Look up per in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Per or PER may refer to:

• Per (given name), a Scandinavian form of Peter.
• Per (storm), a storm in Sweden, in January 2007
• Per (film), a 1975 Danish film
• the IOC country code for Peru
• the IATA code for Perth Airport in Western Australia
• PE ratio, price-to-earnings ratio, used in finance
• Player Efficiency Rating, an advanced basketball statistic
• Partial equivalence relation
• Packed Encoding Rules, a set of ASN.1 encoding rules for formatting data in binary
• Protein efficiency ratio, a method used for evaluating the quality of protein in food
• the official abbreviation of the Western Australian Herbarium
• Perseus (constellation) (standard astronomical abbreviation)
• the stock symbol for Perot Systems Corporation
• Period (gene)
• Pér, a village in Hungary
• a preparatory which means; to, for, according to, by reason of, by means of, through, for every, out of, for each

See also[link]

• All pages beginning with "Per"
• All pages with titles containing "Per"
• Perchance (disambiguation)
• Perhaps (disambiguation)
• Period (disambiguation)
• Pers (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Mārtiņš Freimanis
Mārtiņš Freimanis in 2009
Background information
Born	(1977-02-07)7 February 1977 Liepāja, Latvia
Origin	Liepāja, Latvia
Died	27 January 2011(2011-01-27) (aged 33) Riga, Latvia
Genres	Pop Rock
Occupations	Musician, singer, composer, actor, poet, TV personality
Years active	1994–2011
Associated acts	F.L.Y.

Mārtiņš Freimanis (7 February 1977 – 27 January 2011) was a Latvian musician, singer, songwriter, actor and TV personality.^[1]

Freimanis was born in Liepāja, but spent his childhood in Aizpute. He represented Latvia in the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest with the group F.L.Y. He also composed "The War Is Not Over" for Latvia's Valters and Kaža, for the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest.

Mārtiņš Freimanis was the lead singer and songwriter of the popular Latvian rock band, "Tumsa". They released 6 albums under the "Microphone Records" label. He also collaborated with other Latvian musicians, writing music, lyrics or both for them. His most popular and successful co-projects were with Lauris Reiniks (lyrics), "Putnu Balle" (music, lyrics) and "Per" (music, lyrics).

As an actor, Mārtiņš Freimanis appeared and starred in a musical "Kaupēns Mans Mīļais", TV series "Neprāta Cena" (LTV), "UgunsGrēks" (TV3) and movies "Man patīk, ka meitene skumst" and "Dancis pa Trim" that came out on big screens after Martin's unexpected and early death.

On 18 January 2011, Freimanis was taken to the Infectology Centre of Latvia in Riga, with what was first reported to be severe respiratory tract infection. He died nine days later.^[2] It was later revealed that Freimanis died of intoxication caused mainly by hepatotoxicity and made worse by fatty liver, and a weak heartbeat, which had caused renal insufficiency, and pleurisy.^[3]

References[link]

This article on a singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article about a Latvian musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Tiziano Ferro
Background information
Born	(1980-02-21) February 21, 1980 (age 32) Latina, Italy
Genres	pop, r&b, latin pop, soul
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, record producer
Years active	1997–present
Website	tizianoferro.com

Tiziano Ferro (born February 21, 1980 in Latina) is an Italian pop singer. He achieved fame in 2001 and during his career he has also sung in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese.

Biography[link]

Childhood and early beginnings[link]

Ferro's interest in music was born when he received a toy keyboard as a present, which was used to compose his first songs when he was seven.^[1] He later started taking guitar and piano classes at a local conservatory of music. When he was 16 years-old, he joined a gospel choir^[2] and during the same years, he started performing in piano bars and karaoke contests.^[3]

In 1997, Ferro participated in the "Accademia della Canzone di Sanremo", a music contest created with the purpose to choose the contestants of the Sanremo Music Festival, but was eliminated during the first stage of the competition. The following year, Ferro participated again in the same contest, and despite being chosen as one of the 12 finalists, he did not make it to win the competition.^[1] However, during the selections, Ferro met music producers Alberto Salerno and Mara Maionchi, and started to collaborate with them.^[1][3]

In 1999 Ferro also toured throughout Italy as a back vocalist with the Italian hip hop band Sottotono.^[4][5]

