning Report (DVD). The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 1): Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 1994-06-15.
- ^ "Year-end 1994 Billboard 200". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2008-06-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20080601191853/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&g=Year-end+Albums&year=1994. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ "Lion King Expanded Score Info". Hans-Zimmer.com. http://www.hans-zimmer.com/index.php?rub=disco&id=534. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- ^ "Filmtracks entry for The Lion King". filmtracks.com. http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/lion_king.html. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- ^ "Disney settles Lion song dispute". BBC News. 2006-02-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4721564.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
- ^ In the Realm of Marketing, 'The Lion King' Rules, Los Angeles Times, By SALLIE HOFMEISTER Published July 12, 1994
- ^ Tyler Eastman, Susan (2000). Research in media promotion. Routledge. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-8058-3382-9.
- ^ Olson, Scott Robert (1999). Hollywood planet: global media and the competitive advantage of narrative transparency. Taylor & Francis. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-8058-3230-3.
- ^ Playing for Keeps
- ^ Bryman, Alan (2004). The Disneyization of society. SAGE. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7619-6765-1.
- ^ "1994 WORLDWIDE GROSSES". http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1994&p=.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
- ^ a b "The Lion King". The Numbers. Nash Information Services. http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1994/0LNKN.php. Retrieved November 20, 2011. "North American gross after first run: $312,825,889; Overseas gross prior to re-release:$455,800,000"
- ^ "`Gump' Soars Past `Star Wars'". Chicago Tribune. 1995-02-12. Archived from the original on 2012-04-16. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-04-12/business/9504120314_1_gump-star-wars-lion-king.
- ^ a b Weekend Report: 'Lion King' Regains Box Office Crown
- ^ Forecast: 'Lion King' to Roar Again
- ^ WORLDWIDE GROSSES
- ^ RICHARD NATALE (June 20, 1994). "'Wolf,' 'Lion King' Grab the Movie-Goers : What's Hot ... Maybe Hotter? ... and Maybe Not : 'Flintstones' Still Strong in Summer Box-Office Competition; 'Getting Even With Dad' Trails". The Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-20/entertainment/ca-6420_1_lion-king.
- ^ "TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES". http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/theateravg.htm?page=THTRAVG&p=.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
- ^ "Top 50 movies of 1994". Archived from the original on 2008-05-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20080326022707/http://movies.go.com/boxoffice?cat=1994. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ^ The Lion King (1994). Box Office Mojo.
- ^ a b c d e "Audiences to Experience Disney's "The Lion King" Like Never Before". PR News Wire. 26 May 2011. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/audiences-to-experience-disneys-the-lion-king-like-never-before-122647058.html. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ McClintock, Pamela (26 May 2011). "Disney's 'The Lion King' to Return to Theaters in Digital 3D". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disneys-lion-king-return-theaters-192621. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ Friday Report: 'Lion King' Pounces on Weak Field. Box Office Mojo.
- ^ September 16-18, 2011 Weekend. Box Office Mojo.
- ^ TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH SEPTEMBER. Box Office Mojo
- ^ a b Weekend Report: 'Lion' Remains 'King,' 'Moneyball,' 'Dolphin Tale' Go Extra Innings
- ^ Pamela McClintock. Box Office Preview: Brad Pitt's 'Moneyball' Looks to Out-Run Taylor Lautner's 'Abduction'. The Hollywood Reporter. September 22, 2011
- ^ The Lion King (in 3D)
- ^ Smith, Grady. 'Beauty and the Beast,' 'The Little Mermaid,' 'Finding Nemo,' Monsters, Inc.' get 3-D re-releases. Entertainment Weekly. October 4, 2011.
