In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individuals, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings.^[1][2] This is a different concept to the sociological concept of the Öffentlichkeit or public sphere.^[1] The concept of a public has also been defined in political science, psychology, marketing, and advertising. In public relations and communication science, it is one of the more ambiguous concepts in the field.^[3] Although it has definitions in the theory of the field that have been formulated from the early 20th century onwards, it has suffered in more recent years from being blurred, as a result of conflation of the idea of a public with the notions of audience, market segment, community, constituency, and stakeholder.^[4]

The name "public" originates with the Latin "populus" or "poplicus", and in general denotes some mass population ("the people") in association with some matter of common interest. So in political science and history, a public is a population of individuals in association with civic affairs, or affairs of office or state. In social psychology, marketing, and public relations, a public has a more situational definition.^[5] John Dewey defined (Dewey 1927) a public as a group of people who, in facing a similar problem, recognize it and organize themselves to address it. Dewey's definition of a public is thus situational: people organized about a situation. Built upon this situational definition of a public is the situational theory of publics by James E. Grunig (Grunig 1983), which talks of nonpublics (who have no problem), latent publics (who have a problem), aware publics (who recognize that they have a problem), and active publics (who do something about their problem).^[6][7]

In public relations and communication theory, a public is distinct from a stakeholder or a market. A public is a subset of the set of stakeholders for an organization, that comprises those people concerned with a specific issue. Whilst a market has an exchange relationship with an organization, and is usually a passive entity that is created by the organization, a public does not necessarily have an exchange relationship, and is both self-creating and self-organizing.^[8] Publics are targeted by public relations efforts. In this, target publics are those publics whose involvement is necessary for achieving organization goals; intervening publics are opinion formers and mediators, who pass information to the target publics; and influentials are publics that the target publics turn to for consultation, whose value judgements are influential upon how a target public will judge any public relations material.^[6]

Public relations theory perspectives on publics are situational, per Dewey and Grunig; mass, where a public is simply viewed as a population of individuals; agenda-building, where a public is viewed as a condition of political involvement that is not transitory; and "homo narrans", where a public is (in the words of Gabriel M. Vasquez, assistant Professor in the School of Communication at the University of Houston) a collection of "individuals that develop a group consciousness around a problematic situation and act to solve the problematic situation" (Vasquez 1993, pp. 209)^[5][4]

One non-situational concept of a public is that of Kirk Hallahan, professor at Colorado State University, who defines a public as "a group of people who relate to an organization, who demonstrate varying degrees of activity—passivity, and who might (or might not) interact with others concerning their relationship with the organization".^[4]

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

Further reading[link]

• Dewey, John (1927). The public and Its Problems. Chicago: Swallow Press. 
• Grunig, James E. (1983). "Communications behaviours and attitudes of environmental publics: Two studies". Journalism Monographs (Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Publications) 81. 
• Vasquez, Gabriel M. (1993). "A Homo Narrens Paradigm for Public Relations: Combining Bormann's Symbolic Convergence Theory and Grunig's Situational Theory of Publics". Journal of Public Relations Research 5: 201–216. 
• Hannay, Alastair (2005) On the Public Routledge ISBN 0-415-32792-X
• Kierkegaard, Søren (2002) A Literary Review; Alastair Hannay (trans.) London: Penguin ISBN 0-14-044801-2
• Lippmann, Walter. The Phantom Public (Library of Conservative Thought), Transaction Publishers; Reprint edition, January 1, 1993, ISBN 1-56000-677-3.
• Mayhew, Leon H. The New Public: Professional Communication and the Means of Social Influence, (Cambridge Cultural Social Studies), Cambridge University Press, September 28, 1997, ISBN 0-521-48493-6.
• Sennett, Richard. The Fall of Public Man W. W. Norton & Company; Reissue edition, June 1992, ISBN 0-393-30879-0.

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Public

Look up public or general public in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Look up issue or issues in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Issue may refer to:

• a single instance of a periodically published journal, magazine, or newspaper
• Issue (magazine), a monthly Korean comics anthology magazine
• Issues, a Jewish magazine published by the American Council for Judaism
• Issue (computers), a unit of work to accomplish an improvement in a data system
• Issue (legal), a legal term
• Issue tracking system, computer software
• Issuer, a legal entity that develops, registers and sells securities
• Issues (Korn album), 1999
• Issues (N2U album), 2005
• "Issues" (The Saturdays song), 2008
• "Issues" (Escape the Fate song)
• Issue, a term for the children or descendants of a person
• Issue, a term for a postage stamp, or series of postage stamps, that has been officially released for use
• Issue, Maryland
• Issue, euphemism for a problem
• Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell, a nightly TV newscast on HLN

See also[link]

• Isshu

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