Deutsche Mark
German mark (English) Deutsche Mark (German) Gjerman Mark (Albanian) Немачкa марка (Serbian)
5 DM to 1000 DM Banknotes 1 pf to 5 DM Coins
ISO 4217 code	DEM
Central bank	Deutsche Bundesbank
Website	www.bundesbank.de
Official user(s)	Germany Trizone (1948–1949)  West Germany (1949–1990) West Berlin (1949–1990)  East Germany (July–October 1990) Kosovo (1998–2002)
Unofficial user(s)	Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1998) Montenegro (1999–2002)
Inflation	1,4%, December 2001
ERM
Since	13 March 1979
Fixed rate since	31 December 1998
Replaced by €, non cash	1 January 1999
Replaced by €, cash	1 January 2002/28 February 2002
€ =	1.95583 DM
Pegged by	Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, Bulgarian lev at par
Subunit
1/100	Pfennig
Symbol	DM
Pfennig	pf
Plural	Mark
Pfennig	Pfennig
Coins
Freq. used	1 pf, 2 pf, 5 pf, 10 pf, 50 pf, DM 1, DM 2, DM 5
Rarely used	DM 10
Banknotes
Freq. used	DM 10, DM 20, DM 50, DM 100, DM 200
Rarely used	DM 5, DM 500, DM 1000
Printer	Several, click to Bundesdruckerei Giesecke & Devrient
Website	Several, click to Bundesdruckerei Giesecke & Devrient
Mint	Several, click to Bayerisches Hauptmünzamt, Munich (Mint mark: D) Hamburgische Münze (J) Staatliche Münze Berlin (A) Staatliche Münze Karlsruhe (G) Staatliche Münze Stuttgart (F)
Website	Several, click to Munich mint Hamburg mint Berlin mint Karlsruhe-Stuttgart mints
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

The  Deutsche Mark (help·info) (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈmaʁk], German mark, abbreviated "DM") was the official currency of West Germany (1948–1990) and Germany (1990–2002) until the adoption of the euro in 2002. It is commonly called the "Deutschmark" in English but not in German. Germans often say  "Mark" (help·info) or  "D-Mark" (help·info). It was first issued under Allied occupation in 1948 replacing the Reichsmark, and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year until 1999, when the mark was replaced by the euro; its coins and banknotes remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins in early 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contrast to the other Eurozone nations, where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months. Mark coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 28 February 2002.

The Deutsche Bundesbank has guaranteed that all German marks in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so at any branch of the Bundesbank in Germany. Banknotes can even be sent to the bank by mail.^[1]

On 31 December 1998, the European Central Bank (ECB) fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for German mark to euros as DM 1.95583 = €1.^[2]

One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 pfennigs.

Before 1871[link]

A mark had been the currency of Germany since its original unification in 1871. Before that time, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16 2/3 grams of pure silver. Although the mark was based on gold rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the mark of 3 marks = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion.

1873–1948[link]

The first mark, known as the Goldmark, was introduced in 1873. With the outbreak of World War I, the mark was taken off the gold standard. The currency thus became known as the Papiermark, especially as high inflation, then hyperinflation occurred and the currency became exclusively made up of paper money. The Papiermark was replaced by the Rentenmark (RM) from November 15, 1923, and the Reichsmark (RM) in 1924.

Early military occupation 1945–1947[link]

During the first two years of occupation the occupying powers of France, United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union were not able to successfully negotiate a possible currency reform in Germany. Due to the strains between the Allies each zone was governed independently as regards monetary matters. The US occupation policy was governed by the directive JCS 1067 (in effect until July 1947), which forbade the US military governor "to take any steps to strengthen German financial structure".^[3] As a consequence a separate monetary reform in the U.S. zone was not possible.^[3] Each of the Allies printed its own occupation currency.

