It has been suggested that Environmental issues in Siachen be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2012.

Siachen Glacier सियाचिन ग्लेशियर سیاچن گلیشیر
Satellite imagery of the Siachen Glacier
Type	Mountain glacier
Location	Kashmir (Disputed between India and Pakistan)[1][2][3]
Coordinates	35°25′16″N 77°06′34″E / 35.421226°N 77.109540°E / 35.421226; 77.109540Coordinates: 35°25′16″N 77°06′34″E / 35.421226°N 77.109540°E / 35.421226; 77.109540
Length	70 km (43 mi)

The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains at about 35°25′16″N 77°06′34″E / 35.421226°N 77.109540°E / 35.421226; 77.109540, just north of the Line of Control between India and Pakistan.^[4] At 70 km (43 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas.^[5] It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its head at Indira Col on the China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft) at its terminus.

The Siachen Glacier lies immediately south of the great watershed that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the "Third Pole". The glacier lies between the Saltoro Ridge immediately to the west and the main Karakoram range to the east. The Saltoro Ridge originates in the north from the Sia Kangri peak on the China border in the Karakoram range. The crest of the Saltoro Ridge's altitudes range from 5,450 to 7,720 m (17,880 to 25,330 feet). The major passes on this ridge are, from north to south, Sia La at 5,589 m (18,336 ft), Bilafond La at 5,450 m (17,880 ft), and Gyong La at 5,689 m (18,665 ft). The average winter snowfall is 10.5 m (35 ft) and temperatures can dip to −50 °C (−58 °F). Including all tributary glaciers, the Siachen Glacier system covers about 700 km² (270 sq mi).

Both India and Pakistan claim sovereignty over the entire Siachen region.^[4] In 1984, India launched a successful military operation and has since maintained control over all of the Siachen Glacier and its tributaries.^[4][6] Between 1984 and 1999, frequent skirmishes took place between India and Pakistan.^[7] However, more soldiers have died in Siachen from harsh weather conditions than from combat.^[8] Both India and Pakistan continue to deploy thousands of troops in Siachen and attempts to demilitarize the region have been so far unsuccessful.^[9][10] Aside from the Indian and Pakistani military presence, the glacier region is unpopulated. The nearest civilian settlement is the village of Warshi, 10 miles downstream from the Indian base camp.^[11] The region is also highly remote with limited road connectivity. On the Indian side, roads go only as far as the military base camp at Dzingrulma at 35°09′59″N 77°12′58″E / 35.1663°N 77.2162°E / 35.1663; 77.2162, 72 km from the top of the glacier.^[12] The Indian Army has developed various means to reach the Siachen region, including the Delhi-Manali-Leh-Siachen route.

Geography[link]

Naming[link]

"Sia" in the Balti language refers to the rose family plant widely dispersed in the region. "Chun" references any object found in abundance. Thus the name Siachen refers to a land with an abundance of roses. The naming of the glacier itself, or at least its currency, is attributed to Tom Longstaff.

Melting[link]

Siachen glacier is a source to Nubra river which later joins Shyok river.

The glacier's melting waters are the main source of the Nubra River in India Ladakh, which drains into the Shyok River. The Shyok in turn joins the Indus River; thus, the glacier is a major source of the Indus. Military presence since 1984 has played a factor in primarily pollution but also melting on the glacier; in order to facilitate the troops, glacial ice has been cut and melted through application of chemical. The glacier is receding at a rate of 110 meters per year.^[13]

Border conflict[link]

United Nations map of Line of Control between India and Pakistan. The Siachen Glacier area's sovereignty was not defined in the 1972 Simla Agreement.

The glacier's region is the highest battleground on Earth, where India and Pakistan have fought intermittently since April 1984. Both countries maintain a permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 m (20,000 ft).

Both India and Pakistan have wished to disengage from the costly military outposts. However, after the Pakistani incursions during the Kargil War in 1999, India abandoned plans to withdraw from Siachen without official recognition of the current line of control by Pakistan, wary of further Pakistani incursions if they vacate the Siachen Glacier posts without such recognition.

