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Rapist Discovers His Victim is HIV Positive
This Man May Have Exposed Over 300 People To HIV
HIV Replication 3D Medical Animation
Police say man exposed more than 300 people to HIV
The Puzzle Of HIV - Full Documentary
Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 1
My Experience: LIVING WITH HIV.. w/ Ken [Love, Stigma & Knowledge]
HIV symptoms, living w/ HIV
How I found out I was HIV Positive
The Day I Found Out I Was HIV Positive. (I'm From Rusk, TX) - True Gay Stories
Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 2
Documentary Women, Drugs, and HIV in Ukraine

Hiv

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Rapist Discovers His Victim is HIV Positive
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:09
  • Updated: 08 Sep 2013
--A rapist discovers his victim had HIV --On the Bonus Show: How satellites set their white balance, An independent phone network in Mexico, Animals may harbor 320,000 unknown viruses, more... http://www.davidpakman.com Become a Member: http://www.davidpakman.com/membership Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/davidpakmanshow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/davidpakmanshow TDPS Gear: http://www.davidpakman.com/gear 24/7 Voicemail Line: (219)-2DAVIDP Subscribe to The David Pakman Show for more: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=midweekpolitics Support TDPS by clicking (bookmark it too!) this link before shopping on Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/?tag=thedavpaksho-20 Broadcast on September 4, 2013
  • published: 08 Sep 2013
  • views: 2627
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/Rapist Discovers His Victim is HIV Positive
This Man May Have Exposed Over 300 People To HIV
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:10
  • Updated: 06 Sep 2013
David Mangum's has been charged with exposing his partner to the HIV virus. Diagnosed with HIV in 2003, David has had unprotected sex with hundreds of partners. Sources: CNN - http://bit.ly/1ejqrYw NY Daily News (Porn HIV) - http://nydn.us/19mHRjs Share This Video: http://youtu.be/Wq3xEDLisRA Channel Link: http://www.youtube.com/oneminutenews Follow Us on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/OneMinuteNews Like Us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/OneMinuteNews Follow Us on Tumblr: http://oneminutenews.tumblr.com Subscribe: http://bit.ly/Xlvm40 Host Twitter: Jim Pitt Harris http://www.twitter.com/JimPittHarris New Videos from Jim 3 Times a Day!
  • published: 06 Sep 2013
  • views: 260
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/This Man May Have Exposed Over 300 People To HIV
HIV Replication 3D Medical Animation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:13
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013
It is a very excellent animation which explains the hiv replication very clearly. For free download of this video please visit my webpage http://3dmed.wetpai...
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/HIV Replication 3D Medical Animation
Police say man exposed more than 300 people to HIV
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:09
  • Updated: 06 Sep 2013
CNN Legal Analyst Paul Callan explains the possible sentence for a man accused of exposing more than 300 people to HIV. More from CNN at http://www.cnn.com/
  • published: 06 Sep 2013
  • views: 1890
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/Police say man exposed more than 300 people to HIV
The Puzzle Of HIV - Full Documentary
  • Order:
  • Duration: 51:57
  • Updated: 18 Aug 2013
HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus was first discovered 30 years ago, so it rarely grabs space on the front pages these days. But it remains very much a de...
  • published: 22 Jan 2013
  • views: 13044
  • author: DigiComTV
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/The Puzzle Of HIV - Full Documentary
Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 1
  • Order:
  • Duration: 59:01
  • Updated: 18 Aug 2013
British writer and actor Stephen Fry reports on the shocking increase of new HIV-infected people in Britain and in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • published: 18 Jun 2013
  • views: 8281
  • author: bangle1
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 1
My Experience: LIVING WITH HIV.. w/ Ken [Love, Stigma & Knowledge]
  • Order:
  • Duration: 14:38
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013
My Experience: LIVING WITH HIV.. w/ Ken [Love, Stigma & Knowledge] Experience a story told by Ken from Chicago, IL His story, His journey & His LIFE! Ken's Y...
  • published: 28 Jun 2013
  • views: 8369
  • author: YoBoiNewnue
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/My Experience: LIVING WITH HIV.. w/ Ken [Love, Stigma & Knowledge]
HIV symptoms, living w/ HIV
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:08
  • Updated: 03 Aug 2013
Talking side affects, what it is like to live with HIV.
  • published: 08 Jan 2013
  • views: 16729
  • author: HIVchick
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/HIV symptoms, living w/ HIV
How I found out I was HIV Positive
  • Order:
  • Duration: 38:56
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013
If your comments are not supportive or doubt the very existence of HIV it will be flagged and removed. Please be respectful!!** Sorry for the length of the...
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/How I found out I was HIV Positive
The Day I Found Out I Was HIV Positive. (I'm From Rusk, TX) - True Gay Stories
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:03
  • Updated: 17 Aug 2013
More LGBTQ Stories: http://www.imfromdriftwood.com Help reduce the stigma of HIV/AIDS: http://www.thestigmaproject.com 24-year-old AIDS/LifeCycle rider Chris...
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/The Day I Found Out I Was HIV Positive. (I'm From Rusk, TX) - True Gay Stories
Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 2
  • Order:
  • Duration: 59:04
  • Updated: 17 Aug 2013
British writer and actor Stephen Fry reports on the shocking increase of new HIV-infected people in Britain and in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • published: 18 Jun 2013
  • views: 3367
  • author: bangle1
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 2
HIV = AIDS - Fact Or Fraud?
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:55:45
  • Updated: 18 Aug 2013
This production is the most inclusive expose of the HIV/AIDS fraud. It explains how the fraud began, how it is perpetuated, and who profits by it. The progra...
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/HIV = AIDS - Fact Or Fraud?
How I found out I was HIV Positive
  • Order:
  • Duration: 28:49
  • Updated: 15 Aug 2013
In this video John felt the need to debate a few issues discussed by Patrick in his video "Episode 8- Set The Record Straight / How To Support Someone Who is...
http://web.archive.org./web/20130924212220/http://wn.com/How I found out I was HIV Positive
  • Rapist Discovers His Victim is HIV Positive
    3:09
    Rapist Discovers His Victim is HIV Positive
  • This Man May Have Exposed Over 300 People To HIV
    1:10
    This Man May Have Exposed Over 300 People To HIV
  • HIV Replication 3D Medical Animation
    5:13
    HIV Replication 3D Medical Animation
  • Police say man exposed more than 300 people to HIV
    2:09
    Police say man exposed more than 300 people to HIV
  • The Puzzle Of HIV - Full Documentary
    51:57
    The Puzzle Of HIV - Full Documentary
  • Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 1
    59:01
    Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 1
  • My Experience: LIVING WITH HIV.. w/ Ken [Love, Stigma & Knowledge]
    14:38
    My Experience: LIVING WITH HIV.. w/ Ken [Love, Stigma & Knowledge]
  • HIV symptoms, living w/ HIV
    5:08
    HIV symptoms, living w/ HIV
  • How I found out I was HIV Positive
    38:56
    How I found out I was HIV Positive
  • The Day I Found Out I Was HIV Positive. (I'm From Rusk, TX) - True Gay Stories
    3:03
    The Day I Found Out I Was HIV Positive. (I'm From Rusk, TX) - True Gay Stories
  • Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 2
    59:04
    Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 2
  • Documentary Women, Drugs, and HIV in Ukraine
    34:59
    Documentary Women, Drugs, and HIV in Ukraine
  • HIV = AIDS - Fact Or Fraud?
    1:55:45
    HIV = AIDS - Fact Or Fraud?
  • How I found out I was HIV Positive
    28:49
    How I found out I was HIV Positive
--A rapist discovers his victim had HIV --On the Bonus Show: How satellites set their white balance, An independent phone network in Mexico, Animals may harbor 320,000 unknown viruses, more... http://www.davidpakman.com Become a Member: http://www.davidpakman.com/membership Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/davidpakmanshow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/davidpakmanshow TDPS Gear: http://www.davidpakman.com/gear 24/7 Voicemail Line: (219)-2DAVIDP Subscribe to The David Pakman Show for more: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=midweekpolitics Support TDPS by clicking (bookmark it too!) this link before shopping on Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/?tag=thedavpaksho-20 Broadcast on September 4, 2013
  • published: 08 Sep 2013
  • views: 2627

3:09
Rapist Dis­cov­ers His Vic­tim is HIV Pos­i­tive
--A rapist dis­cov­ers his vic­tim had HIV --On the Bonus Show: How satel­lites set their whi...
pub­lished: 08 Sep 2013
1:10
This Man May Have Ex­posed Over 300 Peo­ple To HIV
David Mangum's has been charged with ex­pos­ing his part­ner to the HIV virus. Di­ag­nosed with...
pub­lished: 06 Sep 2013
5:13
HIV Repli­ca­tion 3D Med­i­cal An­i­ma­tion
It is a very ex­cel­lent an­i­ma­tion which ex­plains the hiv repli­ca­tion very clear­ly. For free...
pub­lished: 03 Mar 2007
2:09
Po­lice say man ex­posed more than 300 peo­ple to HIV
CNN Legal An­a­lyst Paul Callan ex­plains the pos­si­ble sen­tence for a man ac­cused of ex­posin...
pub­lished: 06 Sep 2013
51:57
The Puz­zle Of HIV - Full Doc­u­men­tary
HIV, or Human Im­mun­od­e­fi­cien­cy Virus was first dis­cov­ered 30 years ago, so it rarely grabs...
pub­lished: 22 Jan 2013
au­thor: Digi­ComTV
59:01
Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 1
British writ­er and actor Stephen Fry re­ports on the shock­ing in­crease of new HIV-in­fect­ed ...
pub­lished: 18 Jun 2013
au­thor: ban­gle1
14:38
My Ex­pe­ri­ence: LIV­ING WITH HIV.. w/ Ken [Love, Stig­ma & Knowl­edge]
My Ex­pe­ri­ence: LIV­ING WITH HIV.. w/ Ken [Love, Stig­ma & Knowl­edge] Ex­pe­ri­ence a story told...
pub­lished: 28 Jun 2013
au­thor: YoBoiNewnue
5:08
HIV symp­toms, liv­ing w/ HIV
Talk­ing side af­fects, what it is like to live with HIV....
pub­lished: 08 Jan 2013
au­thor: HIVchick
38:56
How I found out I was HIV Pos­i­tive
If your com­ments are not sup­port­ive or doubt the very ex­is­tence of HIV it will be flagged ...
pub­lished: 06 Dec 2012
3:03
The Day I Found Out I Was HIV Pos­i­tive. (I'm From Rusk, TX) - True Gay Sto­ries
More LGBTQ Sto­ries: http://​www.​imfromdriftwood.​com Help re­duce the stig­ma of HIV/AIDS: htt...
pub­lished: 08 Jun 2012
59:04
Stephen Fry - HIV and Me - Part 2
British writ­er and actor Stephen Fry re­ports on the shock­ing in­crease of new HIV-in­fect­ed ...
pub­lished: 18 Jun 2013
au­thor: ban­gle1
34:59
Doc­u­men­tary Women, Drugs, and HIV in Ukraine
...
pub­lished: 12 Feb 2013
au­thor: zgang­doc
115:45
HIV = AIDS - Fact Or Fraud?
This pro­duc­tion is the most in­clu­sive ex­pose of the HIV/AIDS fraud. It ex­plains how the fr...
pub­lished: 05 Jan 2013
28:49
How I found out I was HIV Pos­i­tive
In this video John felt the need to de­bate a few is­sues dis­cussed by Patrick in his video ...
pub­lished: 24 May 2013
Youtube results:
6:20
My HIV Jour­ney Day 660: The Day I Was Pos­i­tive
This video is a re­sponse to a view­ers ques­tion about the day I was di­ag­nosed with HIV....
pub­lished: 27 Mar 2013
au­thor: aaron lax­ton
9:28
Un­der­stand­ing HIV Test­ing (Part 1 of 3)
Head­ed by Drs Rick and Anita Gutier­rez, the Bethel Health Builders or­gan­i­sa­tion in part­ner...
pub­lished: 22 Nov 2011
au­thor: HEAR­DUKZN
5:13
Hy­deia Broad­bent talks about grow­ing up with HIV/AIDS
Hy­deia Broad­bent, who be­came the face of child­hood HIV over 20 years ago, talks to CNN abo...
pub­lished: 04 Mar 2013
au­thor: CNN
5:56
Healed of HIV/AIDS | Eliz­a­beth Imoru
Healed of HIV/AIDS | Eliz­a­beth Imoru...
pub­lished: 07 Sep 2013
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
Kenyan Defense Forces leave the near vicinity of the Westgate Mall in Nairobi Kenya Monday Sept. 23 2013.
Edit Swissinfo
24 Sep 2013
 . Reuters. September 24, 2013 - 05.17. By Duncan Miriri and James Macharia. NAIROBI (Reuters) - Kenya said its security forces had taken control of the Nairobi shopping mall where Islamist fighters killed at least 62 people, and that police were doing a final sweep of shops early Tuesday after the last of the hostages had been rescued ... A lone military chopper circled above ... Kenyan officials say there were 10 to 15 attackers ... U.S ... RSS ... ....(size: 19.7Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
Vehicles cross a flooded street in Manila, Philippines Sunday Sept. 22, 2013. Usagi, the most powerful typhoon of the year swept through the Luzon Strait separating the Philippines and Taiwan on Saturday.
Edit Belfast Telegraph
23 Sep 2013
A powerful typhoon that slammed into southern China with winds that blew cars off the road has caused more deaths, bringing the toll in Asia to at least 33. Typhoon Usagi, which was the season's strongest storm at its peak, forced hundreds of flight cancellations and shut down shipping and train lines before weakening to a tropical depression over the southern Chinese province of Guangdong on Monday ... Most Read. Latest Comments ... new ... new ... ....(size: 6.0Kb)
photo: AP / Sayyid Azim
Kenya security personnel take cover outside the Westgate Mall after shooting started inside the mall early Monday morning, Sept. 23, 2013.
Edit The Irish Times
23 Sep 2013
Heavy and sustained gunfire was heard at the Nairobi shopping mall where at least 68 people were killed by a Somali Islamist group, a witness said today, suggesting an assault by Kenyan security forces. As the siege entered its third day, a witness at the scene heard heavy and sustained gunfire for about five minutes ... When asked about the gunfire, Kenya’s military spokesman, Colonel Cyrus Oguna, said he could not comment ... Agencies ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: AP / Mahmoud Tawil
Hezbollah denies it got Syria chemical arms
Edit Al Jazeera
24 Sep 2013
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, a staunch ally of Damascus, has denied that his group received chemical weapons from Syria. Last month, members of the opposition Syrian National Coalition group accused President Bashar al-Assad of transferring chemical weapons to the Lebanese Shia group to avoid inspection after agreeing to put them under international control ... He said the group had Lebanese and Syrian members but did not name it ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
Kenyan security personnel and journalists duck behind a vehicle as heavy gunfire erupts from the Westgate Mall in Nairobi Kenya Monday Sept. 23 2013.
Edit Newsday
23 Sep 2013
Videos. Gun battles at Kenya mall; hostages still held. Galleries. Web links. NAIROBI, Kenya - Kenyan officials said security forces controlled nearly all of an upscale mall on Monday, two days after it was seized by members of a Somali terrorist group who invaded with guns blazing, killing at least 62 people ... Three attackers had been killed in the fighting Monday, officials said, and more than 10 suspects arrested ... Be the first to rate. 0....(size: 6.7Kb)