Career breakthrough[link]

In 2001, Ferro signed a contract with EMI Music Italy. On 22 June 2001, he released his first single, "Xdono".^[6][7] During the first months, the song received a poor reception, but it later became a hit and, after topping the Italian Singles Chart in September 2001,^[8] it was certified double platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry for sales exceeding 100,000 copies.^[9]

The song was included in Ferro's debut album, Rosso relativo, released on 26 October 2001.^[10][11] Following the commercial success obtained in Italy, in 2002 the album was released in several European countries. A Spanish-language version of the record, titled Rojo relativo, was also released in Spain and Latin America.^[12] Rosso relativo obtained success in different markets and has sold more than 1,000,000 copies worldwide, according to EMI Music,^[13] allowing Ferro to receive a nomination for Best New Artist at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2003.^[14]

[edit] Second studio album, 111

In November 2003, Ferro released his second studio album, 111, recorded both in Italian and Spanish, produced by Alberto Salerno, Mara Maionchi and Michele Canova.^[15] The album was preceded by the release of "Perverso",^[16] and also spawned the singles "Sere nere" / "Tardes negras",^[17] "Non me lo so spiegare" / "No me lo puedo explicar"^[18] and "Ti voglio bene" / "Desde mañana no lo se".^[19] 111 has sold more than 1,000,000 copies worldwide,^[20] topping the Mexican Albums Chart^[21] and being certified four times platinum in Italy^[3] for domestic sales exceeding 450,000 copies.^[18] Following the success of the album Ferro won Best Italian Artist at the 2004 MTV Europe Music Awards in Rome.^[22]

In July 2004, Ferro also released in Europe his first English-language single, "Universal Prayer", a duet with British R&B singer Jamelia recorded to promote the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.^[23]

[edit] Nessuno è solo / Nadie está solo, the third studio album

Ferro's third studio album, Nessuno è solo / Nadie está solo, was released in June 2006,^[24] following the lead single "Stop! Dimentica", which became a number-one hit in Italy and Austria.^[25] The album, described by music critics as more intimate and melancholic,^[26] obtained in Italy a success even bigger than his previous ones, reaching the Diamond certification for its domestic sales.^[27][28] The third single from the album, "Ti scatterò una foto", was also included in the soundtrack of the movie Ho voglia di te, directed by Luis Prieto and based on the book with the same title by Federico Moccia.^[29]

Nessuno è solo also features a duet with Italian pop singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci,^[30] while the Spanish-language version of the album includes "Mi credo", a song recorded with Pepe Aguilar.^[31]

[edit] Alla mia età / A mi edad

In June 2008 Ferro co-wrote with Roberto Casalino the single "Non ti scordar mai di me" for X Factor's first edition's runner-up Giusy Ferreri.^[32] The song became a huge success in Italy, topping the Italian Singles Chart for 12 non-consecutive weeks.^[33] Ferro also produced Giusy Ferreri's debut album, Gaetana, containing 6 songs penned by him,^[34] including "L'amore e basta!", a duet between Ferro and Ferreri.^[35]

On 7 November 2008 Ferro released his fourth studio album, Alla mia età, preceded by the single with the same title.^[36] Alla mia età debuted at number one on the Italian Albums Chart^[37] and became the best-selling album of 2009 in Italy.^[38] The Spanish-language version of the album is title A mi edad.

In November 2009, Ferro released his first video album, Alla mia età - Live in Rome, recorded during his concerts at the Stadio Olimpico on 24 and 25 June 2009.^[39] A few months later, Ferro was chosen to record the Italian version of Mary J Blige's single "Each Tear", included in her album Stronger with Each Tear^[40] The song reached the spot in the Italian Singles Chart.^[41]

[edit] L'amore è una cosa semplice / El amor es una cosa sencilla

On 14 October 2011 Ferro released in Italy "La differenza tra me e te",^[42] the first single from his fifth studio album, titled L'amore è una cosa semplice and released on 28 November 2011 by EMI Music.^[43]

The album contains a duet with John Legend, "Karma".

