Look up Ε or ε in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Greek alphabet
Αα	Alpha	Νν	Nu
Ββ	Beta	Ξξ	Xi
Γγ	Gamma	Οο	Omicron
Δδ	Delta	Ππ	Pi
Εε	Epsilon	Ρρ	Rho
Ζζ	Zeta	Σσς	Sigma
Ηη	Eta	Ττ	Tau
Θθ	Theta	Υυ	Upsilon
Ιι	Iota	Φφ	Phi
Κκ	Kappa	Χχ	Chi
Λλ	Lambda	Ψψ	Psi
Μμ	Mu	Ωω	Omega
History
Archaic local variants
Ligatures (ϛ, ȣ, ϗ) Diacritics
Numerals (6) (90) (900)
In other languages
Bactrian Coptic Albanian
Scientific symbols
Book Category Commons view talk edit

Epsilon (uppercase Ε, lowercase ε or lunate ϵ; Greek: έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a close-mid front unrounded vowel /e/. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 5. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He . Letters that arose from Epsilon include the Roman E and Cyrillic Е.

The name "epsilon" (ἒ ψιλόν, "simple e") was coined in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph αι, a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.

The uppercase form of epsilon looks essentially identical to Latin E. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from medieval Greek handwriting. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like an inverted "3". The other, also known as lunate or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,^[1][2] looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. While in normal typography these are just alternate font variants, they may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. Computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for them.^[1] In Unicode, the character U+03F5 "Greek lunate epsilon symbol" (ϵ) is provided specifically for the lunate form. In TeX, \epsilon (Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \epsilon\! ) denotes the lunate form, while \varepsilon (Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \varepsilon\! ) denotes the inverted-3 form.

There is also a Latin epsilon or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ("Latin small letter open e", ɛ) and U+0190 ("Latin capital letter open e", Ɛ) and is used as an IPA phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon has also provided inspiration for the euro sign (€).

The lunate epsilon (ϵ) is not to be confused with the set membership symbol (∈), nor should the Latin uppercase epsilon (Ɛ) be confused with the Greek uppercase sigma (Σ).

History[link]

Origin[link]

The letter Ε was taken over from the Phoenician letter He () when Greeks first adopted alphabetic writing. In archaic Greek writing, its shape is often still identical to the Phoenician letter. Like other Greek letters, it could face either leftwards or rightwards (), depending on the current writing direction, but just like in Phoenician, the horizontal bars always faced in the direction of writing. Archaic writing often preserves the Phoenician form with a vertical stem extending slightly below the lowest horizontal bar. In the classical era, through the influence of more cursive writing styles, the shape was simplified to the current E glyph.^[3]

Sound value[link]

The initial sound value of Ε was determined by the vowel occurring in the Phoenician letter name He, which made it a natural choice for being reinterpreted from a consonant symbol to a vowel symbol denoting an [e] sound.^[4] Besides its classical Greek sound value, the short /e/ phoneme, it could initially also be used for other [e]-like sounds. For instance, in early Attic before c.500 B.C., it was used also both for the long, open /ɛː/, and for the long close /eː/. In the former role, it was later replaced in the classic Greek alphabet by Eta (Η), which was taken over from eastern Ionic alphabets, while in the latter role it was replaced by the digraph spelling ΕΙ.

Epichoric alphabets[link]

Some dialects used yet other ways of distinguishing between various e-like sounds.

In Corinth, the normal function of Ε to denote /e/ and /ɛː/ was taken by a glyph resembling a pointed B (), while Ε was used only for long close /eː/.^[5] The letter Beta, in turn, took the deviant shape .

In Sicyon, a variant glyph resembling an X () was used in the same function as Corinthian .^[6]

In Thespiai (Boeotia), a special letter form consisting of a vertical stem with a single rightward-pointing horizontal bar () was used for what was probably a raised variant of /e/ in pre-vocalic environments.^[1][7] This tack glyph was used elsewhere also as a form of "Heta", i.e. for the sound /h/.

Glyph variants[link]

After the establishment of the canonical classic Greek alphabet, new glyph variants for Ε were introduced through handwriting. In the uncial script (used for literary papyrus manuscripts in late antiquity and then in early medieval vellum codices), the "lunate" shape () became predominant. In cursive handwriting, a large number of shorthand glyphs came to be used, where the cross-bar and the curved stroke were linked in various ways.^[8] Some of them resembled a modern lowercase Latin "e", some a "6" with a connecting stroke to the next letter starting from the middle, and some a combination of two small "c"-like curves. Several of these shapes were later taken over into minuscule book hand. Of the various minuscule letter shapes, the inverted-3 form became the basis for lower-case Epsilon in Greek typography during the modern era.

Uncial	Uncial variants	Cursive variants	Minuscule	Minuscule with ligatures

Uses[link]

International Phonetic Alphabet[link]

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the Latin epsilon /ɛ/ represents open-mid front unrounded vowel, as in the English word "pet" /ˈpɛt/.

Symbol[link]

The uppercase Epsilon is not commonly used outside of the Greek language because of its similarity to the Latin letter E.

