Kickapoo

Ron McKinney (Kickapoo-Potawatomi), Doniphan County, Kansas, 1974
Total population
5,000 (3,000 enrolled members)
Regions with significant populations
USA  (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas)  Mexico  (Coahuila)
Languages
English, Spanish, Kickapoo
Religion
Native American Church; Christianity (many Catholic, some Protestant); tribal religious practices
Related ethnic groups
Sauk, Fox, other Algonquian peoples

The Kickapoo (Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are an Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe. According to the Anishinaabeg, the name "Kickapoo" (Giiwigaabaw in the Anishinaabe language and its Kickapoo cognate Kiwikapawa) means "Stands here and there". It referred to the tribe's migratory patterns. The name can also mean "wanderer". This interpretation is contested and generally believed to be a folk etymology.

Today there are three federally recognized Kickapoo tribes in the United States: Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. The former two groups are politically associated with the Texas band. Others live in small groups throughout the western United States. Around 3,000 people claim to be tribal members. There is also a small community in Douglas, Arizona. Another band resides in area of Múzquiz, in the Mexican state of Coahuila.

History[link]

The earliest European contact with the Kickapoo tribe occurred during the La Salle Expeditions into the Illinois Country in the late 17th century, as the French set up remote fur trading posts throughout the region, including on Wabash River. The Kickapoo at that time inhabited a large territory along the Wabash in the area of modern Terre Haute, Indiana. They were confederated with the larger Wabash Confederacy, that included the Piankeshaw to their south, the Wea to their north, and the powerful Miami Tribe, to their east. A subgroup occupied the Upper Iowa River region in northeast Iowa and the Root River region in southeast Minnesota in the late 1600s and early 1700s; this group was probably known by the clan name "Mahouea", derived from the Illinoian word for wolf, m'hwea.^[1]

As white settlers moved into the region beginning in the early 19th century, the Kickapoo participated in several treaties, including the Treaty of Vincennes, the Treaty of Grouseland, and the Treaty of Fort Wayne. They sold most of their lands to the United States and moved north to settle among the Wea. Rising tensions between the regional tribes and the United States led to Tecumseh's War in 1811. The Kickapoo were one of Tecumseh's closest allies. Many Kickapoo warriors participated in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the subsequent War of 1812. A prominent, nonviolent spiritual leader among the Kickapoo was Kennekuk, who led his followers to their current tribal lands in Kansas, where he died in 1852.

The close of the war led to a change of Indian policy in the Indiana Territory, and later the state of Indiana. American leaders began to advocate the removal of the tribes to land west of the Mississippi River. The Kickapoo were among the first tribes to leave Indiana. They accepted land in Kansas and an annual subsidy in exchange for leaving the state.

Language[link]

Kickapoo people building a Winter House in the town of Nacimiento Coahuila, México, 2008

Kickapoo speak an Algonquian language closely related to that of the Sauk and Fox. They were classified with the Central Algonquians, and were also related to the Illiniwek.

Kickapoo tribes and communities[link]

There are three federally recognized Kickapoo communities in the United States: one in Kansas, one in Texas, and the third in Oklahoma.

Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas[link]

The Kickapoo Indian Reservation is located at 39°40′51″N 95°36′41″W / 39.68083°N 95.61139°W / 39.68083; -95.61139 in the northeastern part of the state in parts of three counties, Brown, Jackson, and Atchison. It has a land area of 612.203 square kilometres (236.373 sq mi) and a resident population of 4,419 as of the 2000 census. The largest community on the reservation is the city of Horton. The other communities are:

• Muscotah
• Netawaka (most of the city, with all of the population)
• Powhattan
• Whiting
• Willis

Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas[link]

The Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas is located at 28°36′37″N 100°26′19″W / 28.61028°N 100.43861°W / 28.61028; -100.43861 on the Rio Grande River on the U.S.-Mexico border in western Maverick County, just south of the city of Eagle Pass, as part of the community of Rosita South. It has a land area of 0.4799 square kilometres (118.6 acres) and a 2000 census population of 420 persons. The Texas Indian Commission officially recognized the tribe in 1977.^[2]