Currency reform of June 1948[link]

The Deutsche Mark was introduced on Sunday, June 20, 1948 by Ludwig Erhard. The old Reichsmark and Rentenmark were exchanged for the new currency at a rate of DM 1 = RM 1 for the essential currency such as wages, payment of rents etc., and DM 1 = RM 10 for the remainder in private non-bank credit balances, with half frozen. Large amounts were exchanged for RM 10 to 65 pfennigs. In addition, each person received a per capita allowance of DM 60 in two parts, the first being DM 40 and the second DM 20.^[4]

A few weeks later Erhard, acting against orders, issued an edict abolishing many economic controls which had been originally implemented by the Nazis, and which the Allies had not removed. He did this, as he often confessed, on Sunday because the offices of the American, British, and French occupation authorities were closed that day. He was sure that if he had done it when they were open, they would have countermanded the order.^[5]

The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect western Germany from a second wave of hyperinflation and to stop the rampant barter and black market trade (where American cigarettes acted as currency). Although the new currency was initially only distributed in the three western occupation zones outside Berlin, the move angered the Soviet authorities, who regarded it as a threat. The Soviets promptly cut off all road, rail and canal links between the three western zones and West Berlin, starting the Berlin Blockade. In response, the U.S. and Britain launched an airlift of food and coal and distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well.

Economics of 1948 currency reform[link]

Since the 1930s, prices and wages had been controlled, but money had been plentiful. That meant that people had accumulated large paper assets, and that official prices and wages did not reflect reality, as the black market dominated the economy and more than half of all transactions were taking place unofficially. The reform replaced the old money with the new Deutsche Mark at the rate of one new per ten old. This wiped out 90% of government and private debt, as well as private savings. Prices were decontrolled, and labor unions agreed to accept a 15% wage increase, despite the 25% rise in prices. The result was the prices of German export products held steady, while profits and earnings from exports soared and were poured back into the economy. The currency reforms were simultaneous with the $1.4 billion in Marshall Plan money coming in from the United States, which primarily was used for investment. In addition, the Marshall plan forced German companies, as well as those in all of Western Europe, to modernize their business practices, and take account of the wider market. Marshall plan funding overcame bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls (which were removed in 1949), and opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports. Overnight, consumer goods appeared in the stores, because they could be sold for realistic prices, emphasizing to Germans that their economy had turned a corner.^[6][7]

Currency reform in the Soviet occupation zone[link]

In the Soviet occupation zone of Germany (later the German Democratic Republic), the East German mark (also named "Deutsche Mark" from 1948–1964 and colloquially referred to as the Ostmark) was introduced a few days afterwards in the form of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes with adhesive stamps to stop the flooding in of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes from the West. In July 1948, a completely new series of East German mark banknotes was issued.

[edit] Bank deutscher Länder and the Deutsche Bundesbank

Later in 1948, the Bank deutscher Länder assumed responsibility, followed in 1957 by the Deutsche Bundesbank. The Deutsche Mark earned a reputation as a strong store of value at times when other national currencies succumbed to periods of inflation. It became a source of national pride and an anchor for the country's economic prosperity, particularly during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder in the 1950s. In the 1990s, opinion polls showed a majority of Germans opposed to the adoption of the euro; polls today show a significant number would prefer to return to the mark.

Currency Union with the Saarland[link]

The population in the Saar Protectorate rejected in a referendum the proposal to turn it into a "European territory". Despite French pre-referendum claims that a "no" vote would mean that the Saar would remain a French protectorate it in fact resulted in the incorporation of the Saar into the Federal Republic of Germany on January 1, 1957. The new German member state of the Saarland maintained its currency, the Saar franc, which was in a currency union at par with the French franc. On July 9, 1959 the Deutsche Mark replaced the Saar franc at a ratio of 100 Francs = DM 0.8507.

German reunification[link]

The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the reunification of Germany. It was introduced as the official currency of East Germany in July 1990, replacing the East German Mark (Mark der DDR), in preparation for unification on 3 October 1990. East German marks were exchanged for German marks at a rate of 1:1 for the first 4000 Marks and 2:1 for larger amounts. Before reunification, each citizen of East Germany coming to West Germany was given Begrüßungsgeld, greeting money, a per capita allowance of DM 100 in cash. The government of Germany, and the Bundesbank were in major disagreement over the exchange rate between the East German mark and the German mark.

France and the United Kingdom were opposed to German reunification, and attempted to influence the Soviet Union to stop it.^[8] However, in late 1989 France extracted German commitment to the Monetary Union in return for support for German reunification.^[9]

Stability of the German mark[link]

The German mark had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of the Bundesbank. The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy was the foundation of the European Central Bank's present policy towards the euro. The German mark's stability was greatly apparent in 1993, when speculation on the French franc and other European currencies caused a change in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. However, it should be remembered that "hard" is relative only if it is compared to other currencies, as in its 53 year history, the purchasing power of the German mark was reduced by over 70%.