Discography[link]

• Rosso relativo (2001)
• 111 Centoundici (2003)
• Nessuno è solo (2006)
• Alla mia età (2008)
• L'amore è una cosa semplice (2011)

Personal life[link]

On October 5, 2010, Ferro told the Italian magazine Vanity Fair that after a long period of denial, he finally accepted himself as gay.^[44][45]

Awards and nominations[link]

2002

• Italian Music Awards - Nomination for "Best Male Artist"^[46]
• Italian Music Awards - Nomination for "Best Album" for Rosso relativo^[46]
• Italian Music Awards - Nomination for "Best Single" for "Rosso relativo"^[46]
• Premio Italiano della Musica - "Revelation of the Year"^[47]
• Premio Italiano della Musica - Nomination for "Song of the Year" for "Xdono"^[48]
• Festival di San Marino - "Best Male Artist"^[49]
• Festival di San Marino - "Best Album" for Rosso relativo^[49]
• Festivalbar - "Revelation of the Year"^[50]

2003

• Latin Grammy Awards - Nomination for the "Best New Artist"^[14]
• NRJ Music Awards - Nomination for "International Male Artist of the Year"^[51]
• NRJ Music Awards - Nomination for "International Album of the Year" for Rosso relativo^[51]

2004

• MTV Europe Music Awards - "Best Italian Act"^[22]
• Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica - Nomination for "Best Solo Artist"^[52]
• Premios Oye! - "Latin Pop Male"^[53][54]

2005

• Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica - Nomination for "Best Male Artist"^[55]
• Billboard Latin Music Awards - "Latin Pop Airplay Track Of The Year, New Artist" for "Alucinado"^[56]

2006

• Europe Music Awards - Nomination for "Best Italian Act"^[57]
• Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica - Nomination for "Best Solo Artist"^[58]

2009

• Europe Music Awards - Nomination for "Best Italian Act"^[59]

2010

• World Music Awards - "Italian Best-Selling Male Artist of the Year 2009"^[60][61]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tiziano Ferro

• Official website (English)
• Official website (Italian)

Lluís Llach
Lluís Llach performing at the Olympia in Paris
Background information
Born	(1948-05-07) 7 May 1948 (age 64)
Genres	Songwriter
Instruments	Singing, Piano, Guitar
Years active	1965–2007
Website	www.lluisllach.cat

Lluís Llach i Grande (Catalan pronunciation: [ʎuˈiz ˈʎak]) (born 7 May 1948 in Girona, Spain,) is a Spanish composer and songwriter.

Though partially dependent on arrangers, like Manel Camp or Carles Cases in his early works, Llach's songwriting has largely evolved from the more basic early compositions to a vastly more complex harmonic and melodic writing. Self-taught as a guitarist, Llach only strums simple chords on guitar. As a pianist, he shows a good knowledge of the European song tradition from Schubert to Hahn with touches of Satie (Nounou) and his local epygons like Mompou and Manuel Blancafort (A la taverna del mar). Llach has used salsa piano patterns (Terra) and jazzy whole-step block modulations (El jorn dels miserables) and progressions (Cançó d'amor a la llibertat). Some early songs depicted some inspiration from Baroque dances (Laura, Jo sé, Vinyes verdes vora el mar) and ostinato chord patterns (Non, Somniem). Among his influences as singer, Llach has recognized Mahalia Jackson and Jacques Brel.

His lyrics can range from the most traditionally romantic songs, to more complex, philosophical song-cycles and also to some more ironic, politically-based compositions, with a more upbeat tempo. Sea and vitalistic attitude in face of death are two of his cherished topics. When he doesn't write the lyrics of his songs he puts music to a variety of poets, including Constantine P. Cavafy, Màrius Torres, Josep Maria de Segarra, Pere Quart and, perhaps more often than with any of the others, Miquel Martí i Pol.

Llach has occasionally performed as a classical baritone, including a series of performances of Gabriel Fauré's Requiem, and has also been a wine producer. He marked his retirement as front man in music with a farewell concert in Verges (March 2007), in Baix Empordà on the Costa Brava , the village in which he grew up. Afterwards, he has performed incidental music for theatre pieces.

Recordings[link]

Some popular albums include:

Com un arbre nu (1972)

Viatge a Itaca (1975)

Somniem (1979)

Verges 50 (1980) Folkish arrangements in the Mediterranean tradition.

