Panayot Hitov, Bulgarian hajduk and revolutionary

Pazyryk felt artifact, ca. 300 BC. horseman with wonsal style moustache and partially shaved head.

A standing bodhisattva with moustache

A moustache (US  /ˈmʌstæʃ/ or UK /məˈstɑːʃ/; American English: mustache)^[1] is facial hair grown on the outer surface of the upper lip. It may or may not be accompanied by a type of beard, a facial hair style grown and cropped to cover most of the lower half of the face.

Etymology[link]

The word "moustache" derives from 16th century French moustache, which in turn is derived from the Italian mostaccio (14th century), dialectal mustaccio (16th century), from Medieval Latin mustacium (8th century), Medieval Greek μουστάκιον (moustakion), attested in the 9th century, which ultimately originates as a diminutive of Hellenistic Greek μύσταξ (mustax, mustak-), meaning "upper lip" or "facial hair",^[2] probably derived from Hellenistic Greek μύλλον (mullon), "lip".^[3][4]

History[link]

Shaving with stone razors was technologically possible from Neolithic times, but the oldest portrait showing a shaved man with a moustache is an ancient Iranian (Scythian) horseman from 300 BC.

In Western cultures women generally avoid the growth of facial hair; though some are capable, the majority of these women use some form of depilation to remove it. In rare circumstances, women may choose to embrace this growth, often in the form of thin moustaches. Mexican artist Frida Kahlo famously depicted herself in her artwork with both a moustache and a unibrow. This tradition is followed by some contemporary women in the arts.^[5][6][7]

Development and care[link]

moustache growing over 30 days

The moustache forms its own stage in the development of facial hair in adolescent males.^[8] Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty:

• The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip (age 11–15)
• It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip (age 16–17)
• This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, and the area under the lower lip (age 16–18)
• It eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin, and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard (age 17–21)

As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals depending on one's genetic heritage or environment.^[9][10]

Moustaches can be tended through shaving the hair of the chin and cheeks, preventing it from becoming a full beard. A variety of tools have been developed for the care of moustaches, including shaving razors, moustache wax, moustache nets, moustache brushes, moustache combs and moustache scissors.

Styles[link]

The World Beard and Moustache Championships 2007 had 6 sub-categories for moustaches:^[11]

• Natural – Moustache may be styled without aids.
• Hungarian – Big and bushy, beginning from the middle of the upper lip and pulled to the side. The hairs are allowed to start growing from up to a maximum of 1.5 cm beyond the end of the upper lip.
• Dalí – narrow, long points bent or curved steeply upward; areas past the corner of the mouth must be shaved. Artificial styling aids needed. Named after Salvador Dalí.
• English moustache – narrow, beginning at the middle of the upper lip the whiskers are very long and pulled to the side, slightly curled; the ends are pointed slightly upward; areas past the corner of the mouth usually shaved. Artificial styling may be needed.
• Imperial – whiskers growing from both the upper lip and cheeks, curled upward (distinct from the royale, or impériale)
• Freestyle – All moustaches that do not match other classes. The hairs are allowed to start growing from up to a maximum of 1.5 cm beyond the end of the upper lip. Aids are allowed.

Other types of moustache include:

• Fu Manchu – long, downward pointing ends, generally beyond the chin;
• Pancho Villa – similar to the Fu Manchu but thicker; also known as a "droopy moustache", generally much more so than that normally worn by the historical Pancho Villa.
• Handlebar – bushy, with small upward pointing ends. See baseball pitcher Rollie Fingers.
• Horseshoe – Often confused with the Handlebar Moustache, the horseshoe was possibly popularized by modern cowboys and consists of a full moustache with vertical extensions from the corners of the lips down to the jawline and resembling an upside-down horseshoe. Also known as "biker moustache". worn by Hulk Hogan.
• Pencil moustache – narrow, straight and thin as if drawn on by a pencil, closely clipped, outlining the upper lip, with a wide shaven gap between the nose and moustache, widely recognized as being the moustache of choice for the fictional character Gomez Addams in the 1990s series of films based on The Addams Family. Also known as a Mouth-brow, worn by John Waters, Sean Penn and Chris Cornell.
• Chevron – thick and wide, usually covering the top of the upper lip. Comedian Jeff Foxworthy and NASCAR driver Richard Petty wear Chevrons.
• Toothbrush – thick, but shaved except for about an inch (2.5 cm) in the center; associated with Adolf Hitler, Charlie Chaplin, Oliver Hardy and Michael Jordan in his commercials for Hanes.
• Walrus – bushy, hanging down over the lips, often entirely covering the mouth. Worn by John Bolton, Dick Strawbridge, Wilford Brimley, Friedrich Nietzsche and Jamie Hyneman.