During her tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto became the first premier from either side to visit the Siachen region when she went to the area west of Gyong La. On 12 June 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, during which he called for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In the previous year, the President of India, Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area.

India-based Jet Airways plans to open a chartered service to the glacier's nearest airlink, the Thoise airbase, mainly for military purposes. Pakistan International Airlines flies tourists and trekkers daily to Skardu, which is the jumping off point for K2, the world's second highest peak 33 km (21 mi) northwest of the Siachen area, although bad weather frequently grounds these scheduled flights.

Since September 2007, India has opened up limited mountaineering and trekking expeditions to the area. The first group included cadets from Chail Military School, National Defence Academy, National Cadet Corps, Indian Military Academy, Rashtriya Indian Military College and family members of armed forces officers. The expeditions are also meant to show to the international audience that Indian troops hold "almost all dominating heights" on the key Saltoro Ridge and to show that Pakistani troops are not within 15 km of the main 70 km-long Siachen Glacier.^[14] Ignoring protests from Pakistan, India maintains that it does not need anyone's approval to send trekkers to Siachen, in what it says is essentially its own territory.^[15] In addition, the Indian Army's Army Mountaineering Institute (AMI) functions out of the region.

On 7 April 2012, an avalanche hit a Pakistani military camp situated at Giyari Sector in the Siachen region, 30 km west of the Siachen Glacier terminus, burying at least 124 Pakistani soldiers and 11 civilians.

See also[link]

• Sia La
• Bilafond La
• Gyong La
• List of glaciers
• Actual Ground Position Line
• Environmental issues in Siachen

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Myra MacDonald (2008) Heights of Madness: One Woman's Journey in Pursuit of a Secret War, Rupa, New Delhi ISBN 8129112922. The first full account of the Siachen war to be told from the Indian and Pakistani sides.
• V. R. Raghavan, Siachen: Conflict Without End, Viking, New Delhi, 2002
• TIME Asia's cover story on Siachen Glacier (July 11, 2005)
• Kunal Verma / Rajiv Williams, The Long Road to Siachen: the Question Why, Rupa & Co., New Delhi, 2010
• Analysis: Peace may return to Siachen – The Washington Times
• Siachen by Arshad H Abbasi

External links[link]

• Names of persons buried under snow slide in Gayari sector near Skardu
• Video about the Conflict in the Siachen area and its consequences
• Siachen Peace Park Initiative
• Blankonthemap The Northern Kashmir WebSite
• Outside magazine article about Siachen battleground
• BBC News report: Nuclear rivals in Siachen talks; 26 May 2005
• Siachen – A War for ice – An awarded documentary on the Siachen War
• Bharat Rakshak

Harish Kapadia (Born 11 July 1945) is a distinguished Himalayan Mountaineer from India. He has been awarded the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographic Society, UK and the Life Time Achievement Award for Adventure by the President of India and the King Albert Mountain Award presented by The King Albert I Memorial Foundation. He has written numerous books and articles on the Indian Himalaya.

He began climbing and trekking in the range around Bombay, the Western Ghats. His first visit to the Himalaya was almost 40 years ago^[when?]. His main contribution to Himalayan climbing has been to explore unknown areas and, in number of cases, to open up climbing possibilities. Some of his major ascents have been of Devtoli (6788 m), Bandarpunch West (6102 m), Parilungbi (6166 m), in 1995, Lungser Kangri (6666 m) the highest peak of Rupshu in Ladakh. He led five international joint expeditions, four with the British and two with the French, to high peaks, such as Rimo I (7385 m), Chong Kumdan Kangri I (7071 m), Sudarshan Parbat, and the Panch Chuli and Rangrik Rang groups.

Earlier, in 1974 he fell in a crevasse at 6200 m, deep inside the formidable Nanda Devi Sanctuary. He was carried by his companions for 13 days to the base camp where a helicopter rescued him. He was operated for a dislocated hip-joint and had to spend two years walking on crutches. But that did not keep him out for too long and he has climbed for three decades after the injury.