I amb el somriure, la revolta (1982)

T'estimo (1984)

Maremar (1985) Powerful songs about mourn, losses and hope, with some of Llach's most inspired lyrics.

Geografia (1988)

Un pont de mar blava (1993) Outstanding female singers as well as Greek and Arabic influences.

Nu (1997)

9 (1998) A mature work as composer; counterpoint textures and jazzy sounds.

Temps de revoltes (2000)

Jocs (2002)

Junts (2003)

Poetes (2004)

i. (2006)

Verges 2007 (2007)

Literature about Lluís Llach i Grande[link]

Pep Blay' '“Lluís Llach“ (Col·lecció "Los Autores", SGAE, Barcelona, 1995) is a biography about the Catalan musician and songwriter Llach, which contains an interesting chronology, a collection of pictures, an anthology of songs and a discography.

See also[link]

• L'estaca

References[link]

External links[link]

• Listen to "L'estaca"
• Lyrics to "L'estaca" - scroll down
• Lyrics to "L'estaca" with English translation (character problems)
• Official website (in Catalan and Spanish)
• Non-Official website (in French)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011)

Sergio Leone (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrdʒo leˈoːne]; January 3, 1929 – April 30, 1989) was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter most associated with the "Spaghetti Western" genre.

Leone's film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. His movies include The Last Days of Pompeii, The Colossus of Rhodes, the Dollars Trilogy (A Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly), Once Upon a Time in the West, Duck, You Sucker! and Once Upon a Time in America.

Life and career[link]

Born in Rome, Leone was the son of the cinema pioneer Vincenzo Leone (known as director Roberto Roberti or Leone Roberto Roberti) and the silent film actress Edvige Valcarenghi (Bice Waleran). During his schooldays, Leone was a classmate of his later musical collaborator Ennio Morricone for a time. After watching his father work on film sets, Leone began his own career in the film industry at the age of 18 after dropping out of law studies at the university.

Working in Italian cinematography, he began as an assistant to Vittorio de Sica during the movie Bicycle Thieves in 1948. Leone began writing screenplays during the 1950s, primarily for the 'sword and sandal' (a.k.a. 'peplum') historical epics, popular at the time. He also worked as an assistant director on several large-scale international productions shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome, notably Quo Vadis (1951) and Ben-Hur (1959), financially backed by the American studios.

When director Mario Bonnard fell ill during the production of the 1959 Italian epic The Last Days of Pompeii (Gli Ultimi Giorni di Pompei), starring Steve Reeves, Leone was asked to step in and complete the film. As a result, when the time came to make his solo directorial debut with The Colossus of Rhodes (Il Colosso di Rodi, 1961), Leone was well-equipped to produce low-budget films which looked like larger budget Hollywood movies.

1960s[link]

In the early 1960s, historical epics fell out of favor with audiences, but Leone had shifted his attention to a sub-genre which came to be known as the "Spaghetti Western", owing its origin to the American Western. His film A Fistful of Dollars (Per un Pugno di Dollari, 1964) was based upon Akira Kurosawa's Edo-era samurai adventure Yojimbo (1961). Leone's film elicited a legal challenge from the Japanese director, though Kurosawa's film was in turn probably based on the Dashiell Hammett novel Red Harvest (1929). A Fistful of Dollars is also notable for establishing Clint Eastwood as a star. Until that time Eastwood had been an American television actor with few credited film roles.

The look of A Fistful of Dollars was established by its Spanish locations, which presented a violent and morally complex vision of the American Old West. The film paid tribute to traditional American western movies, but significantly departed from them in storyline, plot, characterization and mood. Leone gains credit for one great breakthrough in the western genre still followed today: in traditional western films, many heroes and villains looked alike as if they had just stepped out of a fashion magazine, with clearly drawn moral opposites, even down to the hero wearing a white hat and the villain wearing a black hat (except for the most successful of the 'traditional western cowboys' - Hopalong Cassidy, who wore a black outfit upon a pale horse). Leone's characters were, in contrast, more 'realistic' and complex: usually 'lone wolves' in their behavior; they rarely shaved, looked dirty and sweated profusely, and there was a strong suggestion of criminal behavior. The characters were also morally ambiguous by appearing generously compassionate, or nakedly and brutally self-serving, as the situation demanded. Some critics have noted the irony of an Italian director who could not speak English, and had never even visited the United States, let alone the American Old West, almost single-handedly redefining the typical vision of the American cowboy. According to Christopher Frayling's book Something to do with Death, Leone knew a great deal about the American Old West. It fascinated him as a child, which carried into his adulthood and his films.