• moustache styles
• 

  "Chevron" moustache style

• 

  "Dali" moustache style

• 

  "English" moustache style

• 

  "Freestyle" moustache style

• 

  "Fu-manchu" moustache style

• 

  "Handlebar" moustache style

• 

  "Horseshoe" moustache style

• 

  "Imperial" moustache style

• 

  "Mexican" moustache style

• 

  "Natural" moustache style

• 

  "Pencil" moustache style

• 

  "Toothbrush" moustache style

Notable moustaches[link]

Adolf Hitler's moustache

The longest moustache measures 4.29 m (14 ft) and belongs to Ram Singh Chauhan (India). It was measured on the set of Lo Show dei Record in Rome, Italy, on 4 March 2010.^[12]

In some cases, the moustaches are so prominently identified with a single individual that it could be identified with him without any further identifying traits, such as in the case of Adolf Hitler. In some cases, such as with Groucho Marx and Charlie Chaplin, the moustache in question was artificial for most of their lives. Kaiser Wilhelm II's moustache, grossly exaggerated, featured prominently in Entente propaganda.

U.S. Air Force ace Robin Olds became celebrated for the flowing handlebar moustache he grew while commanding the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing "Wolfpack" during the Vietnam War, and when forced to shave it by his superior became the source of an Air Force tradition known as "Moustache March".^[13]

Among professionals[link]

Moustaches are noted among U.S. Army armor and cavalry soldiers.^[14] While the origins of this tradition are not fully understood, facial hair serves to adhere the soldier to his respective digital thermal viewer on the M1 Abrams tank and the M2 Bradley fighting vehicle.^[15]

In art and fiction[link]

Moustache spoon, Sheffield 1904, used in Victorian England to protect the then fashionable moustaches while eating soup

Moustaches have long been used by artists to make characters distinctive as with Charlie Chan, Snidely Whiplash, Hercule Poirot, or the video game character Mario. They have also been used to make a social or political point as with Marcel Duchamp's parody of the Mona Lisa which adds a goatee and moustache or the moustachioed self portraits of Frida Kahlo. At least one fictional moustache has been so notable that a whole style has been named after it: the Fu Manchu moustache.

Salvador Dalí published a book dedicated solely to his moustache.^[16]

Moustache was the alias name of a French comic actor.^[17]

In sport[link]

The most famous sporting moustache is that of Formula 1 driver Nigel Mansell who had one throughout his F1 career but then shaved it after retiring.

The Liverpool sides of the late 1970s to late 1980s were famously notable for numbers of moustachioed players, including Mark Lawrenson, Graeme Souness, Bruce Grobbelaar, Terry McDermott and Ian Rush.

For the 2008 Summer Olympics Croatia men's national water polo team grew moustaches in honor of coach Ratko Rudić.

In the early 1970s, Major League Baseball players seldom wore facial hair. As detailed in the book Mustache Gang, Oakland Athletics owner Charlie Finley decided to hold a moustache-growing contest within his team. When the A's faced the Cincinnati Reds, whose team rules forbade facial hair^{[citation needed]}, in the 1972 World Series, the series was dubbed by media as "the hairs vs. the squares".

Swimmer Mark Spitz won seven gold medals while sporting a moustache when swimmers usually shaved all their body hair to decrease drag. When other competitors questioned the moustache and the potential increased drag, he claimed that it helped create a pocket of air to breathe.^{[citation needed]}

South African rugby union coach Peter De Villiers also has a moustache, and is derisively known as Piet Snor (Peter Moustache). In 2008 De Villiers was nicknamed "Twakkie" in a public competition held by the South African Sunday Times newspaper - this in reference to a local fictional character with a similar moustache from the SABC's "The Most Amazing Show".

NHL player George Parros is well known for his moustache, of which fans can buy replicas of at the team store, with proceeds going to charity. Parros also has a line of apparel called "Stache Gear" that benefits The Garth Brooks Teammates For Kids Foundation.

Former NHLer Lanny McDonald was also well known for his bushy red moustache. After his retirement from hockey, he was recruited for several TV ads donning his signature moustache.

Steven Cozza, a professional cyclist from the United States, has found much love from European cycling fans for his horseshoe mustache^{[citation needed]}; facial hair is unusual in the professional peloton.