The Greek lowercase epsilon ε, the lunate epsilon symbol ϵ, or the Latin lowercase epsilon ɛ (see above) is used as the symbol for:

• In mathematics (particularly calculus), an arbitrarily small positive quantity is commonly denoted ε; see (ε, δ)-definition of limit.
  • By analogy with this, the late mathematician Paul Erdős also used the term "epsilons" to refer to children (Hoffman 1998, p. 4).
• In mathematics, Hilbert introduced epsilon terms Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \epsilon x.\phi

as an extension to first order logic; see epsilon calculus.

• In mathematics, the Levi-Civita symbol.
• In mathematics, to represent the dual numbers: a + bε, with ε² = 0 and ε ≠ 0.
• In mathematics, sometimes used to denote the Heaviside step function.^{[citation needed]}
• In set theory, the limit ordinal of the sequence Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \omega,\omega^\omega,\omega^{\omega^\omega},\dots

.

• In computing, the precision of a numeric data type and floating-point machine epsilon.
• In computer science, the empty string, though different writers use a variety of other symbols for the empty string as well, including the upper-case Greek letter lambda.
• In physics, the permittivity of a medium.
• In physics and electronics, the emf of a circuit
• In physics, the strain of a material (a ratio of extensions).
• In automata theory, a transition that involves no shifting of an input symbol.
• In astronomy, the fifth-brightest star in a constellation (see Bayer designation).
• In astronomy, Epsilon is the name for Uranus' most distant and most visible ring.
• In chemistry, the molar extinction coefficient of a chromophore.
• In economics, ε refers to elasticity.
• In statistics, to refer to error terms.
• In agriculture, to represent the "photosynthetic efficiency" of a particular plant or crop.

Unicode[link]

Initial[link]

• 

  Initial epsilon in Lectionary 226, folio 20 verso

• 

  folio 64 verso

• 

  folio 125 verso

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Nick Nicholas: Letters, 2003–2008. (Greek Unicode Issues)
2. ^ Colwell, Ernest C. (1969). "A chronology for the letters Ε, Η, Λ, Π in the Byzantine minuscule book hand". Studies in methodology in textual criticism of the New Testament. Leiden: Brill. pp. 127. 
3. ^ Jeffery, Lilian H. (1961). The local scripts of archaic Greece. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 63–64. 
4. ^ Jeffery, Local scripts, p.24.
5. ^ Jeffery, Local scripts, p.114.
6. ^ Jeffery, Local scripts, p.138.
7. ^ Jeffery, Local scripts, p.89.
8. ^ Thompson, Edward M. (1911). An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 191–194. 

Further reading[link]

• Hoffman, Paul; The Man Who Loved Only Numbers. Hyperion, 1998. ISBN 0-7868-6362-5.lez:Эпсилонvep:Epsilon

Alex Leon or, like he signed his pictures, Leon Alex^[1] is the pseudonym of Romanian-Hungarian graphic artist and painter Sándor Löwinger (May 30, 1907 - after March 8, 1944).

Biography[link]

Alex Leon was born into a Jewish family in Petroşani, Romania, in 1907. In 1916 his family moved to Oradea, where he finished the four-year middle school in 1922. In 1923 he began a men's tailor apprenticeship, which he finished in 1926 with a certificate. Being unsatisfied with that handicraft, he began working as lithographer in 1927. In 1928 he attended the art school in Baia Mare.

In the spring of 1930 he made his first voyage to Prague. In 1932 he moved away from his family. He had his first exposition in the journalist club of Oradea in 1933. In 1934 he visited Prague for the second time and had expositions in Timișoara, Arad, Cluj, again in Timișoara, then in Oradea. In 1934 and 1936 two albums with his lithographs were published in Timișoara.

In 1936 he went for a longer study in Paris, where he became student of the painters Lajos Tihanyi (Budapest, 1885 - 1938, Paris) and Marc Chagall. He returned to Romania in the summer of 1939 and lived in Oradea, in Brasov, but mainly in Timișoara; in August 1940 he finally settled in Oradea. In July 1942 he was deported to do slave work on the Eastern military front. In 1943 he fell ill with a heavy typhoid eczema, but received no medical treatment. In January 1944 he escaped to the Soviet Union, but had to go to hospital because of frostbitten feet. He presumably died in Ostroh, Ukraine, after March 8, 1944.

Alex Leon was an expressionist artist, his work being regarded as a tribute to the social resonances of expressionism. His biographer, István Borghida, called it "instinctive dream-painting".

Bibliography[link]

• István Borghida: Leon Alex. (Bucarest: Kriterion Könyvkiadó, 1973).
• Sándor Korvin: Egy fiatal rajzoló látomásai. (Korunk, 1935/12).
• István Gábor: Leon Alex Párizsba készül. (Napló, June 27, 1936).

Notes[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009)

1. ^ Alex is a short form of given name Alexander, which is the original form of Sándor (Hungarian) and Sander (Jewish), respectively, while the Spanish león means lion, a translation of Löwe (German, for lion) in Löwinger.