Coins[link]

The first German mark coins were issued by the Bank deutscher Länder in 1948 and 1949. From 1950, the inscription Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) appeared on the coins.

	Denomination	Dates issued	Composition	Obverse[10]	Reverse
	1 Pfennig	1948–2001	1948–1949: Bronze-plated steel 1950–2001: Copper-plated steel	Denomination between rye stalks	Oak sprig
	2 Pfennig	1950–2001	1950–1968: Bronze 1968–2001: Bronze-plated steel	Denomination between rye stalks	Oak sprig
	5 Pfennig	1949–2001	Brass-plated steel	Denomination between rye stalks	Oak sprig
	10 Pfennig	1949–2001	Brass-plated steel	Denomination between rye stalks	Oak sprig
	50 Pfennig	1949–2001	Cupro-nickel	Denomination	Woman planting an oak seedling[11]
	DM 1	1950–2001	Cupro-nickel	Denomination between oak leaves	German eagle
	DM 2	1951, 1957–2001	Cupro-nickel	1951: Denomination between rye stalks and grapes[12] 1957–1971: Max Planck 1969–1987: Konrad Adenauer 1970–1987: Theodor Heuss 1979–2001: Kurt Schumacher 1988–2001: Ludwig Erhard 1990–1994: Franz Josef Strauß 1994–2001: Willy Brandt	German eagle
	DM 5	1951–2001	1951–1974: Silver 1975–2001: Cupro-nickel	Denomination	German eagle
10 Deutsche Mark	DM 10	1987–2001	1987–2001: Silver	Varies	German eagle, different designs[13]

The weights and dimensions of the coins can be found in an FAQ of the Bundesbank.^[14]

Unlike other countries (such as Australia) there was no attempt (or proposal suggested) for the withdrawal of the one and two pfennig coins. Both coins were still in circulation in 2001 and supermarkets in particular still marked prices to the pfennig. This penchant for accuracy continues with the euro (whilst Finland or the Netherlands for example, price to the nearest 5 cents) with the cent still encountered in Germany.

There were a considerable number of commemorative silver DM 5 and DM 10 coins, which actually had the status of legal tender but were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles.

Obverse view of the 2001 special gold issue of the DM 1 coin

On 27 December 2000, the German government enacted a law authorizing the Bundesbank to issue, in 2001, a special .999 pure gold 1 Deutsche Mark coin commemorating the end of the German mark. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel DM 1 coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which read "Deutsche Bundesbank" (instead of "Bundesrepublik Deutschland"), as the Bundesbank was the issuing authority in this case. A total of one million gold German mark coins were minted (200,000 at each of the five mints) and were sold beginning in mid-2001 through German coin dealers on behalf of the Bundesbank. The issue price varied by dealer but averaged approximately 165 United States dollars.

German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. D indicates Munich, F Stuttgart, G Karlsruhe and J Hamburg. Coins minted during the Second World War include the mint marks A (Berlin) and B (Vienna). The mint mark A was also used for German mark coins minted in Berlin beginning in 1990 following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on the German euro coins.

Between July 1, 1990 (Currency union with East Germany) and July 1, 1991 East German coins in denominations up to 50 pfennigs continued to circulate as Deutsche Mark coins at their face value, owing to a temporary shortage of small coins. These coins were legal tender only in the territory of the former East Germany.

Colloquial expression[link]

In colloquial German the 10 pfennig coin was sometimes called a groschen (cf. groat). Likewise, sechser (sixer) could refer to a coin of 5 pfennigs. Both colloquialisms refer to several pre-1871 currencies of the previously independent Länder (notably Prussia), where a groschen was subdivided into 12 pfennigs, hence half a Groschen into 6. After 1871, 12 pfennigs of old currency would be converted into 10 pfennigs of the mark, hence 10 pfennig coins inherited the "groschen" name and 5 pfennig coins inherited the "sechser" name. Both usages are only regional and may not be understood in areas where a groschen coin did not exist before 1871. In particular, the usage of "sechser" is less widespread. In northern Germany the 5-Mark coin used to be also called "Heiermann" (etymology is unclear).

