Naming taboo is a cultural taboo against speaking or writing the given names of exalted persons in China and neighboring nations in the ancient Chinese cultural sphere.

Kinds of naming taboo[link]

• The naming taboo of the state (国讳; 國諱) discouraged the use of the emperor's given name and those of his ancestors. For example, during the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang's given name Zheng (政) was avoided, and the first month of the year "Zheng Yue" (政月: the administrative month) was rewritten into "Zheng Yue" (正月: the upright month) and furthermore renamed as "Duan Yue" (端月: the proper/upright month). The character 正 was also pronounced with a different tone (zhèng to zhēng) to avoid any similarity. Generally, ancestor names going back to seven generations were avoided. The strength of this taboo was reinforced by law; transgressors could expect serious punishment for writing an emperor's name without modifications. In 1777, Wang Xihou (王錫侯) in his dictionary criticized the Kangxi dictionary and wrote the Qianlong Emperor's name without leaving out any stroke as required. These disrespects resulted in his and his family's executions and confiscation of their property.^[1]

• The naming taboo of the clan (家讳; 家諱) discouraged the use of the names of one's own ancestors. In diplomatic documents and letters between clans, each clan's naming taboos were observed.

• The naming taboo of the holinesses (圣人讳; 聖人諱) discouraged the use of the names of respected people. For example, writing Confucius' name was taboo during the Jin Dynasty.

Methods to avoid offence[link]

Avoidance of naming taboo: Example of omitting a stroke. The last stroke of each character of Kangxi Emperor's given name "玄" (xuán) and "燁" (yè) is omitted.

There were three ways to avoid using a taboo character:

• Changing the character to another one which usually was a synonym or sounded like the character being avoided. For example, the Xuanwu Gate (玄武門：the Black Warrior Gate) of the Forbidden City was renamed as "Shenwu" (神武門：Gate of Divine Might) in order to avoid the Kangxi Emperor's name Xuanye (玄燁).
• Leaving the character as a blank.
• Omitting a stroke in the character, especially the final stroke.

Compare to the writing of G-d or L-rd in Judaism.

Naming taboo in history[link]

Throughout Chinese history, there were emperors whose names contained common characters who would try to alleviate the burden of the populace in practicing name avoidance. For example, Emperor Xuan of Han, whose given name Bingyi (病已) contained two very common characters, changed his name to Xun (詢), a far less common character, with the stated purpose of making it easier for his people to avoid using his name.^[2] Similarly, Emperor Taizong of Tang, whose given name Shimin (世民) also contained two very common characters, ordered that name avoidance only required the avoidance of the characters Shi and Min in direct succession and that it did not require the avoidance of those characters in isolation. However, his son Emperor Gaozong of Tang effectively made this edict of Emperor Taizong ineffective after his death by requiring the complete avoidance of the characters Shi and Min, necessitating the chancellor Li Shiji to change his name to Li Ji.^[3]

The custom of naming taboo had a built-in contradiction: without knowing what the emperors' names were one could hardly be expected to avoid them, so somehow the emperors' names had to be informally transmitted to the populace to allow them to learn them in order to avoid them. In one famous incident in 435, during the Northern Wei Dynasty, Goguryeo ambassadors made a formal request that the imperial government issue them a document containing the emperors' names so that they could avoid offending the emperor while submitting their king's petition. Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei agreed and issued them such a document.^[4] However, the mechanism of how the regular populace would be able to learn the emperors' names remained generally unclear throughout Chinese history.

Since every reign of every dynasty had its own naming taboos, the study of naming taboos can help date an ancient text.

In Vietnam, the family name Hoàng (黄) was changed to Huỳnh in the South due to the naming taboo of Lord Nguyễn Hoàng's name. Similarly, the family name "Vũ" is known as "Võ" in the South.

See also[link]

• Names of God in Judaism, similar taboo

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• 陳垣 (Chen Yuan)，《史諱舉例》 (Examples of Taboos in History) - the pioneering work in the field, written during the early 20th century, numerous editions

Mike Posner
Mike Posner, July 2010.
Background information
Birth name	Michael Robert Posner
Born	(1988-02-12) February 12, 1988 (age 24) Southfield, Michigan, U.S.
Origin	Detroit, Michigan, United States
Genres	R&B, dance, electronic, hip hop
Occupations	Singer, songwriter
Years active	2007–present
Labels	J, RCA
Associated acts	Big Sean, Lil Wayne, Cher Lloyd, Your Favorite Martian, Justin Bieber
Website	mikeposner.com