Edit Business Wire
24 Sep 2013
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http.//www.researchandmarkets.com/research/qsjf8v/hiv__aids) has announced the addition of the "HIV / AIDS - Pipeline Review, H1 2013" report to their offering. “HIV / AIDS - Pipeline Review, H1 2013” ... This report provides information on the therapeutic development for HIV / AIDS, complete with latest updates, and special features on late-stage and discontinued projects....(size: 4.3Kb)
Edit Scoop
24 Sep 2013
UN Agency Reports ‘DramaticProgress On Reducing New HIV Infections. New York, Sep 23 2013 - The rate of new HIV infections fell by one-third over the past decade due to increased spending and effective treatment, the United Nations agency leading the global HIV/AIDS response today reported ... In the same time period, new HIV infections among children fell 52 per cent to 260,000 in 2012....(size: 2.7Kb)
Edit Peace FM Online
24 Sep 2013
A new report from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) shows dramatic acceleration towards reaching 2015 global targets on HIV. According to the report, new HIV infections among adults and children are estimated at 2.3 million in 2012, a 33 per cent reduction since 2001. It said new HIV infections among children have been reduced to 260 000 in 2012, a reduction of 52 per cent since 2001....(size: 2.9Kb)
Edit Joy Online
24 Sep 2013
The number of HIV infections and Aids-related deaths has fallen dramatically, according to a UN report ... The number of new HIV infections fell by a third since 2001 to 2.3 million ... Without treatment, people with HIV can go on to develop Aids which makes simple infections deadly ... But it says the world can go beyond its target of getting 15m people on HIV treatment by 2015....(size: 2.2Kb)
Edit Independent online (SA)
24 Sep 2013
New HIV infections in children have halved since 2001 and been cut by one-third in adults. These are some of the “striking gains” announced in this year’s Global Report on HIV/Aids, released by the Joint UN Programme on Aids (UNAids), on Monday ... The reduction in HIV in children is due largely to treatment programmes to prevent pregnant women with HIV from passing the virus on to their newborns....(size: 2.7Kb)
Edit Springfield News-Sun
24 Sep 2013
An HIV-infected female prisoner testified Tuesday at a closed hearing about the Alabama prison system's policy of segregating HIV-positive inmates from other inmates, and a judge is considering a proposed settlement of a lawsuit challenging the policy ... She said life has been better since she and seven other HIV-infected prisoners moved into dormitories with other prisoners at Tutwiler, which holds about 700 women....(size: 3.4Kb)
Edit The Independent
24 Sep 2013
The global HIV/AIDS epidemic could be over by 2030, a leading UN official has said, as new figures showed that infection rates have dropped by a third since 2001. Globally, there were 2.3 million new HIV infections in 2012, down 33 per cent, while new infections among children have dropped even further, down 52 per cent to 260,000 ... Progress has been made both in the treatment and in the control of HIV, Dr Loures said....(size: 3.2Kb)
Edit All Africa
24 Sep 2013
... Goal (MDG) of reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015....(size: 0.3Kb)
Edit Newstrack India
24 Sep 2013
The number of HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths has gone down from 2.3 million during its peak in 2005 to 1.6 million last year, according to a UNAIDS' report. The number of new HIV ... Without treatment, people having HIV can go on to develop AIDS which makes simple infections deadly....(size: 1.7Kb)
Edit Independent online (SA)
24 Sep 2013
A 27-year-old eThekwini woman is suing a laboratory, and its owner, for R2 million in damages for incorrectly finding that she tested HIV positive. Nearly four months after she tested positive she learnt that she was in fact HIV negative ... Singh said they owed a “duty of care” to the woman to conduct the HIV tests with reasonable skill and diligence and without negligence ... He said that there were mistakes made with HIV tests....(size: 4.2Kb)
Edit noodls
24 Sep 2013
-- The topical anti-fungal drug Ciclopirox causes HIV-infected cells to commit suicide by jamming up the cells' powerhouse, the mitochondria - according to a study by researchers at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. And unlike current anti-HIV drugs, Ciclopirox completely eradicates infectious HIV from cell cultures, with no rebound of virus when the drug is stopped....(size: 4.1Kb)
Edit noodls
24 Sep 2013
GENEVA/Washington D.C., 23 September 2013--As world leaders prepare to meet to review progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, from the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) evaluates international efforts to finance the response to the AIDS epidemic ... To take full advantage of these opportunities all efforts must be made to ensure the response to HIV is fully funded."....(size: 3.8Kb)
Edit All Africa
24 Sep 2013
[VOA]Geneva -A new report from UNAIDS indicates that the rate ......(size: 0.3Kb)
HIV
Classification and external resources

Diagram of HIV
ICD-10 B20-B24
ICD-9 042-044
OMIM 609423
MedlinePlus 000602
eMedicine article/783434
MeSH D006678

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission). Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood products in the developed world.

HIV infection in humans is considered pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).[3] Nevertheless, complacency about HIV may play a key role in HIV risk.[4][5] From its discovery in 1981 to 2006, AIDS killed more than 25 million people.[6] HIV infects about 0.6% of the world's population.[6] In 2009, AIDS claimed an estimated 1.8 million lives, down from a global peak of 2.1 million in 2004.[7] Approximately 260,000 children died of AIDS in 2009.[7] A disproportionate number of AIDS deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and exacerbating the burden of poverty.[8] An estimated 22.5 million people (68% of the global total) live with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, which is also home to 90% of the world's 16.6 million children orphaned by HIV.[7] Treatment with antiretroviral drugs reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection.[9] Although antiretroviral medication is still not universally available, expansion of antiretroviral therapy programs since 2004 has helped to turn the tide of AIDS deaths and new infections in many parts of the world.[7] Intensified awareness and preventive measures, as well as the natural course of the epidemic, have also played a role. Nevertheless, an estimated 2.6 million people were newly infected in 2009.[7]

HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[10] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through three main mechanisms: First, direct viral killing of infected cells; second, increased rates of apoptosis in infected cells; and third, killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.

Most untreated people infected with HIV-1 eventually develop AIDS.[11] These individuals mostly die from opportunistic infections or malignancies associated with the progressive failure of the immune system.[12] HIV progresses to AIDS at a variable rate affected by viral, host, and environmental factors; most will progress to AIDS within 10 years of HIV infection: some will have progressed much sooner, and some will take much longer.[13][14] Treatment with anti-retrovirals increases the life expectancy of people infected with HIV. Even after HIV has progressed to diagnosable AIDS, the average survival time with antiretroviral therapy was estimated to be more than 5 years as of 2005.[15] Without antiretroviral therapy, someone who has AIDS typically dies within a year.[16]

Signs and symptoms[link]

Infection with HIV-1 is associated with a progressive decrease of the CD4+ T cell count and an increase in viral load, the level of HIV in the blood. The stage of infection can be determined by measuring the patient's CD4+ T cell count and viral load.

The stages of HIV infection are acute infection (also known as primary infection), latency and AIDS. Acute infection lasts for several weeks and may include symptoms such as fever, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), pharyngitis (sore throat), rash, myalgia (muscle pain), malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores. The latency stage involves few or no symptoms and can last anywhere from two weeks to twenty years or more, depending on the individual. AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection, is defined by low CD4+ T cell counts (fewer than 200 per microliter), various opportunistic infections, cancers and other conditions.

A small percentage of HIV-1 infected individuals retain high levels of CD4+ T-cells without antiretroviral therapy. However, most have detectable viral load and will eventually progress to AIDS without treatment, albeit more slowly than others. These individuals are classified as HIV controllers or long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). People who maintain CD4+ T cell counts and also have low or clinically undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment are known as elite controllers or elite suppressors (ES).[17][18]

Acute infection[link]

Main symptoms of acute HIV infection

Infection with HIV generally occurs by introduction of bodily fluids from an infected person into the body of an uninfected person. A period of rapid viral replication ensues, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.[19]

This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the numbers of circulating CD4+ T cells. This acute viremia is associated in virtually all patients with the activation of CD8+ T cells, which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or seroconversion. The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts rebound. A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.[20]

During this period (usually 2–4 weeks post-exposure) many individuals develop an influenza or mononucleosis-like illness called acute HIV infection, the most common symptoms of which may include fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, rash, myalgia, malaise, mouth and esophageal sores, and may also include, but less commonly, headache, nausea and vomiting, enlarged liver/spleen, weight loss, thrush, and neurological symptoms. Infected individuals may experience all, some, or none of these symptoms. The duration of symptoms varies, averaging 28 days and usually lasting at least a week.[21]

Because of the nonspecific nature of these symptoms, they are often not recognized as signs of HIV infection. Even if patients go to their doctors or a hospital, they will often be misdiagnosed as having one of the more common infectious diseases with the same symptoms. As a consequence, these primary symptoms are not used to diagnose HIV infection, as they do not develop in all cases and because many are caused by other more common diseases. However, recognizing the syndrome can be important because the patient is much more infectious during this period.[22]

Chronic infection[link]

A strong immune defense reduces the number of viral particles in the blood stream, marking the start of secondary or chronic HIV infection. The secondary stage of HIV infection can vary between two weeks and 20 years. During this phase of infection, HIV is active within lymph nodes, which typically become persistently swollen, in response to large amounts of virus that become trapped in the follicular dendritic cells (FDC) network.[23] The surrounding tissues that are rich in CD4+ T cells may also become infected, and viral particles accumulate both in infected cells and as free virus. Individuals who are in this phase are still infectious. During this time, CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells carry most of the proviral load.[24]

During this stage of infection early initiation of antiretroviral therapy significantly improves survival, as compared with deferred therapy.[25]

AIDS[link]

When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level of 200 cells per µL, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and infections with a variety of opportunistic microbes appear. The first symptoms often include moderate and unexplained weight loss, recurring respiratory tract infections (such as sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis), prostatitis, skin rashes, and oral ulcerations.