Banknotes[link]

There were four series of German mark banknotes:

• The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of ½, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 marks, with two designs of 20 and 50 marks notes.
• The second series was introduced in 1948 by the Bank deutscher Länder, an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to the US Dollar and French franc, as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between the Bank of France and the American Bank Note Company. There were denominations of 5 and 10 pfennigs, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 marks.
• The third series was introduced in 1960 by the Bundesbank, depicting neutral symbols, paintings by the German painter Albrecht Dürer, and buildings. There were 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 mark denominations.
• The fourth was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances in forgery technology. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a 200 mark denomination, to decrease the use of 100 mark banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the DM 100 and DM 500 denomination.

The notes with a value greater than 200 marks were rarely seen.

Banknotes of the fourth series[link]

A 10 Deutsche Mark banknote from Germany 1999 showing Carl Friedrich Gauss

The design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During this period, forgery technology made significant advances and so, in the late 1980s, the Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a DM 200 denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e.g., place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.

The new security features were: a windowed security-thread (with the notes' denominations in microprinting), watermark, micro-printing, intaglio-printing (viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as a Braille representation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the DM 500 and 1000 denominations), a see-through register and ultraviolet-visible security features.

First to be issued were the DM 100 and 200 denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "Frankfurt am Main, 2. Januar 1989"). The next denomination was DM 10 on 16 April 1991, followed by DM 50 on 30 September 1991.^[15] Next was the DM 20 note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the 5, 500, and 1000 mark denominations on 27 October 1992. The last three denominations were rarely seen in circulation and were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (50, 100, and 200 marks) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the new €5, €10, and €20 banknotes), and the EURion constellation on the note's reverse. Furthermore, the colours were changed a bit to pastel to hamper counterfeiting.

1989 Series [2]

Image		Value	€ equiv.	Dimensions	Main Colour	Description			Date of
Obverse	Reverse					Obverse	Reverse	Watermark	first printing	issue	withdrawal	lapse
		DM 5	2.56	122 × 62 mm	Yellowish-green	Bettina von Arnim, Wiepersdorf estate and buildings of historic Berlin, Horn (symbolizing Des Knaben Wunderhorn)	Brandenburg Gate, Script from Bettina von Arnim's correspondence with Goethe ("Briefwechsel mit einem Kinde")	As portrait	1 August 1991	27 October 1992	31 December 2001	Indefinite
		DM 10	5.11	130 × 65 mm	Blue-violet	Carl Friedrich Gauss, Gaussian distribution, historic buildings of Göttingen	Sextant, a small map showing the triangulation of the Kingdom of Hanover performed by Gauss		2 January 1989	16 April 1991
		DM 20	10.23	138 × 68 mm	Bluish-green	Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, buildings of the city of Meersburg	A quill pen and a beech-tree, referring to her work Die Judenbuche (the Jews' Beech)		1 August 1991	20 March 1992
		DM 50	25.56	146 × 71 mm	Yellowish-brown	Balthasar Neumann, buildings of Old Würzburg, an architect's ruler	Partial view of the stairway in the Würzburg Residence, the ground plan of a famous chapel, Kreuzkapelle, in Kitzingen		2 January 1989	30 September 1991[citation needed]
		DM 100	51.13	154 × 74 mm	Dark blue	Clara Schumann from a lithograph by Andreas Staub, buildings of historic Leipzig and a lyre	Grand piano, Background: the pre-war building of the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main			1 October 1990[citation needed]
		DM 200	102.26	162 × 77 mm	Orange	Paul Ehrlich, buildings of historic Frankfurt, the formula of Arsphenamine	Microscope, the Rod of Asclepius surrounded by simplified cell structures
		DM 500	255.65	170 × 80 mm	Red-violet	Anna Maria Sibylla Merian, an insect, buildings of ancient Nuremberg	Dandelion, inchworm, butterfly		1 August 1991	27 October 1992
		DM 1000	511.29	178 × 83 mm	Dark-brown	Wilhelm and Jakob Grimm, buildings of historic Kassel	The 'German dictionary' (Deutsches Wörterbuch), the Royal library in Berlin
Hologram variant
		DM 50	25.56	As previous					2 January 1996	2 February 1998	31 December 2001	Indefinite
		DM 100	51.13							1 August 1997
		DM 200	102.26