Michael Robert "Mike" Posner (born February 12, 1988) is an American singer, songwriter, and producer.^[1] Posner released his debut album, 31 Minutes to Takeoff, on August 10, 2010. The album includes the Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 single "Cooler Than Me," his second single, "Please Don't Go," as well as his third single, "Bow Chicka Wow Wow". As of 2012, he is the ambassador of Reebok Classic's RealFlex range.^[2]

Early life and education[link]

Posner was born and raised in Southfield, Michigan.^[3][4] His father, a criminal defense attorney, is Jewish, and his mother is Catholic.^[5][6] Posner attended and graduated from Groves High School, where he ran varsity track and cross-country, and went on to attend Duke University. There, Posner went Sigma Nu^[7] and graduated in 2010 with a degree in sociology and a certificate in markets and management, with an overall GPA of 3.59.^[3][4][8]

Career[link]

2008–2009: Musical beginnings[link]

Manager Daniel Weisman of Elitaste Inc. first heard about Mike Posner in 2008 when Jared Evan manager Saytum passed on some tracks Posner had created for Weisman's then client Wale.^[9] Weisman got in touch with Posner and, impressed by songs including "Cooler Than Me", began an informal mentoring relationship with the artist over iChat.^[9] The association was made official in early 2009 after Posner's second mixtape, A Matter of Time (the first mixtape being Reflections of a Lost Teen) started attracting industry attention.^[9] Working with Don Cannon and DJ Benzi, the mixtape was released from his dorm room at Duke University in March 2009 under the name, "Mike Posner & the Brain Trust," the Brain Trust referring to Posner's supporters.^[10] The release was unusual for being distributed for free through iTunes U, a channel designed for educational audio content. Although Posner was not the only artist to take advantage of this loophole, his release was the most organised and high profile, and attracted the largest response, immediately reaching the number one position on the iTunes U chart, thanks to his manager Saytum.^[9]

In July 2009, Posner signed a deal with J Records (RCA/Sony).^[11] He chose to return to Duke after signing his record deal, and toured on the weekends while at the same time recording for his debut album.^[12][13][14] Posner's third mixtape One Foot Out the Door, hosted by Clinton Sparks, was released on October 27, 2009. The mixtape was accompanied by a web series also entitled One Foot Out the Door which aired bi-weekly from September 30, 2009 until December 2009.

[edit] 2010: 31 Minutes to Takeoff

31 Minutes to Takeoff, his debut album was released on August 10, 2010. The first single from the album, "Cooler Than Me," produced by Gigamesh, climbed the Billboard Hot 100 to reach No. 6^[15] before going on to attain global success.^[16] He performed at Bonnaroo and the 2010 Warped Tour where he was a crowd favorite. A second single, "Please Don't Go," was issued on July 20, 2010.

Posner performed on national television for the first time on the talk show Last Call with Carson Daly on October 27, 2009. He also performed his song "Cooler Than Me" on America's Got Talent on July 28, 2010. He performed on Live with Regis and Kelly on August 3, and on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on August 4. He performed "Cooler Than Me" on The Wendy Williams Show on August 5, 2010, and on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on August 9, 2010. Posner has collaborated with artists Lil Wayne, Bruno Mars, Wale, Big Sean, Bun B, We The Kings, Saigon, One Be Lo, Eric Holljes, Cher Lloyd, and 3OH!3. On February 1, 2011, Posner released a radio mix of "Bow Chicka Wow Wow" which included a new verse from Lil Wayne. He performed his song Bow Chicka Wow Wow live on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on April 19, 2011.

He has also covered many popular songs, including Beyoncé's "Halo," Adele's "Rolling in the Deep," Coldplay's "The Scientist" and Kanye West's Heartless.

Posner was nominated for a 2010 American Music Award (T-Mobile Breakthrough Artist), a 2010 MTV Europe Music Award (Push Artist) and won a 2011 ASCAP Award ("Cooler Than Me").

2011–present: Second album[link]

On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Posner (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release his future material on the RCA Records brand.^[17][18]

He provided vocals for X-Factor contestant Cher Lloyd's second single "With Ur Love",^[19] released on October 29, 2011.

"Looks Like Sex", the first single of his upcoming album titled Sky High, was released on December 2, 2011. On January 18, 2012, Posner collaborated with cartoon band Your Favorite Martian on the YouTube video, She Looks Like Sex^[20], a remix of "Looks Like Sex". His second single will be "Top of the World", produced by Diplo, which features Big Sean.^[21]

It was revealed on March 1, 2012 that Posner had collaborated with Justin Bieber to write the first single from Bieber's upcoming album Believe. The single is called "Boyfriend" and was released on March 26, 2012. He has also been working on Labrinth's album.^[22]

Discography[link]

• 31 Minutes to Takeoff (2010)
• Sky High (2012)^[23]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Recording Institute of Detroit Home Page