Common opportunistic infections and tumors, most of which are normally controlled by robust CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity then start to affect the patient. Typically, resistance is lost early on to oral Candida species and to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which leads to an increased susceptibility to oral candidiasis (thrush) and tuberculosis. Later, reactivation of latent herpes viruses may cause worsening recurrences of herpes simplex eruptions, shingles, Epstein-Barr virus-induced B-cell lymphomas, or Kaposi's sarcoma.

Pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii is common and often fatal. In the final stages of AIDS, infection with cytomegalovirus (another herpes virus) or Mycobacterium avium complex is more prominent. Not all patients with AIDS get all these infections or tumors, and there are other tumors and infections that are less prominent but still significant.

Transmission[link]

Average per act risk for acquisition
of HIV by exposure route to an infected source
Exposure Route Chance of infection
Blood Transfusion 90% [26]
Childbirth (to child) 25%[27]
Needle-sharing injection drug use 0.67%[26]
Percutaneous needle stick 0.30%[28]
Receptive anal intercourse* 0.04–3.0%[29]
Insertive anal intercourse* 0.06–0.056%[29]
Receptive penile-vaginal intercourse* 0.05–0.30%[29][30]
Insertive penile-vaginal intercourse* 0.01–0.38% [29][30]
Receptive oral intercourse 0–0.04% [29]
Insertive oral intercourse 0-0.005%[31]
* assuming no condom use
§ source refers to oral intercourse
performed on a man

Risk increases substantially in the presence of genital ulcers, mucosal lacerations, concurrent sexually transmitted infections, or a partner with a high viral load of HIV.[32] [33] Commercial sex exposure and national income levels may also impact risk.[34]

Three main transmission routes for HIV have been identified. HIV-2 is transmitted much less frequently by the mother-to-child and sexual route than HIV-1.

Sexual[link]

The majority of HIV infections are acquired through unprotected sexual relations. Complacency about HIV plays a key role in HIV risk.[4][5] Sexual transmission can occur when infected sexual secretions of one partner come into contact with the genital, oral, or rectal mucous membranes of another. In high-income countries, the risk of female-to-male transmission is 0.04% per act and male-to-female transmission is 0.08% per act. For various reasons, these rates are 4 to 10 times higher in low-income countries.[34] The rate for receptive anal intercourse is much higher, 1.7% per act.[34]

Blood products[link]

In general, if infected blood comes into contact with any open wound, HIV may be transmitted. This transmission route can account for infections in intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs, and recipients of blood transfusions (though most transfusions are checked for HIV in the developed world) and blood products. It is also of concern for persons receiving medical care in regions where there is prevalent substandard hygiene in the use of injection equipment, such as the reuse of needles in Third World countries. Health care workers such as nurses, laboratory workers, and doctors have also been infected, although this occurs more rarely. Since transmission of HIV by blood became known medical personnel are required to protect themselves from contact with blood by the use of universal precautions. People giving and receiving tattoos, piercings, and scarification procedures can also be at risk of infection.

HIV has been found at low concentrations in the saliva, tears, and urine of infected individuals, but there are no recorded cases of infection by these secretions and the potential risk of transmission is negligible.[35] It is not possible for mosquitoes to transmit HIV.[36]

Mother-to-child[link]

The transmission of the virus from the mother to the child can occur in utero (during pregnancy), intrapartum (at childbirth), or via breast feeding. In the absence of treatment, the transmission rate up to birth between the mother and child is around 25%.[27] However, where combination antiretroviral drug treatment and Cesarian section are available, this risk can be reduced to as low as one percent.[27] Postnatal mother-to-child transmission may be largely prevented by complete avoidance of breast feeding; however, this has significant associated morbidity, particularly in low-income settings (where hazards of avoiding breast-feeding may include lack of access to safe water and/or a lack of affordable formula). Exclusive breast feeding and the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant are also efficacious in avoiding transmission.[37] UNAIDS estimate that 430,000 children were infected worldwide in 2008 (19% of all new infections), primarily by this route, and that a further 65,000 infections were averted through the provision of antiretroviral prophylaxis to HIV-positive women.[38]

Multiple infection[link]

Unlike some other viruses, infection with HIV does not provide immunity against additional infections, in particular, in the case of more genetically distant viruses. Both inter- and intra-clade multiple infections have been reported,[39] and even associated with more rapid disease progression.[40] Multiple infections are divided into two categories depending on the timing of the acquisition of the second strain. Coinfection refers to two strains that appear to have been acquired at the same time (or too close to distinguish). Reinfection (or superinfection) is infection with a second strain at a measurable time after the first. Both forms of dual infection have been reported for HIV in both acute and chronic infection around the world.[41][42][43][44]

Virology[link]

Classification[link]

Comparison of HIV species
Species Virulence Infectivity Prevalence Inferred origin
HIV-1 High High Global Common Chimpanzee
HIV-2 Lower Low West Africa Sooty Mangabey

HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus,[45] part of the family of Retroviridae.[46] Lentiviruses have many morphologies and biological properties in common. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long incubation period.[47] Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and host co-factors.[48] Once integrated, the virus may become latent, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system. Alternatively, the virus may be transcribed, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew.

Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both LAV and HTLV-III. It is more virulent, more infective,[49] and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 compared to HIV-1 implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa.[50]

Structure and genome[link]

Human immunodeficiency virus
Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 (in green) budding from cultured lymphocyte. Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions.
Virus classification
Group: Group VI (ssRNA-RT)
Family: Retroviridae
Genus: Lentivirus
Species
  • Human immunodeficiency virus 1
  • Human immunodeficiency virus 2

HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses. It is roughly spherical[51] with a diameter of about 120 nm, around 60 times smaller than a red blood cell, yet large for a virus.[52] It is composed of two copies of positive single-stranded RNA that codes for the virus's nine genes enclosed by a conical capsid composed of 2,000 copies of the viral protein p24.[53] The single-stranded RNA is tightly bound to nucleocapsid proteins, p7, and enzymes needed for the development of the virion such as reverse transcriptase, proteases, ribonuclease and integrase. A matrix composed of the viral protein p17 surrounds the capsid ensuring the integrity of the virion particle.[53]

This is, in turn, surrounded by the viral envelope that is composed of two layers of fatty molecules called phospholipids taken from the membrane of a human cell when a newly formed virus particle buds from the cell. Embedded in the viral envelope are proteins from the host cell and about 70 copies of a complex HIV protein that protrudes through the surface of the virus particle.[53] This protein, known as Env, consists of a cap made of three molecules called glycoprotein (gp) 120, and a stem consisting of three gp41 molecules that anchor the structure into the viral envelope.[54] This glycoprotein complex enables the virus to attach to and fuse with target cells to initiate the infectious cycle.[54] Both these surface proteins, especially gp120, have been considered as targets of future treatments or vaccines against HIV.[55]

The RNA genome consists of at least seven structural landmarks (LTR, TAR, RRE, PE, SLIP, CRS, and INS), and nine genes (gag, pol, and env, tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu, and sometimes a tenth tev, which is a fusion of tat env and rev), encoding 19 proteins. Three of these genes, gag, pol, and env, contain information needed to make the structural proteins for new virus particles.[53] For example, env codes for a protein called gp160 that is broken down by a cellular protease to form gp120 and gp41. The six remaining genes, tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, and vpu (or vpx in the case of HIV-2), are regulatory genes for proteins that control the ability of HIV to infect cells, produce new copies of virus (replicate), or cause disease.[53]

The two Tat proteins (p16 and p14) are transcriptional transactivators for the LTR promoter acting by binding the TAR RNA element. The TAR may also be processed into microRNAs that regulate the apoptosis genes ERCC1 and IER3.[56][57] The Rev protein (p19) is involved in shuttling RNAs from the nucleus and the cytoplasm by binding to the RRE RNA element. The Vif protein (p23) prevents the action of APOBEC3G (a cell protein that deaminates DNA:RNA hybrids and/or interferes with the Pol protein). The Vpr protein (p14) arrests cell division at G2/M. The Nef protein (p27) down-regulates CD4 (the major viral receptor), as well as the MHC class I and class II molecules.[58][59][60]

Nef also interacts with SH3 domains. The Vpu protein (p16) influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells.[53] The ends of each strand of HIV RNA contain an RNA sequence called the long terminal repeat (LTR). Regions in the LTR act as switches to control production of new viruses and can be triggered by proteins from either HIV or the host cell. The Psi element is involved in viral genome packaging and recognized by Gag and Rev proteins. The SLIP element (TTTTTT) is involved in the frameshift in the Gag-Pol reading frame required to make functional Pol.[53]

Tropism[link]

Diagram of the immature and mature forms of HIV

The term viral tropism refers to which cell types HIV infects. HIV can infect a variety of immune cells such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and microglial cells. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and CD4+ T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells and also with chemokine coreceptors.[54]

Macrophage (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or non-syncitia-inducing strains (NSI) use the β-chemokine receptor CCR5 for entry and are, thus, able to replicate in macrophages and CD4+ T cells.[61] This CCR5 coreceptor is used by almost all primary HIV-1 isolates regardless of viral genetic subtype. Indeed, macrophages play a key role in several critical aspects of HIV infection. They appear to be the first cells infected by HIV and perhaps the source of HIV production when CD4+ cells become depleted in the patient. Macrophages and microglial cells are the cells infected by HIV in the central nervous system. In tonsils and adenoids of HIV-infected patients, macrophages fuse into multinucleated giant cells that produce huge amounts of virus.

T-tropic isolates, or syncitia-inducing (SI) strains replicate in primary CD4+ T cells as well as in macrophages and use the α-chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for entry.[61][62][63] Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be transitional strains of HIV-1 and thus are able to use both CCR5 and CXCR4 as co-receptors for viral entry.

The α-chemokine SDF-1, a ligand for CXCR4, suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. It does this by down-regulating the expression of CXCR4 on the surface of these cells. HIV that use only the CCR5 receptor are termed R5; those that use only CXCR4 are termed X4, and those that use both, X4R5. However, the use of coreceptor alone does not explain viral tropism, as not all R5 viruses are able to use CCR5 on macrophages for a productive infection[61] and HIV can also infect a subtype of myeloid dendritic cells,[64] which probably constitute a reservoir that maintains infection when CD4+ T cell numbers have declined to extremely low levels.

Some people are resistant to certain strains of HIV.[65] For example, people with the CCR5-Δ32 mutation are resistant to infection with R5 virus, as the mutation stops HIV from binding to this coreceptor, reducing its ability to infect target cells.