Leone's next two films – For a Few Dollars More (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) – completed what has come to be known as the Man with No Name trilogy (a.k.a. the Dollars Trilogy), with each film being more financially successful and more technically accomplished than its predecessor. The films featured innovative music scores by Ennio Morricone, who worked closely with Leone in devising the themes. Leone had a personal way of shooting scenes with Morricone's music ongoing.

Based on the success of The Man with No Name trilogy, Leone was invited to the United States in 1967 to direct Once Upon a Time in the West (C'Era una Volta il West) for Paramount Pictures. The film was shot mostly in Almería, Spain and Cinecittà in Rome. It was also briefly shot in Monument Valley, Utah. The film starred Charles Bronson, Henry Fonda, Jason Robards and Claudia Cardinale. Once Upon a Time in the West emerged as a long, violent, dreamlike meditation upon the mythology of the American Old West, with many stylistic references to iconic western films. The film's script was written by Leone and his longtime friend and collaborator Sergio Donati, from a story by Bernardo Bertolucci and Dario Argento, both of whom went on to have significant careers as directors. Before its release, however, it was ruthlessly edited by Paramount, which perhaps contributed to its low box-office results in the United States. Nevertheless, it was a huge hit in Europe, grossing nearly three times its $5 million budget among French audiences, and highly praised amongst North American film students. It has come to be regarded by many as Leone's best film.

1970s[link]

After Once Upon a Time in the West, Leone directed Duck, You Sucker! (Giù la Testa, 1971). Leone was intending merely to produce the film, but due to artistic differences from then-director Peter Bogdanovich, Leone was asked to direct the film instead. Duck, You Sucker! is a Mexican Revolution action drama, starring James Coburn, as an Irish revolutionary, and Rod Steiger, as a Mexican bandit who is conned into becoming a revolutionary.

Leone continued to produce, and on occasion, step in to reshoot scenes in other films. One of these films was My Name is Nobody (1973) by Tonino Valerii (though true participation of Leone in shooting is disputed),^{[citation needed]} a comedy western film that poked fun at the spaghetti western genre. It starred Henry Fonda as an old gunslinger who watched 'his' old West fade away before his very eyes as he played his guitar. Terence Hill also starred in the film as the young stranger who helps Fonda leave the dying West with style.

Leone's other productions included A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe (1975, another western comedy starring Terence Hill); The Cat (Il Gatto; 1977, starring Ugo Tognazzi), and A Dangerous Toy (Il Giocattolo; 1979, starring Nino Manfredi). Leone also produced three comedies by actor/director Carlo Verdone, which were Fun Is Beautiful (Un Sacco Bello, 1980), Bianco, Rosso e Verdone (White, Red and Verdone – Verdone means "strong green" – a pun referring to the three colours of the Italian flag, the star and to director Verdone, 1981) and Troppo Forte (Great!, 1986). During this period, Leone also directed various award-winning TV commercials for European television.

In 1978, he was a member of the jury at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival.^[1]

1980s[link]

Leone turned down the opportunity to direct The Godfather, in favor of working on another gangster story he had conceived earlier. He devoted ten years to this project, based on the novel The Hoods by former mobster Harry Grey, which focused on a quartet of New York City Jewish gangsters of the 1920s and 1930s who had been friends since childhood. The four-hour finished film, Once Upon a Time in America (1984), featured Robert De Niro and James Woods. It was a meditation on another aspect of popular American mythology, the role of greed and violence and their uneasy coexistence with the meaning of ethnicity and friendship. Feeling the final cut was too long, Warner Bros. recut it drastically for the American market, abandoning its flashback structure for a linear narrative. Lasting over just two hours, the recut version shown in North America received much criticism and flopped. The original version, released in the rest of the world, achieved somewhat better box office returns and a mixed critical response. When the original version of the film was released on DVD in the USA, it finally gained major critical acclaim, with some critics hailing the film as a masterpiece.

According to biographer Sir Christopher Frayling, Leone was deeply hurt by the studio-imposed editing and poor commercial reception of Once Upon a Time in America in North America. It would be his last film.

