Stop bath is a chemical bath usually used in processing traditional black-and-white photographic films, plates, and paper used after the material has finished developing. The purpose of the stop bath is to halt the development of the film, plate, or paper by either washing off the developing chemical or neutralizing it. With the former, a simple water rinse can be used between developer and fixer, but the development process continues (though possibly at a very low level) for an indefinite and uncontrolled period of time during the rinsing.

Where an immediate stop of development is desired, a stop bath will usually consist of some concentration of acetic acid, commonly around 1 to 2%. Since organic developers only work in alkaline solutions, stop bath halts the development process almost instantly and thus provides more precise control of the development time. It also cuts overall processing time, because the required immersion time in the stop bath—typically fifteen to thirty seconds—is much shorter than the time required for an adequate plain-water rinse. As well, by neutralizing the alkalinity of basic developers, it can help to preserve the strength of the fixer, making it last longer.

Stop bath accounts for the characteristic vinegar-like odor of the traditional darkroom. In its concentrated form it can cause chemical burns, but is harmless when diluted to a working solution. Stop bath becomes exhausted when bases carried over from the developer cause the solution to become alkaline. For indicator stop bath -- a stop bath that changes colours to indicate when the stop bath is exhausted and no longer effective -- the pH indicator bromothymol violet is used to determine when the solution has become too alkaline to use. Low-odor stop baths use citric acid or sodium bisulfite in place of acetic acid.

Sources and notes[link]

• Black & White Film Developing
• Odourless stop bath

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Look up stop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Stop may refer to:

Film[link]

• Stop, a 1970 film by Bill Gunn
• Stop, a 1972 Quebec film by Jean Beaudin
• Stop!, a 2004 film starring Dia Mirza
• Stop!, being such an idiot Me MyselfI

Music[link]

• Double stop, the act of playing two notes simultaneously
• Organ stop, a component of a pipe organ

Albums[link]

• Stop! (album), by Sam Brown, or the title song (see below), 1988
• Stop (Don Lanphere album), or the title song, 1983
• Stop (Eric Burdon Band album), or the title song, 1975
• Stop (Franco De Vita album), 2004
• Stop (Plain White T's album), or the title song, 2001

Songs[link]

• "Stop!" (Against Me! song)
• "Stop" (Bang song)
• "Stop!" (Jane's Addiction song)
• "Stop" (Omar Naber song)
• "Stop" (Pink Floyd song)
• "Stop" (Ryan Adams song)
• "Stop!" (Sam Brown song), also covered by Jamelia
• "Stop" (Spice Girls song)
• "Stop! In the Name of Love", a song by The Supremes
• "Stop", a song by Black Rebel Motorcycle Club from Take Them On, On Your Own
• "Stop", a song by Death Angel from Act III
• "Stop", a song by Dope from Life
• "Stop", a song by Erasure from Crackers International
• "Stop", a song by Girls Aloud from Sound of the Underground
• "Stop", a song by Matchbox Twenty from Mad Season
• "Stop", a song by Mega City Four from Sebastopol Rd.
• "Stop", a song by Twin Sister from "In Heaven"

Medicine and anatomy[link]

• Stop, the point on an animal's face where the snout begins
• Stop codon, a type of RNA molecule in genetic code
• STOP protein, a protein in animals
• Surgical Termination of Pregnancy, a type of abortion

Optics and photography[link]

• Aperture, a structure that limits the light entering an optical system
• F-stops, a unit of measure of aperture
• Stop, a measure of exposure value
• Stop bath, a chemical used in film processing

Other uses[link]

• Bus stop
• Door stop
• Full stop, a punctuation mark
  • STOP, used to replace the symbol in telegraphs, as Morse code has no method to produce it.
• Petzl Stop, a descender used in caving.
• Safe Tables Our Priority, a food safety organization
• Secure Trusted Operating Program, a computer operating system
• Stop, a font designed by Aldo Novarese
• Stop consonant, a concept in linguistics
• Stop error, a computer error screen
• Stop sign, a traffic signal
• Stop, a supersymmetric squark which is the superpartner of the top quark
• Society of Teachers Opposed to Physical Punishment
• Terry stop, a brief police detention in the United States
• Truck stop, a type of rest stop for truck drivers

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up bath or Bath in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Bath may refer to:

• Bathing, immersion in a fluid
  • Bathtub, a large open container for water, in which a person may wash their body

Places[link]

• Bath, New Brunswick, Canada
• Bath, Ontario, Canada
• Bath, Jamaica, a town and mineral spring in Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica
• Bath, Netherlands
• Bath Island, a neighbourhood in Saddar Town, Pakistan
• Bath, Somerset, a city and World Heritage Site in the south-west of England, UK
  • Bath (UK Parliament constituency)

United States[link]

• Bath, California
• Bath, Illinois
• Bath, Indiana
• Bath County, Kentucky
• Bath, Maine
  • Bath Iron Works, in the above city
  • Bath Historic District (Bath, Maine), listed on the NRHP in Maine
• Bath, Michigan
• Bath, New Hampshire
• Bath (town), New York
  • Bath (village), New York
• Bath, North Carolina
  • Bath Historic District (Bath, North Carolina)
• Bath, Pennsylvania
• Bath, South Carolina
• Bath, South Dakota
• Bath County, Virginia
• Bath (Berkeley Springs), West Virginia

Sport[link]

• Bath Rugby, a professional rugby union club in the English city
• Bath City F.C., are a semi-professional football club based in Bath, Somerset.

Organisations[link]

• University of Bath, UK

People with the surname[link]

• James R. Bath (born 1936), American businessman
• Harry Bath (1924–2008), Australian rugby league footballer
• Thomas Bath (1875–1956), Australian politician and trade unionist

Other[link]

• Bath (unit), a unit of dry volume used by the ancient Hebrews
• Bath (album), an album by maudlin of the Well
• Baths (musician), an electronic music artist

See also[link]

• The Bath (disambiguation)
• Bird bath
• Bath treatment (fishkeeping)
• Bath bun
• Bath salts
• Order of the Bath, a British order of chivalry founded by George I
• Baath (disambiguation)
• Bath Spa (disambiguation)
• Bath County (disambiguation)
• Bath Township (disambiguation)
• Bathurst (disambiguation)
• Bath Historic District (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

The Books were an American duo, formed in New York City in 1999, consisting of guitarist and vocalist Nick Zammuto and cellist Paul de Jong. Their releases typically incorporate samples of obscure sounds and speech.^[1][2] They have released three critically acclaimed albums on the German label Tomlab, and released their fourth studio album, The Way Out, on Temporary Residence Limited in July 2010.

History[link]

[edit] 1999–2002: Thought for Food

Zammuto and de Jong first met in New York City in 1999 as they shared the same apartment building.^[3] De Jong invited Zammuto to dinner at his apartment, where he played him some of his collection of audio and video samples, including a Shooby Taylor record.^[4] Zammuto said of their meeting that "we both kind of knew at that moment that we listened (to music) in interesting ways and had similar approaches to music."^[5] Soon after, they began playing what they considered to be pop music, in comparison to their own works, under the name The Books.^[5]

In 2000, The Books started work on what would become their début album Thought for Food.^[6] Zammuto and de Jong moved locations constantly during this time,^[6] recording in New York, Los Angeles, Boston, and finally in the basement of a hostel in North Carolina where Zammuto worked for a while after hiking the Appalachian Trail.^[5][7]

Thought for Food was released on October 22nd, 2002.^[8] Praised by critics for its distinctive sound,^[9] it featured extensive sampling from obscure sources coupled with mostly acoustic instrumentation.

[edit] 2002–2003: The Lemon of Pink

Shortly after the release of Thought for Food, the band relocated to North Adams, Massachusetts, near where Zammuto had graduated from Williams College in 1999, studying chemistry and visual arts.^[10] Zammuto and de Jong began the recording of The Lemon of Pink around this time. Anne Doerner, a guest vocalist on the album, said the process was much more arduous than the recording of Thought for Food, with Zammuto working on the album for five straight months.^[5]

The Lemon of Pink was released to critical acclaim^[11] on October 7th, 2003.^[12] It is similar in style to Thought for Food, but oriented more around vocals performed mostly by Anne Doerner.