Sexual intercourse is the major mode of HIV transmission. Both X4 and R5 HIV are present in the seminal fluid, which is passed from a male to his sexual partner. The virions can then infect numerous cellular targets and disseminate into the whole organism. However, a selection process leads to a predominant transmission of the R5 virus through this pathway.[66][67][68] How this selective process works is still under investigation, but one model is that spermatozoa may selectively carry R5 HIV as they possess both CCR3 and CCR5 but not CXCR4 on their surface[69] and that genital epithelial cells preferentially sequester X4 virus.[70] In patients infected with subtype B HIV-1, there is often a co-receptor switch in late-stage disease and T-tropic variants appear that can infect a variety of T cells through CXCR4.[71] These variants then replicate more aggressively with heightened virulence that causes rapid T cell depletion, immune system collapse, and opportunistic infections that mark the advent of AIDS.[72] Thus, during the course of infection, viral adaptation to the use of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 may be a key step in the progression to AIDS. A number of studies with subtype B-infected individuals have determined that between 40 and 50% of AIDS patients can harbour viruses of the SI and, it is presumed, the X4 phenotypes.[73][74]

HIV-2 is much less pathogenic than HIV-1 and is restricted in its worldwide distribution. The adoption of "accessory genes" by HIV-2 and its more promiscuous pattern of coreceptor usage (including CD4-independence) may assist the virus in its adaptation to avoid innate restriction factors present in host cells. Adaptation to use normal cellular machinery to enable transmission and productive infection has also aided the establishment of HIV-2 replication in humans. A survival strategy for any infectious agent is not to kill its host but ultimately become a commensal organism. Having achieved a low pathogenicity, over time, variants more successful at transmission will be selected.[75]

Replication cycle[link]

The HIV replication cycle

Entry to the cell[link]

HIV enters macrophages and CD4+ T cells by the adsorption of glycoproteins on its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.[76][77]

Entry to the cell begins through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex (gp160 spike) and both CD4 and a chemokine receptor (generally either CCR5 or CXCR4, but others are known to interact) on the cell surface.[76][77] gp120 binds to integrin α4β7 activating LFA-1 the central integrin involved in the establishment of virological synapses, which facilitate efficient cell-to-cell spreading of HIV-1.[78] The gp160 spike contains binding domains for both CD4 and chemokine receptors.[76][77]

The first step in fusion involves the high-affinity attachment of the CD4 binding domains of gp120 to CD4. Once gp120 is bound with the CD4 protein, the envelope complex undergoes a structural change, exposing the chemokine binding domains of gp120 and allowing them to interact with the target chemokine receptor.[76][77] This allows for a more stable two-pronged attachment, which allows the N-terminal fusion peptide gp41 to penetrate the cell membrane.[76][77] Repeat sequences in gp41, HR1, and HR2 then interact, causing the collapse of the extracellular portion of gp41 into a hairpin. This loop structure brings the virus and cell membranes close together, allowing fusion of the membranes and subsequent entry of the viral capsid.[76][77]

After HIV has bound to the target cell, the HIV RNA and various enzymes, including reverse transcriptase, integrase, ribonuclease, and protease, are injected into the cell.[76] During the microtubule-based transport to the nucleus, the viral single-strand RNA genome is transcribed into double-strand DNA, which is then integrated into a host chromosome.

HIV can infect dendritic cells (DCs) by this CD4-CCR5 route, but another route using mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors such as DC-SIGN can also be used.[79] DCs are one of the first cells encountered by the virus during sexual transmission. They are currently thought to play an important role by transmitting HIV to T-cells when the virus is captured in the mucosa by DCs.[79] The presence of FEZ-1, which occurs naturally in neurons, is believed to prevent the infection of cells by HIV.[80]

Replication and transcription[link]

Shortly after the viral capsid enters the cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase liberates the single-stranded (+)RNA genome from the attached viral proteins and copies it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule.[81] The process of reverse transcription is extremely error-prone, and the resulting mutations may cause drug resistance or allow the virus to evade the body's immune system. The reverse transcriptase also has ribonuclease activity that degrades the viral RNA during the synthesis of cDNA, as well as DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity that creates a sense DNA from the antisense cDNA.[82] Together, the cDNA and its complement form a double-stranded viral DNA that is then transported into the cell nucleus. The integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome is carried out by another viral enzyme called integrase.[81]

Reverse transcription of the HIV genome into double strand DNA

This integrated viral DNA may then lie dormant, in the latent stage of HIV infection.[81] To actively produce the virus, certain cellular transcription factors need to be present, the most important of which is NF-κB (NF kappa B), which is upregulated when T-cells become activated.[83] This means that those cells most likely to be killed by HIV are those currently fighting infection.

During viral replication, the integrated DNA provirus is transcribed into mRNA, which is then spliced into smaller pieces. These small pieces are exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where they are translated into the regulatory proteins Tat (which encourages new virus production) and Rev. As the newly produced Rev protein accumulates in the nucleus, it binds to viral mRNAs and allows unspliced RNAs to leave the nucleus, where they are otherwise retained until spliced.[84] At this stage, the structural proteins Gag and Env are produced from the full-length mRNA. The full-length RNA is actually the virus genome; it binds to the Gag protein and is packaged into new virus particles.

HIV-1 and HIV-2 appear to package their RNA differently; HIV-1 will bind to any appropriate RNA, whereas HIV-2 will preferentially bind to the mRNA that was used to create the Gag protein itself. This may mean that HIV-1 is better able to mutate (HIV-1 infection progresses to AIDS faster than HIV-2 infection and is responsible for the majority of global infections).

Assembly and release[link]

The final step of the viral cycle, assembly of new HIV-1 virons, begins at the plasma membrane of the host cell. The Env polyprotein (gp160) goes through the endoplasmic reticulum and is transported to the Golgi complex where it is cleaved by protease and processed into the two HIV envelope glycoproteins gp41 and gp120. These are transported to the plasma membrane of the host cell where gp41 anchors the gp120 to the membrane of the infected cell. The Gag (p55) and Gag-Pol (p160) polyproteins also associate with the inner surface of the plasma membrane along with the HIV genomic RNA as the forming virion begins to bud from the host cell. Maturation occurs either in the forming bud or in the immature virion after it buds from the host cell. During maturation, HIV proteases cleave the polyproteins into individual functional HIV proteins and enzymes. The various structural components then assemble to produce a mature HIV virion.[85] This cleavage step can be inhibited by protease inhibitors. The mature virus is then able to infect another cell.

Genetic variability[link]

The phylogenetic tree of the SIV and HIV

HIV differs from many viruses in that it has very high genetic variability. This diversity is a result of its fast replication cycle, with the generation of about 1010 virions every day, coupled with a high mutation rate of approximately 3 x 10−5 per nucleotide base per cycle of replication and recombinogenic properties of reverse transcriptase.[86][87][88]

This complex scenario leads to the generation of many variants of HIV in a single infected patient in the course of one day.[86] This variability is compounded when a single cell is simultaneously infected by two or more different strains of HIV. When simultaneous infection occurs, the genome of progeny virions may be composed of RNA strands from two different strains. This hybrid virion then infects a new cell where it undergoes replication. As this happens, the reverse transcriptase, by jumping back and forth between the two different RNA templates, will generate a newly synthesized retroviral DNA sequence that is a recombinant between the two parental genomes.[86] This recombination is most obvious when it occurs between subtypes.[86]

The closely related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has evolved into many strains, classified by the natural host species. SIV strains of the African green monkey (SIVagm) and sooty mangabey (SIVsmm) are thought to have a long evolutionary history with their hosts. These hosts have adapted to the presence of the virus,[89] which is present at high levels in the host's blood but evokes only a mild immune response,[90] does not cause the development of simian AIDS,[91] and does not undergo the extensive mutation and recombination typical of HIV infection in humans.[92]

In contrast, when these strains infect species that have not adapted to SIV ("heterologous" hosts such as rhesus or cynomologus macaques), the animals develop AIDS and the virus generates genetic diversity similar to what is seen in human HIV infection.[93] Chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz), the closest genetic relative of HIV-1, is associated with increased mortality and AIDS-like symptoms in its natural host.[94] SIVcpz appears to have been transmitted relatively recently to chimpanzee and human populations, so their hosts have not yet adapted to the virus.[89] This virus has also lost a function of the Nef gene that is present in most SIVs; without this function, T cell depletion is more likely, leading to immunodeficiency.[94]

Three groups of HIV-1 have been identified on the basis of differences in the envelope (env) region: M, N, and O.[95] Group M is the most prevalent and is subdivided into eight subtypes (or clades), based on the whole genome, which are geographically distinct.[96] The most prevalent are subtypes B (found mainly in North America and Europe), A and D (found mainly in Africa), and C (found mainly in Africa and Asia); these subtypes form branches in the phylogenetic tree representing the lineage of the M group of HIV-1. Coinfection with distinct subtypes gives rise to circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). In 2000, the last year in which an analysis of global subtype prevalence was made, 47.2% of infections worldwide were of subtype C, 26.7% were of subtype A/CRF02_AG, 12.3% were of subtype B, 5.3% were of subtype D, 3.2% were of CRF_AE, and the remaining 5.3% were composed of other subtypes and CRFs.[97] Most HIV-1 research is focused on subtype B; few laboratories focus on the other subtypes.[98] The existence of a fourth group, "P", has been hypothesised based on a virus isolated in 2009.[99][100][101] The strain is apparently derived from gorilla SIV (SIVgor), first isolated from western lowland gorillas in 2006.[99]

The genetic sequence of HIV-2 is only partially homologous to HIV-1 and more closely resembles that of SIVsmm.

Diagnosis[link]

A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4 counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection; any particular individual's disease course may vary considerably.                      CD4+ T cell count (cells per µL)                      HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma

Many HIV-positive people are unaware that they are infected with the virus.[102] For example, in 2001 less than 1% of the sexually active urban population in Africa have been tested and this proportion is even lower in rural populations.[102] Furthermore, in 2001 only 0.5% of pregnant women attending urban health facilities are counselled, tested or receive their test results.[102] Again, this proportion is even lower in rural health facilities.[102] Since donors may therefore be unaware of their infection, donor blood and blood products used in medicine and medical research are routinely screened for HIV.[103]

HIV-1 testing is initially by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1. Specimens with a nonreactive result from the initial ELISA are considered HIV-negative unless new exposure to an infected partner or partner of unknown HIV status has occurred. Specimens with a reactive ELISA result are retested in duplicate.[104] If the result of either duplicate test is reactive, the specimen is reported as repeatedly reactive and undergoes confirmatory testing with a more specific supplemental test (e.g., Western blot or, less commonly, an immunofluorescence assay (IFA)). Only specimens that are repeatedly reactive by ELISA and positive by IFA or reactive by Western blot are considered HIV-positive and indicative of HIV infection. Specimens that are repeatedly ELISA-reactive occasionally provide an indeterminate Western blot result, which may be either an incomplete antibody response to HIV in an infected person or nonspecific reactions in an uninfected person.[105]

Although IFA can be used to confirm infection in these ambiguous cases, this assay is not widely used. In general, a second specimen should be collected more than a month later and retested for persons with indeterminate Western blot results. Although much less commonly available, nucleic acid testing (e.g., viral RNA or proviral DNA amplification method) can also help diagnosis in certain situations.[104] In addition, a few tested specimens might provide inconclusive results because of a low quantity specimen. In these situations, a second specimen is collected and tested for HIV infection.

Modern HIV testing is extremely accurate. A single screening test is correct more than 99% of the time.[106] The chance of a false-positive result in standard two-step testing protocol is estimated to be about 1 in 250,000 in a low risk population.[106] Testing post exposure is recommended initially and at six week, three months, and six months.[107]

Screening at schools[link]

The South African government announced a plan to start HIV testing in secondary schools by March 2011[108] but this plan was eventually scrapped because doing so would invade pupil's privacy at schools, schools typically don't have the facilities to securely store such information, and schools generally do not have the capacity to provide counselling for HIV positive pupils. In South Africa, anyone over the age of 12 may request an HIV test without parental knowledge or consent. Some 80,000 pupils in three provinces were tested under this programme before it was cancelled.[109]

Prevention[link]

Know Aids – No Aids road sign in Spiti Valley, Himachel Pradesh, India, 2010
AIDS Clinic, McLeod Ganj, Himachel Pradesh, India, 2010

Sexual contact[link]

Consistent condom use reduces the risk of heterosexual HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long-term.[110] Where one partner of a couple is infected, consistent condom use results in rates of HIV infection for the uninfected person of below 1% per year.[111] Some data supports the equivalence of female condoms to latex condoms however the evidence is not definitive.[112] The use of the spermicidenonoxynol-9may increase the risk of transmission due to the fact that it causes vaginal and rectal irritation.[113] A vaginal gel containing tenofovir, areverse transcriptase inhibitor, when used immediately before sex, reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among Africa women.[114]

Circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa reduces the risk of HIV infection in heterosexual men by 38 percent and 66 percent over two years.[115] Based on these studies, the World Health Organizatio and UNAIDS both recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in 2007.[116] Whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed[117][118] and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined.[119][120][121] Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may result in more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preventive effects.[122] Women who have undergonefemale genital cutting have an increased risk of HIV.[123]

Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to effect subsequent HIV risk.[124] Evidence for a benefit from peer education is equally poor.[125] Comprehensive sexual education provided at school may decrease high risk behavior.[126] A substantial minority of young people continue to engage in high-risk practices despite HIV/AIDS knowledge, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.[127]

Pre exposure[link]

Early treatment of HIV-infected people with antiretrovirals protected 96% of partners from infection.[128] Pre-exposure prophylaxis with a daily dose of the medications tenofovir with or without emtricitabine is effective in a number of groups including: men who have sex with men, by couples where one is HIV positive, and by young heterosexuals in Africa.[114]

Universal precautions within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.[129] Intravenous drug use is an important risk factor and harm reduction strategies such as needle-exchange programmes and opioid substitution therapy appear effective in decreasing this risk.[130]

Post exposure[link]

A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as post-exposure prophylaxis.[114] The use of the single agentzidovudine reduces the risk of subsequent HIV infection five fold.[114] Current treatment regimes typical use lopinavir/ritonavirand lamivudine/zidovudine or emtricitabine/tenofovir and may decrease the risk further.[114]The duration of treatment is usually four week[131] and is associated with significant rates of adverse effects (for zidovudine ~70% including: nausea 24%, fatigue 22%, emotional distress 13%, headaches 9%).[28]

Mother-to-child[link]

Programs to prevent the transmission of HIV from mothers to children can reduce rates of transmission by 92-99%.[130][132] This primarily involves the use of a combination of antivirals during pregnancy and after birth in the infant but also potentially include bottle feeding rather thanbreastfeeding.[133][132] If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe mothers should avoid breast-feeding their infants however exclusive breast-feeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case.[134]

Vaccination[link]

As of 2012 there is no effective vaccine for HIV or AIDS.[135] A single trial of the vaccine RV 144 published in 2009 found a partial efficacy rate of ~30% and has stimulated optimism in the research community regarding developing a truly effective vaccine.[136] Further trials of the vaccine are ongoing.[137][138]

Management[link]

HART[link]

Abacavir – a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs)

There is currently no cure for HIV infection. Treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART.[139] This has been highly beneficial to many HIV-infected individuals since its introduction in 1996, when the protease inhibitor-based HAART initially became available.[140] Current HAART options are combinations (or "cocktails") consisting of at least three drugs belonging to at least two types, or "classes," of antiretroviral agents. Typically, these classes are two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs) plus either a protease inhibitor or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).

There is no empirical evidence for withholding treatment at any stage of HIV infection,[141] and death rates are almost twice as high when therapy is deferred (until the CD4 count falls below 500) compared to starting therapy when the CD4 count is above 500.[25] However, the timing for starting HIV treatment is still subject to debate.[142]

The United States Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents in 2009 recommended that antiretroviral therapy should be initiated in all patients with a CD4 count less than 350, with treatment also recommended for patients with CD4 counts between 350 and 500. However, for patients with CD4 counts over 500, the expert Panel was evenly divided, with 50% in favor of starting antiretroviral therapy at this stage of HIV disease, and 50% viewing initiating therapy at this stage as optional. They noted that "Patients initiating antiretroviral therapy should be willing and able to commit to lifelong treatment and should understand the benefits and risks of therapy and the importance of adherence".[143]

New classes of drugs such as entry inhibitors provide treatment options for patients infected with viruses already resistant to common therapies, although they are not widely available and not typically accessible in resource-limited settings. Because AIDS progression in children is more rapid and less predictable than in adults, in particular, in young infants, more aggressive treatment is recommended for children than adults.[144] In developed countries where HAART is available, doctors assess their patients thoroughly: measuring the viral load, how fast CD4 declines, and patient readiness. They then decide when to recommend starting treatment.[145]

HAART neither cures the patient nor uniformly removes all symptoms; high levels of HIV-1, often HAART-resistant, return if treatment is stopped.[146][147] Moreover, it would take more than a lifetime for HIV infection to be cleared using HAART.[148] Despite this, many HIV-infected individuals have experienced remarkable improvements in their general health and quality of life, which has led to a large reduction in HIV-associated morbidity and mortality in the developed world.[140][149][150] One study suggests the average life expectancy of an HIV infected individual is 32 years from the time of infection if treatment is started when the CD4 count is 350/µL.[151] Life expectancy is further enhanced if antiretroviral therapy is initiated before the CD4 count falls below 500/µL.[25]

In the absence of HAART, progression from HIV infection to AIDS has been observed to occur at a median of between nine to ten years and the median survival time after developing AIDS is only 9.2 months.[16] However, HAART sometimes achieves far less than optimal results, in some circumstances being effective in less than fifty percent of patients.[citation needed] This is due to a variety of reasons such as medication intolerance/side effects, prior ineffective antiretroviral therapy and infection with a drug-resistant strain of HIV. However, non-adherence and non-persistence with antiretroviral therapy is the major reason most individuals fail to benefit from HAART.[152]

The reasons for non-adherence and non-persistence with HAART are varied and overlapping. Major psychosocial issues, such as poor access to medical care, inadequate social supports, psychiatric disease and drug abuse contribute to non-adherence. The complexity of these HAART regimens, whether due to pill number, dosing frequency, meal restrictions or other issues along with side effects that create intentional non-adherence also contribute to this problem.[153][154][155] The side effects include lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, an increase in cardiovascular risks, and birth defects.[156][157]

Anti-retroviral drugs are expensive, and the majority of the world's infected individuals do not have access to medications and treatments for HIV and AIDS.[158] Research to improve current treatments includes decreasing side effects of current drugs, further simplifying drug regimens to improve adherence, and determining the best sequence of regimens to manage drug resistance. Unfortunately, only a vaccine is thought to be able to halt the pandemic. This is because a vaccine would cost less, thus being affordable for developing countries, and would not require daily treatment.[158] However, after over 20 years of research, HIV-1 remains a difficult target for a vaccine.[158]

Prognosis[link]

Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype,[159] and the average survival rate after diagnosis of AIDS in resource-limited settings where treatment is not available ranges between 6 and 19 months.[160] HAART reduced the death rate from this disease by 80%, and raised the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed HIV-infected person to 20–50 years.[161][162]

As new treatments continue to be developed and because HIV continues to evolve resistance to treatments, estimates of survival time are likely to continue to change. Without antiretroviral therapy, death normally occurs within a year after the individual progresses to AIDS.[16] Most patients die from opportunistic infections or malignancies associated with the progressive failure of the immune system.[12] The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by many factors such as host susceptibility and immune function[65] health care and co-infections,[12][16] as well as which particular strain of the virus is involved.[163][164]

Epidemiology[link]

Estimated prevalence of HIV among young adults (15–49) per country at the end of 2005
Numbers of people living with or newly infected with HIV, and the number killed by AIDS (1990–2008)[165]

HIV infections are considered pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).[3] As of 2010 approximately 34 million people have HIV globally.[166] Other these approximately 16.8 million are women and 3.4 million are less than 15 years old.[166] It results in about 1.8 million death in 2010 down from 3.1 million in 2001.[166]

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most effected. In 2010, an estimated 68% (22.9 million) of all HIV cases and 66% of all deaths (1.2 million) occurred in this region.[167] This means that about 5% of the adult populations is infected.[168] Here in contrast to other regions women compose nearly 60% of cases.[167] South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world at 5.9 million.[167]

South & South East Asia is the second most affected; in 2010 this region contained an estimated 4 million cases or 12% of all people living with HIV resulting in approximately 250,000 deaths.[168] Approximately 2.4 million of these cases are in India.[167]Prevalence is lowest in Western and Central Europe at 0.2% and East Asia at 0.1%.[168]

In 2008 approximately 1.2 million people have HIV in the United States of which 20% do not realize that they are infected.[169] It resulted in about 17,500 deaths.[169] In the United Kingdom as of 2009 there where approximately 86,500 cases which resulted in 516 deaths.[170] In Canada as of 2008 there where about 65,000 cases which results in 53 deaths.[171] Since AIDS was first recognized in 1981 and 2009 it has led to nearly 30 million deaths.[172]

History[link]

Discovery[link]

AIDS was first clinically observed between in 1981 in the United States.[173] Injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to present itself in people with very compromised immune systems.[174][175][176] Soon thereafter, additional gay men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).[177][178] Many more cases of PCP and KS quickly emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. After recognizing a pattern of anomalous symptoms presenting themselves in patients, the task force named the condition acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).[179]

Robert Gallo, co-discoverer of HIV

In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science.[180][181] Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from an AIDS patient was strikingly similar in shape to other human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a patient presenting lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes) of the neck andphysical weakness, two classic symptoms of AIDS. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).[179] HIV was chosen as a compromise between the two claims (LAV and HTLV-III).

Whether Gallo or Montagnier deserve more credit for the discovery of the virus that causes AIDS has been a matter ofconsiderable controversy. Together with his colleagueFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi, Montagnier was awarded one half of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of human immunodeficiency virus".[182] Harald zur Hausen also shared the Prize for his discovery that human papilloma virus leads to cervical cancer, but Gallo was left out.[183] Gallo said that it was "a disappointment" that he was not named a co-recipient.[184] Montagnier said he was "surprised" Gallo was not recognized by the Nobel Committee: "It was important to prove that HIV was the cause of AIDS, and Gallo had a very important role in that. I'm very sorry for Robert Gallo."[183]

Origins[link]

HIV is thought to have originated in non-human primates in sub-Saharan Africa and was transferred to humans late in the 19th or early in the 20th century.[185][186][187] The first paper recognizing a pattern of opportunistic infections characteristic of AIDS was published in 1981.[188]

Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in West-Central Africa and to have jumped species (a process known as zoonosis) from non-human primates to humans. HIV-1 appears to have originated in southern Cameroon through the evolution of SIV(cpz), a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that infects wild chimpanzees (HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes).[189][190] The closest relative of HIV-2 is SIV(smm), a virus of the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys atys), an Old World monkey living in litoral West Africa (from southern Senegal to western Ivory Coast).[50] New World monkeys such as the owl monkey are resistant to HIV-1 infection, possibly because of a genomic fusion of two viral resistance genes.[191] HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.[192]

There is evidence that humans who participate in bushmeat activities, either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors, commonly acquire SIV.[193] However, SIV is a weak virus, it is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection. It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.[194] Furthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, it can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more of high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa prior to the 20th century.

Specific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout the society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to circa 1910.[195] Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of colonialism and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity, the spread of prostitution, and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.[196] There is evidence that transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse, while quite low under regular circumstances, may be increased tens, if not hundreds of times, if one of the partners suffers from an STD resulting in genital ulcers. Early 1900s colonial cities were notable due to their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcer STDs, to the degree that, as of 1928, as many as 45% of female residents of eastern Kinshasa were thought to have been prostitutes, and, as of 1933, around 15% of all residents of the same city were infected by one of the forms of syphilis.[196]

An alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa during years following World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic and anti-malaria treatment campaigns, were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread.[194][197][198]

The earliest well documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959.[199] The virus may have been present in the United States as early as 1966,[200] but the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa (including the U.S.) can be traced back to a single unknown individual who got infected with HIV in Haiti and then brought the infection to the United States some time around 1969.[201] The epidemic then rapidly spread among high-risk groups (initially, sexually promiscuous gay men). By 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among gay male residents of New York and San Francisco was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected by then.[201]

Research[link]

Stem cell transplantation[link]

In 2007, Timothy Ray Brown,[202] a 40-year-old HIV-positive man, was given a stem cell transplant as part of his treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).[203] A second transplant was made a year later after a relapse. The donor was chosen not only for genetic compatibility but also for being homozygous for a CCR5-Δ32 mutation that confers resistance to HIV infection.[204][205] After 20 months without antiretroviral drug treatment, it was reported that HIV levels in Brown's blood, bone marrow, and bowel were below the limit of detection.[205] Virus remained undetectable over three years after the first transplant.[203] Although the researchers and some commentators have characterized this result as a cure, others suggest that the virus may remain hidden in tissues[206] such as the brain (a viral reservoir).[207] Stem cell treatment remains investigational because of its anecdotal nature, the disease and mortality risk associated with stem cell transplants, and the difficulty of finding suitable donors.[206][208]

Immunomodulatory agents[link]

Complementing efforts to control viral replication, immunotherapies that may assist in the recovery of the immune system have been explored in past and ongoing trials, including IL-2 and IL-7.[209] T

The failure of vaccine candidates to protect against HIV infection and progression to AIDS has led to a renewed focus on the biological mechanisms responsible for HIV latency. A limited period of therapy combining anti-retrovirals with drugs targeting the latent reservoir may one day allow for total eradication of HIV infection.[210]

Notes[link]

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References

External links[link]

http://wn.com/HIV




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV

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Stephen Fry

Fry in Happy Birthday to GNU (2008)
Born Stephen John Fry
(1957-08-24) 24 August 1957 (age 54)
Hampstead, London, England
Nationality British
Alma mater Queens' College, Cambridge
Occupation Actor, comedian, author, journalist, broadcaster, film director
Years active 1981–present
Influenced by Oscar Wilde, P. G. Wodehouse, Evelyn Waugh, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson, Douglas Adams, Rowan Atkinson, Christopher Hitchens
Title

President of Mind (2011–present)[1]
Honorary Kentucky Colonel[2][3]
Patron of the Lip Theatre Company
Patron of the Norwich Playhouse theatre
Vice President of the Noël Coward Society
Honorary fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge
Honorary fellow of Cardiff University
Honorary president of the Cambridge University Quiz Society

Rector of the University of Dundee (1992–1998)
Religion None (atheist)
Partner Daniel Cohen (1995–2010)
Parents Alan John Fry
Marianne Eve Fry (née Newman)
Signature
Website
www.stephenfry.com

Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is an English[4][5] actor, screenwriter, author, playwright, journalist, poet, comedian, television presenter, film director, and a director of Norwich City Football Club.[6]

After a troubled childhood and adolescence, during which he was expelled from a number of schools and eventually spent three months in prison for credit card fraud, he was able to secure a place at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he studied English Literature.