In 1988, he was head of the jury at the Venice Film Festival in Venice.

Later years and death[link]

Leone died on April 30, 1989, of a heart attack at the age of 60. Before his death in 1989, Leone was part way through planning a film on the Siege of Leningrad during World War II. He was survived by his wife and three children.

In his later years, Leone had a falling out of sorts with actor Clint Eastwood. When Leone directed Once Upon a Time in America, he commented that Robert De Niro was a real actor, unlike Eastwood. However, the two made amends and reconciled before Leone's death. In 1992, Eastwood directed Unforgiven, a revisionist western drama for which he won an Oscar for best director, as well as Best Picture. Leone was one of the two directors whom Eastwood dedicated his award to, the other was Don Siegel who directed Eastwood in a string of movies in the 1970s, including Dirty Harry. (The film contains a dedication "To Sergio & Don" before the end credits roll.)

Style[link]

• Wide Image Format (Techniscope)
• Great Depth of field.
• Extreme close-ups (staging of duels), often on face of hero, alternating with wide views.
• Expanded time: extended staging of duels, close observation of details, sparse dialogue.
• Important role of music (composed by Ennio Morricone).
• Moments of calm in conversations; enhanced sound effects.
• Very violent scenes, often using slow-motion effects.

Unrealized projects[link]

[edit] The Godfather

Leone was approached as a potential director of The Godfather, but turned down the offer in order to work on his prohibition era crime epic Once Upon a Time in America. The film was ultimately directed by Francis Ford Coppola.

[edit] A Place Only Mary Knows

The script was written by Leone, Luca Morsella, and Fabio Toncelli. Set at the height of the American Civil War, the treatment for Leone's idea of an "Americanized" western concerned a Union soldier and a Southern con man/drifter searching for buried treasure while avoiding the battles between the Confederate States of America and the North. It was to star Mickey Rourke and Richard Gere as the two main leads.

Although the written draft never got into pre-production, Leone's son Andrea had it published in 2004.

[edit] Leningrad: The 900 Days

While finishing work on Once Upon a Time in America in 1982, Leone was impressed with Harrison Salisbury's non-fiction book The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, and he planned on adapting the book as a war epic. Although no formal script had been completed or leaked, Leone came up with the opening scene and basic plot. According to the documentary Once Upon a Time, Sergio Leone, the film opened in medias res as the camera goes from focusing on a Russian hiding from the Nazis' artillery fire to panning hundreds of feet away to show the German Panzer divisions approaching the walls of the city. The plot was to focus on an American photographer on assignment (whom Leone wanted to be played by Robert De Niro) becoming trapped in Russia as the German Luftwaffe begin to bombard the city. Throughout the course of the film, he becomes romantically involved with a Russian woman, whom he later impregnates, as they attempt to survive the prolonged siege and the secret police, because relationships with foreigners are forbidden. According to Leone, "In the end, the cameraman dies on the day of the liberation of the city, when he is currently filming the surrender of the Germans. And the girl is aware of his death by chance seeing a movie news: the camera sees it explode under a shell .... "^[2]

By 1989, Leone had been able to acquire $100 million in financing from independent backers, and the film was to be a joint production with a Soviet film company. He had convinced Ennio Morricone to compose the film score, and Tonino Delli Colli was tapped to be the cinematographer. Shooting was scheduled to begin sometime in 1990. The project was canceled when Leone died two days before he was to officially sign on for the film.

In early 2003, Italian filmmaker Giuseppe Tornatore sparked interest in announcing he would direct a film called Leningrad, and he expressed interest in casting Nicole Kidman in the role of the female love interest.^[3] The film was in production by 2008, but whether or not it is related to the Leone project has yet to be revealed.

[edit] Don Quixote

According to Frayling's biography of Leone, Something to Do with Death, he envisioned a contemporary adaptation of Cervantes' 17th century novel Don Quixote with Clint Eastwood in the title role and Eli Wallach as Sancho Panza.^[4] He had discussed doing the project throughout the 1960s-1970s, and he started seriously considering it towards the end of his life.