Spelling and pronunciation[link]

The German name of the currency is Deutsche Mark (fem., German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈmaʁk]); its plural form in standard German is the same as the singular. In German, the adjective "deutsche" (adjective for "German" in feminine singular nominative form) is capitalized because it is part of a proper name, while the noun "Mark", like all German nouns, is always capitalized. The English loanword "Deutschmark" had a slightly different spelling (possibly due to the frequency of silent e in English) and a plural form in -s. In Germany, the currency's name was often abbreviated as D-Mark (fem., [ˈdeːmaʁk]) or simply Mark (fem.) with the latter term also often used in English. Like Deutsche Mark, D-Mark and Mark have no plural form, the singular being used to refer to any amount of money (e.g. eine (one) Mark and dreißig (thirty) Mark). Sometimes, a plural form of Mark, Märker [ˈmɛʁkɐ] was used as either as diminutive form or to refer to a (physically present or small) number of D-Mark coins or bills (e.g. Gib mir mal ein paar Märker (Just give me a few Mark (-bills or -coins)) and Die lieben Märker wieder (The lovely money again (with an ironic undertone)).

The subdivision unit is spelled Pfennig (masc.; [ˈpfɛnɪç]), which unlike Mark does have a commonly used plural form: Pfennige ([ˈpfɛnɪɡə]), but the singular could also be used instead with no difference in meaning. (e.g.: ein (one) Pfennig, dreißig (thirty) Pfennige or dreißig (thirty) Pfennig). The official form is singular.

Reserve currency[link]

Before the switch to the euro, the mark was considered a major international reserve currency, second only to the United States dollar.

See also[link]

• German euro coins
• List of commemorative coins of the Federal Republic of Germany
• German Papiermark and Notgeld
• German Reichsmark
• Economy of Germany

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Deutsche Mark

• Coins of the Third Reich
• Overview of German Mark from BBC online
• Historical US Dollars to German Marks currency conversion, 1913-2005
• Coins 2

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Mark French (born 13 October 1984) is a retired Australian sprint cyclist. He started cycling competitively relatively late at the age of 15, in 1999. Born in Melbourne, Victoria, French lives in the Melbourne suburb of Elwood.

Drug scandal[link]

French is most recognised for the 2004 scandal where he was accused of taking drugs, after cleaners found 13 ampoules labelled EquiGen (equine-derived growth hormone, an illegal doping agent), syringes and vitamins outside his boarding room at the Australian Institute of Sport.^[1] On testing some of the syringes were found to contain the EquiGen hormone.^[1]

At his drugs hearing before the Court of Arbitration for Sport French gave sworn evidence that named Shane Kelly, Sean Eadie, Jobie Dajka and Graeme Brown as riders who often injected vitamins and supplements in his room.^[1][2] Further French said that for months they injected themselves once or twice a week in room 121 at the Australian Institute of Sport.^[1] French was banned from cycling for two years after he was found to have taken and trafficked corticosteroid and equine growth hormone. No other cyclist were charged with drug offenses but Jobie Dajka was found to have lied in his evidence to the inquiry and was suspended and sent home from the 2004 pre-Olympic training camp.^[3]

French appealed and in July 2005 was cleared by the Court of Arbitration for Sport due to lack of evidence, and they also rescinded his lifetime ban from competing at the Olympics.^[4] The drugs scandal meant French missed competing at the 2004 Athens Olympics.^[5] French expressed anger at the cycling world and said "It wasn't until after the day after the decision got handed down with the appeal that I started enjoying life." ^[6]

Return to cycling[link]

After failing to qualify for the 2006 Commonwealth Games, French was successful in being selected in the Australian national team for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He achieved 4th and 13th in the team and individual sprints, respectively.^[7] He retired after the Olympics and now works as a personal trainer.

Defamation actions[link]

In December 2008 French was awarded a $350,000 payout after being defamed by James Brayshaw and Tim Smith who branded French as a "dirty, stinking, dobbing cyclist" by radio station Triple M.^[8]

In March 2010 French was awarded $175,000 in a successful defamation action against The Herald and Weekly Times over allegations that were similar to those raised by Triple M.^[9]

Palmarés[link]

References[link]