There are undetermined numbers of other Kickapoo in Maverick County, Texas, who constitute the "South Texas Subgroup of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma". That band owns 917.79 acres (3.7142 km²) of non-reservation land in Maverick County, primarily to the north of Eagle Pass. It has an office in that city.^[3]

Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma[link]

A Kickapoo wickiup, Sac and Fox Agency, Oklahoma, ca. 1880.

After being expelled from the Republic of Texas, many Kickapoo moved south to Mexico, but the population of two villages settled in Indian Territory. One village settled within the Chickasaw Nation and the other within the Muscogee Creek Nation. These Kickapoo were granted their own reservation in 1883.

The reservation was short-lived, because in 1893 their communal tribal lands were broken up and assigned to separate households in allotments under the Dawes Act. The tribe's government was dismantled by the Curtis Act of 1898, which encouraged assimilation by Native Americans. Tribal members struggled under these conditions.

In 1936, the tribe reorganized as the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act.^[4]

Today the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in McLoud, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in Oklahoma, Pottawatomie, and Lincoln Counties. They have 2,719 enrolled tribal members.^[5]

See also[link]

Indigenous peoples of North America portal

• Whistled speech among Kickapoo Indians in Mexico

References[link]

1. ^ Colin M., Betts. "Rediscovering the Mahouea". Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 58:23-33. 
2. ^ Miller, Tom. On the Border: Portraits of America’s Southwestern Frontier, pp. 67.
3. ^ Maverick County Appraisal District property tax appraisals, 2007
4. ^ Annette Kuhlman, "Kickapoo", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture, Oklahoma Historical Society, 2009 (accessed 21 February 2009)
5. ^ Oklahoma Indian Affairs. Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. 2008:21

Further reading[link]

• Grant Foreman, The Last Trek of the Indians: An Account of the Removal of the Indians from North of the Ohio River, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946
• Arrell M. Gibson, The Kickapoo: Lords of the Middle Border, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963
• M. Christopher Nunley, "Kickapoo Indians," in The New Handbook of Texas, Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1996.
• Muriel H. Wright, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986
• Joseph B. Herring, Kennekuk: The Kickapoo Prophet, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1988

External links[link]

• Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas, official website
• Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, official website
• Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, official website
• First nations – Kickapoo from Lee Sultzman
• The Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
• Kickapoo Reservation, Kansas and Kickapoo Reservation, Texas United States Census Bureau
•  "Kickapoo Indians". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
• Matthew R. Garrett, Kickapoo Foreign Policy, 1650–1830. PhD dissertation, University of Nebraska, 2006

Sak Noel (born Isaac Mahmood Noell) is a Spanish DJ, music producer, songwriter and music video director. He was also founder and co-owner of Moguda, the Catalan nightlife community. Now, Moguda is non-operational. Since late 2011 he is the owner of Noel Music.

Musical career[link]

Sak Noel, born 12 April 1983 in La Cellera de Ter, started in music as a teenager, influenced by the electronic music. Through his own company Moguda he cooperated with Mak & Sak and Xana making electronic music sung in Catalan language. He is best known for "Loca People", which was a big hit on European & American charts. A following up single called Paso (The Nini Anthem) premiered on November 15, 2011. Paso (The Nini Anthem) is the second part of the Crazy Society Trilogy."Paso"was also a hit single throughout Europe.

Discography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sak Noel official website
• Sak Noel on Twitter
• Sak Noel on Facebook
• Moguda website
• Moguda Dance Festival website
• Sak Noel discography at Discogs

Jerry Hanlon (born c. 1931) is a former American football player, coach, and radio broadcaster. He was a halfback on the 1953–1955 Miami University teams that won two Mid-American Conference championships under Ara Parseghian. Hanlon was an assistant football coach at the University of Dayton (1965), Miami University (1966–1968), and the University of Michigan (1969–1991). He was also an announcer for Michigan Wolverines football games on WJR radio from 1993 through 1995.