[edit] Colt

In 1987, Sergio Leone contacted his old collaborators Sergio Donati and Fulvio Morsella, pitching an idea for a TV miniseries about a Colt revolver that passed from owner to owner throughout the Old West, similar to Anthony Mann's film Winchester '73 (1950). Donati indicated that Leone was interested in a more revisionist take on the genre than his earlier works, wanting to show the Old West "like it really was." Leone abandoned this project in favor of A Place Only Mary Knows, though Donati wrote a treatment and the project remained in gestation for years after Leone's death.^[5]

Other planned films[link]

Leone was also an avid fan of Margaret Mitchell's novel Gone with the Wind and the 1939 film adaptation. His relatives and close friends stated that he always talked about filming a remake of the film that was closer to the original novel, but it never advanced beyond discussions to any serious form of production.

Leone was a fan of Louis-Ferdinand Céline's novel Journey to the End of the Night and was considering a film adaptation in the late 1960s; he incorporated elements of the story into The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and Duck, You Sucker! but his idea of adapting the novel itself never got past the planning stages.

Leone also started writing a screenplay based on Lee Falk's The Phantom, and scouted locations for the project. Despite this, he never got to make a movie based on the comic book hero. He declared he would have liked to follow his Phantom project with a movie based on another Falk-created character, Mandrake the Magician.^[6]

Leone was an early choice to direct Flash Gordon (1980). Leone was a fan of the original Alex Raymond comic strip, but turned down the film because the script didn't resemble Raymond's work.^[7]

Recurring actors[link]

Actor	A Fistful of Dollars (1964)	For a Few Dollars More (1965)	The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)	Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)	A Fistful of Dynamite (1971)	Once Upon a Time in America (1984)
Clint Eastwood	N	N	N
Lee Van Cleef		N	N
Gian Maria Volonté	N	N
Mario Brega	N	N	N			N
Joseph Egger	N	N
Antonio Casale			N		N
Aldo Sambrell	N	N	N	N	N
Benito Stefanelli	N	N	N	N	N
Antonio Molino Rojo	N	N	N	N
John Frederick				N	N
Spartaco Conversi		N		N
Antoñito Ruiz		N	N
Al Mulock			N	N
Lorenzo Robledo	N	N	N	N
Frank Braña	N	N	N	N
Luigi Pistilli		N	N
Claudio Scarchilli			N	N

Filmography[link]

Screenplay[link]

• 1958: Afrodite, dea dell'amore
• 1959: The Last Days of Pompeii
• 1959: Nel Signo di Roma
• 1961: Le, Sette Sfide
• 1961: Romolo e Remo
• 1961: Il Colosso di Rodi
• 1964: A Fistful of dollars
• 1964: La Veri bandiere di Allach
• 1965: For a Few Dollars More
• 1966: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
• 1968: Once Upon a Time in the West
• 1971: Duck, You Sucker!
• 1975: A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe
• 1984: Once Upon a Time in America
• 1986: Troppo forte

Assistant of director[link]

• 1946: Rigoletto
• 1948: Bicycle Thieves
• 1948: La Legenda di Fuast
• 1949: Fabiola
• 1949: Ill Trovatore
• 1950: Taxi di Notte
• 1950: Il Voto
• 1950: Il Brigante Musolino
• 1951: Quo Vadis
• 1952: I tre corsari
• 1952: Jolanda, la figlia del Corsaro Nero
• 1952: Ill folle di Maracharo
• 1953: L'uomo, la bestia e la virtù
• 1953: La Tratta delle bianche
• 1953: Frine, cortigiana d'Oriente
• 1954: Tradita
• 1954: Of Life and Love
• 1955: La Ladra
• 1956: Mi permette Babbo !
• 1957: Il Maestro
• 1958: Afrodite, dea dell'amore
• 1959: La legge mi incolpa
• 1959: Il figlio del corsaro rosso
• 1959: Ben-Hur
• 1962: Sodom and Gomorrah

Awards and nominations[link]

• David di Donatello
  • 1972: Duck, You Sucker! (Won)
• BAFTA Awards
  • 1984: Once Upon a Time in America (Nomination)
• Golden Globe
  • 1984: Once Upon a Time in America (Nomination)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sergio Leone at the Internet Movie Database
• Sergio Leone at AllRovi
• Fistful-of-Leone.com
• Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
• A Fistful of Westerns
• The Spaghetti Western Database
• Photo

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