- ^ "The Lion King (1994): Reviews". Metacritic. CBS. http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-lion-king. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (1994-06-24). "The Lion King review". Chicago Sun Times. Archived from the original on 2005-11-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20051114100506/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19940624/REVIEWS/406240301/1023. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
- ^ "The Lion King review". At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20080514012002/http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/ebertandroeper/index2.html?sec=1&subsec=1140. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
- ^ Hinson, Hal (1994-06-24). "The Lion King review". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/review96/lionkinghin.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
- ^ Gleiberman, Owen (1994-06-24). "The Lion King movie review". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,302734~1~~,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
- ^ Travers, Peter (1994-07-14). "The Lion King movie review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2008-04-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20080429201931/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947315/review/5947316/the_lion_king. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ "The Lion King movie review". tvguide.com. http://movies.tvguide.com/lion-king/review/129956. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ Berardinelli, James. "The Lion King review". ReelViews.net. http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=39. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ "SEARCH – Lion King, The". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/25384. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ a b "Nominees & Winners for the 67th Academy Awards". oscars.org. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/1990-1999/67nominees.html. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
- ^ "Grammy Awards: 1995". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Grammy_Awards/1995. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ "1994 Grammy Award winners". Pearson PLC. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0150628.html. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ^ "Legacy: 22nd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1994)". Annie Awards. http://annieawards.org/22ndwinners.html. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ "Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA: 1995". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Academy_of_Science_Fiction_Fantasy_And_Horror_Films_USA/1995. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Saturnawards.org. http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ^ "BAFTA Awards: The Lion King". BAFTA.org. http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?sq=lion+king. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ^ "BMI Film & TV Awards: 1995". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/BMI_Film_And_TV_Awards/1995. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ "MTV Movie Awards: 1995". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/MTV_Movie_Awards/1995. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ "Kids' Choice Awards, USA: 1995". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Kids_Choice_Awards_USA/1995. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ Braund, Simon; Glen Ferris, Ian Freer, Nev Pierce, Chris Hewitt, Dan Jolin, Ian Nathan, Kim Newman, Helen O'Hara, Olly Richards, and Owen Willams. "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire. http://www.empireonline.com/500/34.asp. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ^ Richard Corliss (June 23, 2011). "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films - The Lion King". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079149_2079152_2079162,00.html. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
- ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10". American Film Institute. 2008-06-17. http://www.afi.com/10top10/animation.html. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
- ^ AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees
- ^ AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees
- ^ AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Ballot
- ^ a b "The Lion King home video selling figures". ComingSoon.Net. http://comingsoon.net/news.php?id=1818. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
- ^ Susman, Gary (2003-10-13). ""Lion King" sets new records with DVD release". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,517818,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
- ^ a b "TLK on Home Video". Lionking.org. http://www.lionking.org/homevideo.html. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
- ^ "The Lion King: Platinum Edition DVD Review (Page 2) which shows the differences between the film presented on the DVD and the original theatrical cut". UltimateDisney.com. http://www.ultimatedisney.com/thelionking2.html. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
- ^ "The Lion King Special Edition". IGN. 2003-04-16. http://dvd.ign.com/articles/389/389858p1.html. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
- ^ "The Lion King: Platinum Edition DVD Review (Page 2) which shows the differences between the film presented on the DVD and the original theatrical cut". UltimateDisney.com. http://www.ultimatedisney.com/thelionking2.html. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
- ^ "Out of Print Disney DVDs". UltimateDisney.com. http://www.dvdizzy.com/disneyvault.html. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
- ^ a b "Exclusive: Lion King 3D Blu-ray Details". IGN. 25 May 2011. http://bluray.ign.com/articles/117/1170606p1.html. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ Latchem, John (18 Oct, 2011). "'Lion King,' 'Fast Five' Propel Blu-ray to Record-breaking Week". Home Media Magazine. http://www.homemediamagazine.com/blu-ray-disc/lion-king-fast-five-propel-blu-ray-record-breaking-week-25386. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
- ^ C.S.Strowbridge (2012-03-01). "Blu-ray Sales: Vamp Defeat Tramp". The Numbers. http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=7077. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
- ^ Schweizer, Peter and Rochelle Schweizer. Disney: The Mouse Betrayed: Greed, corruption, and children at risk, Regnery, Washington, D.C., 1998. Chapter 11 "The Lyin' King", pp. 167–168.
- ^ Hong, Peter (2002-05-19). "The Lion King/Kimba controversy". Los Angeles Times: pp. L4. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/120586440.html?dids=120586440:120586440&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+19%2C+2002&author=PETER+HONG&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=L.4&desc=Weekend+Escape%3B+Before+Silicon+Valley%2C+There+Was+San+Jose%3B+Seeking+out+history%2C+Asian+and+otherwise%2C+in+California%27s+oldest+city. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
- ^ Kelts, Roland, Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the US. Reprint edn (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). p.45
- ^ "The alleged "SEX" frame in The Lion King". Snopes. http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/lionking.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
- ^ Hartmann, Caroline (2007-02-01). "What Disney is all about". Michigan Daily. http://www.michigandaily.com/content/what-disney-all-about. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
- ^ The good,the bad and the hyena by James Mcpherson
- ^ The spotted hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: reputation is everything – In the Company of Animals, Social Research, Fall, 1995 by Stephen E. Glickman
- ^ Girl Power, Laurence D. Frank, African Geographic
- ^ Harris, Craig (November 30, 2000). "Disney's The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure Review". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/164/164882p1.html.
- ^ Birlew, Dan (2003). Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide. BradyGames. ISBN 978-0-7440-0198-3.
- ^ Hollinger, Elizabeth (2004). Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories Official Strategy Guide. BradyGames Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7440-0473-1.
- ^ Hollinger, Elizabeth (2006). Kingdom Hearts II Official Strategy Guide. BradyGames Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7440-0526-4.
|
The Lion King navigation boxes
|
|
|
|
|
| Films |
|
|
| Characters |
|
|
| Music |
|
|
| Video games |
|
|
| Attractions |
|
|
| Related |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Studio albums |
|
|
| Live albums |
|
|
| Soundtracks |
|
|
| Compilations |
|
|
| Tours |
|
|
| Residency shows |
|
|
Miscellaneous
performances |
|
|
| Video releases |
|
|
| Tribute album |
|
|
| Musicals |
|
|
| Related articles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