He first came to public attention in the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue presentation "The Cellar Tapes", which also included Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery. With Hugh Laurie, as the comedy double act Fry and Laurie, he co-wrote and co-starred in A Bit of Fry & Laurie, and took the role of Jeeves (with Laurie playing Wooster) in Jeeves and Wooster.

As an actor, Fry played the lead in the film Wilde, was Melchett in the BBC television series Blackadder, starred as the title character Peter Kingdom in the ITV series Kingdom, has a recurring guest role as Dr. Gordon Wyatt on the Fox crime series Bones and appeared as rogue TV host Gordon Deitrich in the dystopian thriller V For Vendetta. He has also written and presented several documentary series including the 2008 television series Stephen Fry in America, which saw him travelling across all 50 US states. Since 2003 he has been the host of the quiz show QI.

As well as his work in television, Fry has contributed columns and articles for newspapers and magazines, and has written four novels and two volumes of autobiography, Moab Is My Washpot and The Fry Chronicles. He also appears frequently on BBC Radio 4, starring in the comedy series Absolute Power, being a frequent guest on panel games such as Just a Minute, and acting as chairman for I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, where he was one of a trio of hosts who succeeded the late Humphrey Lyttelton. Fry is also known in the UK for his audiobook recordings, particularly as reader for all seven Harry Potter novels.

Contents

Early life[link]

Fry, upper right, rehearsing a student production of A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Norfolk College of Arts and Technology, 1975

Fry was born in Hampstead, London, on 24 August 1957, the son of Marianne Eve Fry (née Newman) and Alan John Fry, who was an English physicist and inventor.[7][8] His maternal grandparents, Martin and Rosa Neumann,[8] were Hungarian Jewish immigrants from Šurany, which is now in Slovakia.[8][9][10] His mother's aunt and cousins died in Auschwitz.[8] Fry grew up in the village of Booton near Reepham, Norfolk, having moved from Chesham, Buckinghamshire at an early age.[11]

Fry briefly attended Cawston Primary School, Cawston, Norfolk[12] before going on to Stouts Hill Preparatory School at the age of seven, and then to Uppingham School, Rutland, where he joined Fircroft house and was described as a "near-asthmatic genius".[13] He was expelled from Uppingham when he was 15, and subsequently from the Paston School.

At 17, after leaving Norfolk College of Arts and Technology, Fry absconded with a credit card stolen from a family friend, was arrested in Swindon, and as a result spent three months in Pucklechurch Prison on remand.[14]

Following his release he resumed his education at City College Norwich, promising administrators that he would study rigorously to sit the Cambridge entrance exams. He scored well enough to gain a scholarship to Queens' College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, Fry joined the Cambridge Footlights, appeared on University Challenge, and gained a degree in English literature.[15] It was at the Footlights that Fry met his future comedy collaborator Hugh Laurie.

Career[link]

Television[link]

Comedy[link]

Fry signing autographs at the Apple Store, Regent Street, London on 3 February 2009

Fry's career in television began with the 1982 broadcasting of The Cellar Tapes, the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue which was written by Fry, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery. The revue caught the attention of Granada Television, who, keen to replicate the success of the BBC's Not the Nine O'Clock News, hired Fry, Laurie and Thompson to star alongside Ben Elton in There's Nothing to Worry About!. A second series, re-titled Alfresco, was broadcast in 1983 and a third in 1984; it established Fry and Laurie's reputation as a comedy double act. In 1983, the BBC offered them their own show, which became The Crystal Cube, a mixture of science fiction and mockumentary that was axed after the first episode. Undeterred, Fry and Laurie appeared in an episode of The Young Ones in 1984, and Fry in Ben Elton's 1985 series, Happy Families. In 1986 and 1987 Fry and Laurie also performed sketches on the LWT/Channel 4 show Saturday Live.

Forgiving Fry and Laurie for The Crystal Cube, the BBC commissioned a sketch show in 1986 that was to become A Bit of Fry & Laurie. The programme ran for 26 episodes spanning four series between 1986 and 1995, and was very successful. During this time Fry starred in Blackadder II as Lord Melchett, made a guest appearance in Blackadder the Third as the Duke of Wellington, then returned to a starring role in Blackadder Goes Forth as General Melchett. In the 1988 television special Blackadder's Christmas Carol he played the roles of Lord Melchett and Lord Frondo.

Between 1990 and 1993, Fry starred as Jeeves (alongside Hugh Laurie's Bertie Wooster) in Jeeves and Wooster, 23 hour-long adaptations of P.G. Wodehouse's novels and short stories.

Towards the end of 2003, Fry starred alongside John Bird in the television adaptation of Absolute Power, previously a radio series on BBC Radio 4.

In 2010 Fry took part in a Christmas series of Short Films called 'Little Crackers'. Fry's short is based on a story from his childhood at school.[16] He appeared as the Christian God in 2011's Holy Flying Circus.

Drama[link]

Fry has appeared in a number of BBC adaptations of plays and books, including a 1992 adaptation of the Simon Gray play The Common Pursuit (Fry had previously appeared in the West End stage production); a 1998 Malcolm Bradbury adaptation of the Mark Tavener novel, In the Red, with Fry taking the part of the Controller of BBC Radio 2; and in 2000 Fry took the role of Professor Bellgrove in the BBC serial Gormenghast which were adapted from the first two novels of Mervyn Peake's Gormenghast series. In 2011, Fry portrayed Professor Mildeye in the BBC adaption of Mary Norton's 1952 novel The Borrowers.

Fry narrates the English language version of the Spanish children's animated series Pocoyo.[17]

From 2007 to 2009, Fry played the lead role in (and was executive producer for) the legal drama Kingdom, which ran for three series on ITV1.[18] He has also taken up a recurring guest role as psychiatrist Dr. Gordon Wyatt in the popular American drama Bones.

In 2010, having learned some Irish for the role,[19] he filmed a cameo role in Ros na Rún, an Irish language soap opera broadcast in Ireland, Scotland and the United States.[20][21][22]

Documentaries and other factual programmes[link]

Fry made his first foray into documentary-making with the Emmy Award-winning The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive in 2006; also in 2006, he appeared in the genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, tracing his maternal family tree to investigate his Jewish ancestry.[23] Fry narrated The Story of Light Entertainment, which was shown from July–September 2006.[24][25] In 2007 he presented a documentary on the subject of HIV and AIDS, HIV and Me.[26]

On 7 May 2008, Fry gave a speech as part of a series of BBC lectures on the future of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom,[27] which he later recorded for a podcast.[28]

His six-part travel series Stephen Fry in America began on BBC One in October 2008 and saw him travel to each of the 50 US states;[29] in the same year he narrated the nature documentaries Spectacled Bears: Shadow of the Forest for the BBC Natural World series.[30]

In the 2009 television series Last Chance to See, Fry and zoologist Mark Carwardine sought out endangered species, some of which had been featured in Douglas Adams' and Carwardine's 1990 book and radio series of the same name[31] Also in 2009, Fry briefly hosted CBBC series Horrible Histories, an educational TV show for school children.

In August 2011 Stephen Fry's 100 Greatest Gadgets was shown on Channel 4 as one of the 100 Greatest strand.[32] His choice for the greatest gadget was the cigarette lighter which he described as "fire with a flick of the fingers".[32]

In September 2011 Fry's Planet Word, a five-part documentary about language, aired on BBC HD and BBC Two.[33][34]

[edit] QI

In 2003, Fry began hosting QI (Quite Interesting), a British comedy panel game television quiz show. QI was created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. QI has the highest viewing figures for any show on BBC Four and UKTV G2 (now Dave).[35][36] In 2006, Fry won the Rose d'Or award for "Best Game Show Host" for his work on the series.[37]

Film[link]

Having made his film debut in the 1985 film The Good Father, Fry had a brief appearance in A Fish Called Wanda (in which he is knocked out by Kevin Kline, who is posing as an airport security man) and then appeared in the lead role for Kenneth Branagh's Peter's Friends in 1992. In the 1994 romantic comedy film I.Q., he played the role of James Moreland.[38] Portraying Oscar Wilde (of whom he had been a fan since the age of 13) in the 1997 film Wilde, he fulfilled to critical acclaim a role that he has said he was "born to play". It also earned him a nomination for Best Actor – Drama in the 1998 Golden Globe Award. A year later, Fry starred in David Yates' small independent film The Tichborne Claimant, and in 2001 he played the detective in Robert Altman's period costume drama, Gosford Park. In the same year he also appeared in the Dutch film The Discovery of Heaven, directed by Jeroen Krabbé and based on the novel by Harry Mulisch.

In 2003, Fry made his directorial debut with Bright Young Things, adapted by himself from Evelyn Waugh's Vile Bodies. In 2001, he began hosting the BAFTA Film Awards, a role from which he stepped down in 2006.[39] Later that same year, he wrote the English libretto and dialogue for Kenneth Branagh's film adaptation of The Magic Flute.

Fry continues to make regular film appearances, notably in treatments of literary cult classics. He portrayed Maurice Woodruff in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers, served as narrator in the 2005 film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and in 2005 he appeared in both A Cock and Bull Story, based on Tristram Shandy, and as a non-conforming TV Presenter who challenges the fascist state in V for Vendetta.[40][41] In 2006, he played the role of gadget-master Smithers in Stormbreaker, and in 2007 he appeared as himself hosting a quiz in St Trinian's. In 2007, Fry wrote a script for a remake of The Dam Busters for director Peter Jackson.[42]

Fry in "Happy Birthday to GNU (2008)"

Fry was offered a role in Valkyrie but was unable to participate.[43] Fry starred in the Tim Burton version of Alice in Wonderland, as the voice of The Cheshire Cat.[44] He played Mycroft Holmes in the sequel to Sherlock Holmes directed by Guy Ritchie.[45] In 2010, Fry provided the voice of Socrates the Lion in the environmental animated film Animals United. He will portray the Master of Lake-town in the 2012 film adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit.[46]

Feature filmography[link]

Radio[link]

Fry came to the attention of radio listeners with the 1986 creation of his alter-ego, Donald Trefusis, whose "wireless essays" were broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 programme Loose Ends. In the 1980s he starred as David Lander in four series of the BBC Radio 4 show Delve Special, written by Tony Sarchet, which became the six part Channel 4 series This is David Lander in 1988. In 1988, Fry wrote and presented a six-part comedy series entitled Saturday Night Fry; frequent radio appearances have ensued (notably on panel games Just a Minute and I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue). In 2000, he began starring as Charles Prentiss in the Radio 4 comedy Absolute Power, reprising the role for three further series on radio and two on television. In 2002, Fry voiced Winnie-the-Pooh and was one of the narrators of A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner. He presented a 20-part, two-hour series, The Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music, a "witty guide" to the genre over the past 1,000 years, on Classic FM.