See also[link]

• American Mustache Institute
• Bearded lady
• Moustache cup
• Movember
• Tacheback

Gallery[link]

Moustache examples

Satirist Michael "Atters" Attree sporting his Handlebar Club tie. Satirist Michael "Atters" Attree sporting his Handlebar Club tie.   Surrealist Salvador Dalí with the flamboyant moustache he popularized.   John Waters' pencil moustache.   Emiliano Zapata sporting a wide "Mexican" moustache.   Frank Zappa in concert.

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up moustache in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Media related to Moustaches at Wikimedia Commons
• Shana Ting Lipton's moustache article for Salon.com
• Photos of famous composers' moustaches in recognition of Movember

Nick Offerman (born June 26, 1970) is an American actor and writer best known for his breakout role as Ron Swanson in the acclaimed NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation. He is also a woodworker.

Early life and career[link]

Offerman grew up in Minooka, Illinois; his father taught junior high in nearby Channahon. He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1993. That year, he and a group of fellow students co-founded the Defiant Theatre, a Chicago-based theatre company. Offerman lived in Chicago throughout the mid-1990s, where he participated with the Steppenwolf, Goodman and Wisdom Bridge theatre companies. During this time, Offerman became acquainted with Amy Poehler, who was heavily involved with the Chicago improv comedy scene.^[1]

Film and television appearances[link]

Offerman has appeared in films such as November (2004), Cursed (2005), Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous (2005), Sin City (2005), and The Men Who Stare at Goats (2009). He has been married since 2003 to Will & Grace actress Megan Mullally. Offerman guest-starred on Will & Grace during its fourth season and on King of Queens, playing a plumber on the Thanksgiving episode in the former show and a hobo in the latter show. He appeared on his wife's talk show, The Megan Mullally Show. In 2003, he appeared in three episodes of 24 and has guest-starred in an episode of The West Wing.

He can be currently seen on the TV series Parks and Recreation on NBC as Ron Swanson. Prior to this, his most prominent role was as Randy McGee on George Lopez. He was one of the workers in the factory and the love interest of Benny Lopez. In 2003 he appeared in Gilmore Girls in the episode "The Festival of Living Art", and once again in 2005 in the episode "Always a Godmother, Never a God". Offerman was featured in an early episode of the HBO series Deadwood in which he played Tom Mason, attempted assassin of Wild Bill Hickok. Offerman appeared in episode 15 of Monk's third season, "Mr. Monk and the Election", as a helper for the campaign of Natalie Teeger.

In 2007, Offerman co-starred in the Comedy Central series American Body Shop. Offerman appeared as Capt. Hardy in the 2012 film 21 Jump Street.

Current role[link]

Offerman is good friends with comedic actor Rainn Wilson, who plays Dwight Schrute in The Office. The two became friends while auditioning for the same roles early in their careers and remained in touch, with Offerman even building Wilson's kitchen table.^[2] In 2009, Office producers Michael Schur and Greg Daniels offered Offerman a regular supporting role in their NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation. Offerman accepted the role of Ron Swanson, the deadpan, government-hating head of a parks department and boss of Leslie Knope, the protagonist played by Offerman's old acquaintance, Amy Poehler.^[1] Slate magazine declared Offerman "Parks and Recreation's secret weapon", and said he regularly stole scenes and "has a gift for understated physical comedy".^[3] Offerman has also been featured in the Adult Swim series Childrens Hospital with Rob Corddry and Rob Huebel.

Offerman has said that supporting parts such as that of Parks and Recreation are his ideal roles, and that he draws particular inspiration from the Reverend Jim Ignatowski, the character played by Christopher Lloyd in the 1970s and 1980s sitcom Taxi.^[1]

Personal life[link]

In addition to acting, Offerman is also a professional boat builder and has a side business as a wood craftsman. Offerman makes furniture and other wooden structures such as canoes and boats at his woodshop.^[4] He also released an instructional DVD in 2008 entitled Canoe Building with Nick Offerman, shot by Jimmy Diresta. Diresta's pay for shooting the DVD was a canoe, the second one Offerman has built.^[5] The writers of Parks and Recreation included a fondness for woodworking to his character Ron Swanson. In addition, Offerman's real-life wife Megan Mullally has a recurring role in the show as Ron's second ex-wife Tammy.

He is a fan of the Chicago Cubs and Chicago Bears, and has been featured with fellow NBC actor/comedian and Chicago White Sox fan Craig Robinson in a series of commercials for New Era Cap Company.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Nick Offerman at the Internet Movie Database