Kapadia has a degree in Commerce, Law and Management from Bombay University and he is a cloth merchant by profession. He has published twelve books. His Trek The Sahyadris has now become a standard reference for all trekkers in the Western Ghats. His other books, Exploring the Hidden Himalaya (with Soli Mehta) and High Himalaya Unknown Valleys and Meeting The Mountains cover his various trips to the Himalaya, while Spiti Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya, covers climbing and trekking in that region. He has been the editor of the Himalayan Journal for the past 28 years, bringing the journal to international standards and continuing it as a major authentic reference on the range.

Kapadia has been elected an Honorary Member of the (British) Alpine Club. He was a Vice President of the Indian Mountaineering Foundation (1997–1999). He was awarded the IMF Gold Medal by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation in 1993. In 2003, the Queen approved the award of the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographic Society to him. He has been invited to many countries to lecture on his Himalayan exploits, and is a member of several organisations. He is married, and lives in Bombay.

His son Lt. Nawang Kapadia, who was commissioned on September 2, 2000 in the Fourth Battalion the Third Gorkha Rifles, died while fighting Pakistan based terrorists in the jungles of Rajwar in Kupwara district of Srinagar on 11 November 2000. Since then Harish Kapadia has taken to lecturing about this conflict, particularly in the Siachen Glacier. He has been discussing a proposal for a peace park for Siachen and cleaning up the environmental damage there.

Harish Kapadia has donated a substantial number of photographs and maps to the American Alpine Club and to the Swiss National Museum, which are setting up the Lt. Nawang Kapadia Collection. This is in addition to the Lt. Nawang Kapadia Library already in existence at the Himalayan Club.

His book, "Meeting The Mountains" is also seen while standing in line at Disney's Animal Kingdom for Expedition Everest. While passing through the line you pass through many glass cases displaying the history of mountains and at one point, you come across something that is supposed to look like an office and his book can be seen on the top bookshelf of this section.

Notable Climbs[link]

Total: Peaks climbed: 33, * First Ascents 21

• Jatropani (4071m)
• Ikulari (6059m)
• Bethartoli Himal South (6318m) (Garhwal)
• Shiti Dhar (5290m)(H.P.)
• Devtoli* (6788m)
• Kalabaland Dhura* (6105m)
• Koteshwar II* (5690m)(Garhwal)
• Yada (4115 m),
• Jalsu (4298 m) (H.P.)
• Lagma* (5761m),
• Zumto* (c.5800m)
• Tserip* (c.5980m)
• Kawu* (c.5910m) (Spiti)
• Kalanag(6387m)
• Bandarpunch West* (6102m) (Garhwal)
• Parilungbi (6166m)
• Runse* (6175m)
• Gyadung* (6160m)
• Geling* (c. 6100m)
• Lama Kyent* (c.6040m)
• Labrang* (c.5900m)(Spiti)
• Nandi* (5795m)(Garhwal)
• Laknis* (6235m)
• Chogam (6250m)
• Skyang (5770m) (East Karakoram)
• Panchali Chuli* (5220m)
• Draupadi* (5250m)(Kumaon)
• Khamengar (5760m)(Spiti)
• Mangla* (5800m)
• Kunda*(5240m)(Kinnaur)
• Lungser Kangri* (6666 m)
• Chhamser Kangri(6622m) (Ladakh)
• Bhagat Peak* (5650m) (Garhwal)

Exploration[link]

Major Explorations

Bibliography[link]

• Exploring the Hidden Himalaya
• Trek the Sahyadris
• High Himalaya Unknown Valleys
• Spiti Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya
• Meeting The Mountains
• Across Peaks and Passes in Kumaun
• Across Peaks and Passes in Garhwal
• Across Peaks and Passes in Himachal Pradesh
• Across Peaks and Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar and East Karakoram
• Across Peaks and Passes in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalaya
• A Passage to Himalaya (editor)
• Trekking and Climbing in Indian Himalaya

External links[link]

• Harish Kapadia
• Citation for lifetime achievement award pdf
• More about Harish Kapadia from Himal Association
• Lt. Nawang Kapadia
• Lt. Nawang Kapadia Map Library