In 2007, he hosted Current Puns, an exploration of wordplay, and Radio 4: This Is Your Life, to celebrate the radio station's 40th anniversary. He also interviewed Tony Blair as part of a series of podcasts released by 10 Downing Street.[47]

In February 2008, Fry began presenting podcasts entitled Stephen Fry's Podgrams, in which he recounts his life and recent experiences.[28] In July 2008, he appeared as himself in I Love Stephen Fry, an Afternoon Play for Radio 4 written by former Fry and Laurie script editor Jon Canter.[48]

Since August 2008 he has presented Fry's English Delight, a series on BBC Radio 4 about the English language.[49] As of 2011, it has been running for four series and 15 episodes.

In the summer 2009 series of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Fry was one of a trio of hosts replacing Humphrey Lyttelton (the others being Jack Dee and Rob Brydon).[50]

In 2012 he appeared as a guest panellist in the BBC Radio 4 comedy panel show Wordaholics.[51]

Theatre[link]

Fry wrote the play Latin! or Tobacco and Boys for the 1980 Edinburgh Festival, where it won the Fringe First prize.[52] It had a revival in 2009 at London's Cock Tavern Theatre, directed by Adam Spreadbury-Maher.[53] The Cellar Tapes, the Footlights Revue of 1981, won the Perrier Comedy Award. In 1984, Fry adapted the hugely successful 1930s musical Me and My Girl for the West End, where it ran for eight years. He was also cast in a lead role in Simon Gray's 1995 play, Cell Mates, which he left three days into the West End run, pleading stage fright. He later recalled the incident as a hypomanic episode in his documentary about bipolar disorder, The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive. In 2007, Fry wrote a Christmas pantomime, Cinderella, which ran at London's Old Vic Theatre.[54]

Fry is a long-standing fan of the anarchic 1960s British musical comedy group, the Bonzo Dog Band and, particularly, of its eccentric front man, the late Vivian Stanshall. Fry helped to fund an ill-fated 1988 London re-staging of Stanshall's acclaimed Stinkfoot, a Comic Opera, written by Vivian and Ki Longfellow-Stanshall for the Bristol-based Old Profanity Showboat. Fry performed several of Stanshall's numbers as part of the Bonzos' 2006 reunion concert at the London Astoria. He also appears as a shiny New Millennium Bonzo on their post-reunion album, Pour l'Amour des Chiens, on which he recites a recipe for "Salmon Proust", plays a butler in "Hawkeye the Gnu", and voices ads for the fictitious "Fiasco" stores.

Following three one-man shows in Australia, Fry announced a "sort of stand-up" performance at The Royal Albert Hall in London for September 2010.[55]

Audio books[link]

Stephen Fry has been the reader for the British versions of all of J.K.Rowling's Harry Potter series of audio books. He discussed this project in an interview with J.K. Rowling in 2005.[56] Fry has also been the reader for Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy film tie-in edition. He has also made recordings of his own books, such as The Stars' Tennis Balls and Moab Is My Washpot; and works by Roald Dahl, Michael Bond, A. A. Milne, and Anthony Buckeridge.

Video games[link]

Fry's distinctive voice has been featured in a number of video games, including an appearance as Reaver, a primary antagonist in Lionhead Studios games Fable II and Fable III, and as the narrator in LittleBigPlanet and its sequel on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.[57][58] He also served as narrator on the first four Harry Potter games (Philosopher's Stone, Chamber of Secrets, Prisoner of Azkaban and the Goblet of Fire).

Advertisements[link]

Fry has lent himself and his voice to many advertisements, starting with an appearance as "Count Ivan Skavinsky Skavar" in a 1982 advert for Whitbread Best Bitter. Fry has said in his memoirs that after receiving his payment for this work – £25,000 – he has never subsequently experienced "what one could call serious money troubles".[59] He has since appeared in adverts for products and companies such as Marks and Spencer, Twinings, Kenco, Vauxhall, Honda, Direct Line, Calpol, Heineken, Alliance & Leicester, After Eights, Trebor, Panama cigars and Orange Mobile.

Literature[link]

Since the publication of his first novel, The Liar (1991), Fry has written three further novels, several non-fiction works and two volumes of autobiography. Making History (1997) is partly set in an alternative universe where Adolf Hitler's father is made infertile and his replacement proves a rather more effective Führer. The book won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History. The Hippopotamus (1994) is about Edward (Ted/Tedward) Wallace and his stay at his old friend Lord Logan's country manor in Norfolk. The Stars' Tennis Balls (2000) is a modern retelling of The Count of Monte Cristo. Fry's book, The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within, is a guide to writing poetry.

When writing a book review for Tatler, Fry wrote under a nom de plume, Williver Hendry, editor of A Most Peculiar Friendship: The Correspondence of Lord Alfred Douglas and Jack Dempsey, a field close to Fry's heart as an Oscar Wilde enthusiast. Once a columnist in The Listener and The Daily Telegraph, he now writes a weekly technology column in the Saturday edition of The Guardian. His blog attracted more than 300,000 visitors in its first two weeks.[29]

In May 2009, Fry unveiled The Dongle of Donald Trefusis, an audiobook series following Donald Trefusis (a fictional character from Fry's novel The Liar and from the BBC Radio 4 series Loose Ends), set over 12 episodes.[60] After its release, it reached No. 1 on the UK Album Chart list.

Fry's use of the word "luvvie" (spelled "lovie" by Fry) in The Guardian on 2 April 1988 is given by the Oxford English Dictionary as the earliest recorded use of the word as a humorous synonym for "actor".[61]

Football[link]

In August 2010, Fry joined the Board of Directors at Norwich City Football Club. A lifelong fan of "the Canaries" and a regular visitor to Carrow Road, he said on being appointed "Truly this is one of the most exciting days of my life and I am as proud and pleased as I could be."[6]

Twitter[link]

In October 2008, Fry began posting to the social networking site Twitter,[62] which he regularly updates.[63] On 16 May 2009, he celebrated the 500,000-follower mark: "Bless my soul 500k followers. And I love you all. Well, all except that silly one. And that's not you."[64]

Fry wields a considerable amount of influence through his use of Twitter.[65][66] He is frequently asked to promote various charities and causes, often inadvertently causing their websites to crash because of the volume of traffic generated by his large number of followers; as Fry notes on his website: "Four thousand hits a second all diving down the pipeline at the same time for minutes on end."[67] Fry uses his influence to recommend underexposed musicians and authors (who often see large increases in web hits and sales)[68][69] and to raise awareness of contemporary issues in the world of media and politics, notably the dropping of an injunction against The Guardian[70][71] and the lambasting of Daily Mail columnist Jan Moir over her article on the death of Boyzone member Stephen Gately.[72][73]

In October 2009 Fry again sparked debate amongst users when he announced his intention to leave the social networking site after criticism from another user on Twitter. He retracted the intention the next day.[74] In October 2010, Fry left Twitter for a few days following press criticism of a quote taken from an interview he had given, with a farewell message of "Bye bye". After returning, Fry explained that he had left Twitter to "avoid being sympathised with or told about an article I would otherwise never have got wind of".[75] In some quarters the general methods Fry uses on Twitter have been criticised.[76]

In November 2009 Fry's Twitter account reached one million followers. He commemorated the million followers milestone with a humorous video blog in which a 'Step Hen Fry' clone speaks from the year 2034 where MySpace, Facebook and Twitter have combined to form 'Twit on MyFace'.[77] In November 2010 Fry welcomed his two millionth follower with a blog entry detailing his opinions and experiences of Twitter.[78] On 11 March 2012, Fry noted his passing of the four million follower mark with a tweet: "Lordy I've breasted the 4 million followers tape. Love you all. Yes even YOU. But let's dedicate today to Douglas Adams's diamond jubilee"[79]

Acclaim[link]

Stephen Fry visits Nightingale House, London, December 2009

In 1995, Fry was presented with an honorary doctorate from the University of Dundee, which named their main Students' Association bar after his novel The Liar. Fry is a patron of its Lip Theatre Company.[80] He also served two consecutive terms – 1992 to 1995 and 1995 to 1998 – as the student-elected Rector of the University of Dundee. Such was his popularity, he was unopposed when he sought re-election to office in 1995, and by the time he completed his second term in office he had won the widespread admiration of the University's staff and students.[81][82] He was awarded the AoC Gold Award in 2004, and was entered into their hall of fame.[83] Fry was also awarded an honorary degree from Anglia Ruskin University in 2005.[84][85] He was made honorary president of the Cambridge University Quiz Society and honorary fellow of his alma mater Queens' College, Cambridge. On 13 July 2010, he was made an honorary fellow of Cardiff University[86] and on 28 January 2011 he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the University of Sussex for his work campaigning for people suffering from mental health problems, bipolar disorder and HIV.[87]

He is a Patron of the Norwich Playhouse theatre and a Vice President of The Noël Coward Society.[88] Fry was the last person to be named Pipe Smoker of the Year before the award was discontinued.[89]

In December 2006 he was ranked sixth for the BBC's Top Living Icon Award,[90] was featured on The Culture Show, and was voted Most Intelligent Man on Television by readers of Radio Times. The Independent on Sunday Pink List named Fry the second most influential gay person in Britain in May 2007; he had taken the twenty-third position on the list the previous year.[91] Later the same month he was announced as the 2007 Mind Champion of the Year[1] in recognition of the success of his documentary The Secret Life of a Manic Depressive in raising awareness of bipolar disorder. Fry was also nominated in "Best Entertainment Performance" for QI and "Best Factual Series" for Secret Life of the Manic Depressive at the 2007 British Academy Television Awards.[92] That same year, Broadcast magazine listed Fry at number four in its "Hot 100" list of influential on-screen performers, describing him as a polymath and a "national treasure".[93] He was also granted a lifetime achievement award at the British Comedy Awards on 5 December 2007[94] and the Special Recognition Award at the National Television Awards on 20 January 2010.[95]

BBC Four dedicated two nights of programming to Fry on 17 and 18 August 2007, in celebration of his 50th birthday. The first night, comprising programs featuring Fry, began with a sixty-minute documentary entitled Stephen Fry: 50 Not Out. The second night was composed of programs selected by Fry, as well as a 60-minute interview with Mark Lawson and a half-hour special, Stephen Fry: Guilty.[96] The weekend programming proved such a ratings hit for BBC Four that it was repeated on BBC Two on 16 and 17 September 2007.

In 2011, he was the subject of Molly Lewis's song An Open Letter to Stephen Fry, in which the singer jokingly offers herself as a surrogate mother for his child.[97] In February 2011, Fry was awarded the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism by the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University, the Harvard Secular Society and the American Humanist Association.[98]

Views on religion[link]

Fry has repeatedly expressed opposition to organised religion and has identified himself as an atheist and humanist, while declaring some sympathy for the ancient Greek belief in capricious gods. In his first autobiography he wrote, "I knew I couldn't believe in God, because I was fundamentally Hellenic in my outlook."[99] He has accepted that religion can have positive effects, "Sometimes belief means credulity, sometimes an expression of faith and hope which even the most sceptical atheist such as myself cannot but find inspiring."[100]

In 2009, The Guardian published a letter from Fry addressing his younger self, explaining how his future is soon to unfold, reflecting on the positive progression towards gay acceptance and openness around him, and yet not everywhere, while warning on how "the cruel, hypocritical and loveless hand of religion and absolutism has fallen on the world once more".[101] Later that year, he and Christopher Hitchens participated in an "Intelligence Squared" debate in which they argued against Ann Widdecombe and Archbishop John Onaiyekan, who supported the view that the Catholic Church was a force for good. Fry and Hitchens argued that the church did more harm than good. Fry attacked the Catholic Church's teachings on sexuality and denounced its wealth.[102]

In 2010 he was made a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association, stating: "it is essential to nail one’s colours to the mast as a humanist."[103] Later that year, Fry, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's visit to the United Kingdom being a state visit.[104]

On 22 February 2011, Fry was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism by the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University, joining a list of previous honorees including novelist Salman Rushdie, screenwriter Joss Whedon, and Mythbusters Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[105]

Personal life[link]

Fry struggled to keep his homosexuality secret during his teenage years at public school, and has claimed not to have engaged in sexual activity for 16 years from 1979 until 1995.[106][107] When asked when he first acknowledged his sexuality, Fry quipped: "I suppose it all began when I came out of the womb. I looked back up at my mother and thought to myself, 'That's the last time I'm going up one of those.'"[108] Fry was in a 14-year relationship with Daniel Cohen, which ended in 2010.[109][110][111] Fry has stated that he is 90% homosexual, but has been attracted to women on occasion.[112]

Fry has a home in London and another in Hollywood.[113] He also has a home near King's Lynn, Norfolk. When in London, Fry drives a dark green TX4 London cab.