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Hanlon attended Taylor High School in North Bend, Ohio, where he played basketball and football. He later attended Xavier University and Miami University.^[1] At Miami, he played football for Ara Parseghian.^[2] He played halfback on the 1953–1955 Miami teams that won two Mid-American Conference championships under Paraseghian.^[3]

Hanlon graduated from Miami in 1956 and began a career in coaching. He was an assistant football coach under John McVay at Central Catholic High School in Canton, Ohio for four years from 1957 to 1960.^[4] He was also the head basketball coach at Catholic Central in 1960.^[1] From 1961 to 1963, he was the head coach at Ursuline High School in Youngstown, Ohio. In 1961, Hanlon's first season as a head coach, his team started out with three losses and then won six straight. Hanlon compiled a 19–5–3 record in three years at Ursuline and won the Youngstown city championship in 1963.^[4] In 1964, he was the head coach at St. Edward High School in Lakewood, Ohio.^[4]

Dayton and Miami[link]

In 1965, Hanlon was the defensive backfield coach at the University of Dayton on a coaching staff that included head coach John McVay and assistants Joe Eaglowski, Tom Moore, George Perles, and Ed Youngs.^[5]

In 1966, Hanlon accepted a position on Bo Schembechler's coaching staff at Hanlon's alma mater, Miami. Hanlon served as an assistant coach under Schembechler for three years at Miami.^[5]

University of Michigan[link]

When Schembechler accepted the head coaching position at the University of Michigan in 1969, Hanlon was one of several assistant coaches from Miami to follow Schembechler to Ann Arbor. He joined the Michigan football staff in 1969 and was the only assistant coach to serve on Michigan's staff during all 21 years that Schembechler was head coach. Hanlon was the team's offensive line coach for 17 years (1969–1981, 1988–1991) and the quarterback coach for six years (1982–1987). He was credited with developing 19 All-American offensive linemen at Michigan, including Dan Dierdorf, Reggie McKenzie, Jumbo Elliott and Greg Skrepenak.

In 1992, Hanlon retired from coaching, announcing that he wished to spend more time with his family.^[6][7] At the time of his retirement from coaching, Hanlon was appointed as the University of Michigan's assistant director of development and alumni relations.^[8] Hanlon also served as the color commentator on WJR's radio broadcasts of University of Michigan football games during the 1993, 1994 and 1995 seasons.^[9]

Later years[link]

In 1997, Hanlon was inducted into the "Cradle of Coaches" Association.^[2]

Hanlon maintained a close friendship with Schembechler after the two retired from coaching. Detroit Free Press columnist Mitch Albom wrote that Hanlon was with Schembechler when Bo spoke to the Michigan football team shortly before he died in 2006. Albom wrote about the relationship between the two coaches:

"Hanlon was one of the assistants who came from Miami (Ohio) when Bo was hired to take over the Wolverines. He was beside Bo every game of the coach's tenure in Ann Arbor. Like other members of Bo's universe, it seems he has, over the years, come to walk like Bo, even look like Bo. Two days ago, he dropped by Schembechler's office and chatted. Then he went with him to the locker room for Bo's last address to the team. It would turn out to be the last time he saw him. 'Bo told me he was having trouble breathing,' Hanlon said. 'But he was going anyhow. In the locker room, Lloyd asked him if he wanted a stool. He said 'Hell, no, I don't want any stool.' ' Hanlon said Bo's address was moving and inspiring and all about the team."^[10]

As of 2005, Hanlon was living in Ann Arbor. He told a reporter at the time, "I still live in the same house I moved into in 1969. I couldn't afford to move in, and now I can't afford to move out."^[5]

References[link]