[edit] 2003–2006: Lost and Safe, Music for a French Elevator, Prefuse 73 Reads The Books

In 2004, the French Ministry of Culture asked The Books to compose music for a new elevator in their building. The Books released a Mini CD of this work in 2006, under the name Music for a French Elevator and Other Short Format Oddities by the Books.^[13]

On April 5, 2005, The Books released their third studio album, Lost and Safe. Zammuto has a greater vocal presence in this album, and the album was criticized for this change of sound.^[14] Aside from this, Lost and Safe was well received by critics.^[15] Throughout early 2005, The Books collobarated with the electronica artist Prefuse 73. The Books appear on his album Surrounded by Silence ("Pagina Dos"), and the E.P. Prefuse 73 Reads the Books E.P. collects remixes of material sourced from The Books' albums.

Before starting a three-month^[16] tour of North America in April 2006, The Books had played only one concert,^[7] in October 2003 at a festival in Chicago, Illinois.^[17] Zammuto has expressed apprehensiveness towards touring, but says it is necessary to make a living, given his belief that people downloading The Books' music via file-sharing^[18] has put him under financial strain.

[edit] 2006–2012: Hiatus, The Way Out and break-up

Following the release of Music for a French Elevator, the band took a break from recording to tend to their new families, tour in support of their albums, and pursue some of their own projects, which included Zammuto scoring a feature documentary about the Biosphere 2.^[10]

In 2007, The Books released Play All, a DVD of thirteen music videos and three previously unreleased tracks.^[19] The Play All videos are composed of found footage transformed into a collage that matches their music. The Books often screen these videos during their live performances.^[20]

The Books toured heavily between 2005 and 2007, including two tours in Europe and two Canadian shows.^[6] In early 2009 The Books covered the Nick Drake song "Cello Song" in collaboration with José González for the Red Hot Organization's Dark Was the Night fund-raising album.^[21]

The Books began working on The Way Out in late 2008.^[22] Zammuto spoke of the album's New Age themes in an interview in April 2009, saying they took samples from self-help and hypnotherapy cassettes. When asked to describe the album, Zammuto said "You're getting verrry sleepy."^[3] On April 5, 2010, the duo announced that The Way Out would be released through Temporary Residence Limited in July.^[22] On April 27 Pitchfork Media began streaming the track "Beautiful People",^[23] which Zammuto described as "a three part christian harmony mixed with a sort of euro-disco-trash beat, an orchestra’s worth of sampled brass and lyrics about the twelfth root of two (my favorite irrational number), trigonometry and tangrams".^[24] The album was released on July 20.

The Books played the ATP New York 2010 music festival in Monticello, New York, in September 2010 and are currently touring North American tour with the Black Heart Procession. The band have been chosen by Portishead & ATP to perform at the ATP I'll Be Your Mirror festival that they will curate in July 2011 at London's Alexandra Palace.^[25]

In January of 2012, Nick Zammuto announced in an interview via Pitchfork Media that The Books were splitting up to focus on other projects.^[26]

On April 3rd 2012, Nick Zammuto released Zammuto, under the moniker Zammuto.

Musical style[link]

The Books are commonly cited by critics to be of a genre of their own,.^[27] Zammuto has described it as collage music.^[18] Paul de Jong described it as "the new folk music...[w]e make our own instruments, use our own libraries of sound bites while trying to create something universally human."^[28] Although they have said that their influences include Nirvana, David Bowie, Roxy Music as well as new wave and classical music, these do not show prominently in their music,^[29] though Zammuto was directly influenced by electronic musicians Squarepusher, Aphex Twin and Boards of Canada.^[30][31] The Books' music usually consists of acoustic instrumentation of folk melodies usually played on guitar, cello, banjo and more, combined with a diverse range of samples obtained from cassettes found in thrift stores,^[18] which are digitally processed and edited.^[5] They also rarely use a drum kit in recordings and performances, instead favouring inanimate objects like children's toys and filing cabinets, which are sampled and looped.^[29] Some observers contend that their music is aleatoric,^[32] but Zammuto has disagreed, saying the music is very tightly controlled.^[18]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• Thought for Food (2002)
• The Lemon of Pink (2003)
• Lost and Safe (2005)
• The Way Out (2010)

EP[link]

• Music for a French Elevator and Other Short Format Oddities by the Books (2006)

DVDs[link]

• Play All (2007)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• The Books on Myspace
• The Books discography at Discogs
• [1] Interview with The Books
• [2] Interview with Nick Zammuto about his new band and the break-up of The Books