Islamic theology () is a branch of Islamic studies regarding the beliefs associated with the Islamic faith. Any religious belief system, or creed, can be considered an example of aqidah. However, this term has taken a significant technical usage in Islamic history and theology, denoting those matters over which Muslims hold conviction. Literally, the word `aqidah is derived from the triconsonantal root"`A-Q-D", which means to tie or knot.
Muslims enumerate their creed to include the Six articles of belief. There is a consensus on the elements of this creed across all spectrums as they are clearly articulated in the Qurʾān. Sectarian differences between Shi'a and Sunni Islam are often expressed in differences in branches or elaboration of creedal beliefs as opposed to the core creed (aqidah). For example, Muslims may have different ideas regarding the attributes of God or about the purpose of angels. However there is no dispute on the existence of God, that he has sent his revelation via messengers nor that man will be held to account and rewarded or punished with heaven or hell.
The six Sunni articles of belief are: # Belief in God (Allah), the one and only one worthy of all worship (tawhid). # Belief in the Angels (mala'ika). # Belief in the Books (kutub) sent by Allah (including the Qurʾān, Bible and Tourah). # Belief in all the Messengers (rusul) sent by Allah (including Muhammad, Jesus, Moses, Abraham, Noah, and Adam) # Belief in the Day of Judgment (qiyama) and in the Resurrection (life after death). # Belief in Destiny (Fate) (qadar).
The first five are based on several Qurʾānic creeds: :Whoever disbelieveth in God and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers and the Last Day, he verily wandered far astray (4:136) :Who is an enemy of God, His Angels, His Messengers, Gabriel and Michael! Then, lo! God is an enemy to the disbelievers (2:98) :…righteous is he who believeth in God and the Last Day and the angels and the scripture and the prophets (2:177) :… believers have believed in God and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers (2:285)
The sixth point made it into the creed because of the first theological controversy in Islām. Although not connected with the sunni-shiʿi controversy about the succession, the majority of Twelver Shiʿites do not stress God's limitless power (qadar), but rather his boundless justice ʿadl as the sixth point of belief. This does not mean either that Sunnis deny his justice or that Shiʿites negate his power; it simply reflects a difference in emphasis.
In Sunni and Shi'a view, having Iman literally means to have belief in Six articles. However the importance of Iman relies heavily upon reasons. Islam explicitly asserts that belief should be maintained in that which can be proven using faculties of perception and conception.
Kalam is the Islamic philosophy of seeking theological principles through dialectic. In Arabic, the word literally means "speech/words". A scholar of kalam is referred to as a mutakallim (Muslim theologian; plural mutakallimiin).
Eschatology is literally understood as the last things or ultimate things and in Muslim theology, eschatology refers to the end of this world and what will happen in the next world or hereafter. Eschatology covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the total destruction of this world, the resurrection of human souls, the final judgments of human deeds by Allah after the resurrection, and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers respectively. The places for the believers in the hereafter are known as Paradise and for the non-believers as Hell.
ar:عقيدة إسلامية az:Əqidə ba:Иман шарттары ca:Aqida fr:Aqida id:Aqidah it:Aqida lv:Akīda ms:Aqidah ja:六信 uz:Aqida ru:Акыда simple:Islamic theology tt:Гакыйдә te:అఖీదాహ్ tr:Akide (din) zh:伊斯兰教六大信仰
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