Fry was an active supporter of the Labour Party for many years, and appeared in a party political broadcast on its behalf with Hugh Laurie and Michelle Collins in November 1993. Despite this, he did not vote in the 2005 General Election because of the stance of both the Labour and Conservative parties with regard to the Iraq War. Despite his praise of the Blair/Brown government's work on social reform, Fry has been critical of the Labour Party's "Third Way" concept. Fry appeared in literature to support changing the British electoral system from first-past-the-post to alternative vote for electing Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the Alternative Vote referendum in 2011.[114]

He is on cordial terms with Prince Charles (despite a mild parody Fry performed in his role of King Charles I in the comedy programme Blackadder: The Cavalier Years), through his work with the Prince's Trust. He attended the Prince of Wales' and Camilla Parker Bowles' wedding in 2005.

Fry is a friend of British comedian and actor (and Blackadder co-star) Rowan Atkinson and was best man at Atkinson's wedding to Sunetra Sastry at the Russian Tea Room in New York City. Fry was a friend of British actor John Mills.[115]

His best friend is Hugh Laurie,[116] whom he met while both were at Cambridge and with whom he has collaborated many times over the years. He was best man at Laurie's wedding and is godfather to all three of his children.[117]

A fan of cricket, Fry has claimed to be related to former England cricketer C.B. Fry,[118] and was interviewed for the Ashes Fever DVD, reporting on England's victory over Australia in the 2005 Ashes series. Regarding football, he is a supporter of Norwich City, and is a regular visitor to Carrow Road.

He has been described as "deeply dippy for all things digital", claims to have bought the third Macintosh computer sold in the UK (his friend Douglas Adams bought the first two) and jokes that he has never encountered a smartphone that he has not bought.[119] He counts Wikipedia among his favourite websites "because I like to find out that I died, and that I'm currently in a ballet in China, and all the other very accurate and important things that Wikipedia brings us all."[120]

Fry has a long-standing interest in Internet production, including having his own website since 1997. His current site, The New Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry, has existed since 2002 and has attracted many visitors following his first blog in September 2007, which comprised a 6,500 word "blessay" on smartphones. In February 2008, Fry launched his private podcast series, Stephen Fry's Podgrams, and a forum, including discussions on depression and activities in which Fry is involved. The website content is created by Stephen Fry and produced by Andrew Sampson. Fry is also a supporter of GNU and the Free Software Foundation.[121] For the 25th anniversary of the GNU operating system, Fry appeared in a video explaining some of the philosophy behind GNU by likening it to the sharing found in science.[122]

On 30 April 2008, Fry signed an open letter, published in The Guardian newspaper by some well known Jewish personalities, stating their opposition to celebrating the 60th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel.[123] Furthermore, he is a signatory member of the British Jews for Justice for Palestinians organisation, which campaigns for Palestinian rights.[124]

Fry was among over 100 signatories to a statement published by Sense About Science on 4 June 2009, condemning British libel laws and their use to "severely curtail the right to free speech on a matter of public interest."[125]

Poland controversy[link]

On 6 October 2009, Fry was interviewed by Jon Snow on Channel 4 News[126] as a signatory of a letter to British Conservative Party leader David Cameron expressing concern about the party's relationship with Poland's opposition national conservative Law and Justice party in the European Parliament.[127] During the interview, he stated:

There has been a history, let's face it, in Poland of a right-wing Catholicism which has been deeply disturbing for those of us who know a little history, and remember which side of the border Auschwitz was on and know the stories, and know much of the anti-semitic, and homophobic and nationalistic elements in countries like Poland.

The remark prompted a complaint from the Polish Embassy in London, an editorial in The Economist and criticism from British Jewish historian David Cesarani.[128][129][130][131] Fry has since posted an apology in a six-page post on his personal blog, in which he stated:

I offer no excuse. I seemed to imply that the Polish people had been responsible for the most infamous of all the death factories of the Third Reich. I didn't even really at the time notice the import of what I had said, so gave myself no opportunity instantly to retract the statement. It was a rubbishy, cheap and offensive remark that I have been regretting ever since. I take this opportunity to apologise now. I said a stupid, thoughtless and fatuous thing. It detracted from and devalued my argument, such as it was, and it outraged and offended a large group of people for no very good reason. I am sorry in all directions, and all the more sorry because it is no one's fault but my own, which always makes it so much worse.[132]

Health[link]

Fry has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder,[133] specifically stating he suffers from Cyclothymia, referring to it as "bipolar lite".[134][135] He suffered a nervous breakdown in 1995 while appearing in a West End play called Cell Mates and subsequently walked out of the production, prompting its early closure and incurring the displeasure of co-star Rik Mayall and playwright Simon Gray. Mayall's comedy partner, Adrian Edmondson, made light of the subject in his and Mayall's second Bottom live show. After walking out of the production, Fry went missing for several days while contemplating suicide. He abandoned the idea and left the United Kingdom by ferry, eventually resurfacing in Belgium.[136]

Fry has spoken publicly about his experience with bipolar disorder, which was also depicted in the documentary Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive.[137][138] In the programme, he interviewed other sufferers of the illness including Carrie Fisher, Richard Dreyfuss and Tony Slattery. Also featured were chef Rick Stein, whose father committed suicide, Robbie Williams, who talks of his experience with major depression, and comedienne and former mental health nurse Jo Brand. He is also involved with the mental health charity Stand to Reason.[139]

In 2009, Fry lent his support to a campaign led by the human rights organisation Reprieve to prevent the execution of heroin trafficker Akmal Shaikh, a British citizen originally from Pakistan. Some of Shaikh's supporters have said he suffered from undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Despite calls for clemency, Shaikh was executed in the People's Republic of China for drug trafficking.[140]

In January 2008, he broke his arm while filming Last Chance to See in Brazil.[141] He later explained in a podcast how the accident happened: while climbing aboard a boat, he slipped between it and the dock, and, while stopping himself from falling into the water, his body weight caused his right humerus to snap. The damage was more severe than first thought: the resulting vulnerability to his radial nerve – he was at risk of losing the use of his arm – was not diagnosed until he saw a consultant in the UK.[142]

As the host of QI, Fry has stated that he is allergic to both champagne[143] and bumble bee stings.[144]

Appearing on Top Gear in 2009, Fry had lost a significant amount of weight, prompting host Jeremy Clarkson to ask jokingly, "Where's the rest of you?" Fry explained that he had shed a total of 6 stone (84 lb; 38 kg), attributing the weight loss to doing a lot of walking while listening to downloaded Audiobooks.[145]

Fry is between 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) and 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m) in height.[146][147]

Business[link]

In 2008, Fry formed SamFry Ltd, with long-term collaborator Andrew Sampson, to produce and fund new material, as well as manage his official website.[148]

Bibliography[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ a b "Stephen Fry announced as president of Mind". Mind. http://www.mind.org.uk/news/5260_stephen_fry_announced_as_new_president_of_mind. Retrieved 29 July 2011. 
  2. ^ QI XL Series I episode 7
  3. ^ UK Brigade of Kentucky Colonels
  4. ^ Utley, Tom (24 February 2006). "Stephen Fry is too English to be an example of anything". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3623250/Stephen-Fry-is-too-English-to-be-an-example-of-anything.html. Retrieved 24 May 2010. 
  5. ^ "Stephen Fry and IODA Partner for The Dongle of Donald Trefusis" (PDF) (Press release). stephenfry.com. 27 May 2009. http://www.stephenfry.com/dongle/press/PressRelease_StephenFry_DongleOfDonaldTrefusis.pdf. Retrieved 22 October 2011. 
  6. ^ a b "Stephen Fry joins Norwich City board". BBC News. 13 August 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-10968940. 
  7. ^ "Stephen Fry Biography (1957–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/71/Stephen-Fry.html. Retrieved 4 February 2009. 
  8. ^ a b c d ""Who Do You Think You Are?", Series Two: Celebrity Gallery". http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/wdytya_s2_celeb_gallery_03.shtml. 
  9. ^ Hamilton, Alan (28 January 2005). "Candles light heart of darkness". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article507549.ece. Retrieved 4 February 2009. 
  10. ^ Smith, David (5 June 2005). "I saw hate in a graveyard – Stephen Fry". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jun/05/religion.hayfestival2005. Retrieved 14 June 2010. 
  11. ^ "Its photo still moves Stephen Fry to tears - now the star's former family home could be yours for £995,000". Daily Mail. Retrieved 24 May 2012
  12. ^ "Cawston Parish in Norfolk". Cawstonparish.info. http://www.cawstonparish.info/Web%20Sites%20&%20Books%20About%20Cawston.htm. Retrieved 4 February 2009. 
  13. ^ Fry and Laurie Reunited, 2010 (GOLD)
  14. ^ Fry, Stephen (1997). Moab Is My Washpot — An Autobiography. London: Hutchinson. pp. 305–335. ISBN 0-09-180161-3. 
  15. ^ "University Challenge page at UK Game Shows". http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/University_Challenge. 
  16. ^ "Stephen Fry – Little Crackers". Sky1.sky.com. http://sky1.sky.com/Little-Crackers-Stephen-Fry-About. Retrieved 22 October 2011. 
  17. ^ "Pocoyo". CITV. http://www.citv.co.uk/page.asp?partid=68. Retrieved 4 February 2009. 
  18. ^ "ITV axes Stephen Fry's 'Kingdom'". Digital Spy. 9 October 2009. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a181343/itv-axes-stephen-frys-kingdom.html. Retrieved 11 November 2009. 
  19. ^ "Stephen Fry Learns Irish for ‘Ros na Rún’". IFTN.
  20. ^ Taylor, Charlie and Boland, Rosita. "Stephen Fry to cameo in TG4 soap". The Irish Times. 17 November 2010.
  21. ^ "Stephen Fry set for Ros na Run cameo". Irish Independent. 17 November 2010.
  22. ^ "'Full Irish' Fry takes soap role". BBC News. 17 November 2010.
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  27. ^ "BBC — The future role of public service broadcasting — Stephen Fry". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080517101235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/thefuture/video_fry.shtml. Retrieved 19 June 2008. 
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  33. ^ Walton, James (25 September 2011). "Stephen Fry's Planet Word, BBC Two, review". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8787668/Stephen-Frys-Planet-Word-BBC-Two-review.html. Retrieved 23 May 2012. 
  34. ^ "Stephen Fry shares his love of language in Fry’s Planet Word". Radio Times. 25 September 2011. http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2011-09-25/stephen-fry-shares-his-love-of-language-in-frys-planet-word. Retrieved 12 October 2011. 
  35. ^ QI.com Audience figures. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
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  38. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110099/
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  40. ^ Interview with The Wachowski brothers about V For Vendetta, in which they discuss the performances that stand out in the film. They pointed out that it was Fry's "normalcy" in the face of the insanity of the censorship of BTV that makes his character truly powerful and adds a "wholly unexpected dimension to the film". http://www.liquida.com/wachowski-brothers-interview/
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  102. ^ Ed West (23 October 2009). "Atheist duo convince crowd that the Church is not a force for good". The Catholic Herald (London). http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/23rd-october-2009/1/atheist-duo-convince-crowd-that-the-church-is-not-. Retrieved 18 February 2012. 
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  104. ^ "Letters: Harsh judgments on the pope and religion". The Guardian (London). 15 September 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/15/harsh-judgments-on-pope-religion. Retrieved 16 September 2010. 
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  111. ^ "Stephen Fry has new toyboy boyfriend – mirror.co.uk". Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/07/15/qi-host-fry-has-a-new-young-guy-115875-22413956/. Retrieved 30 November 2010. 
  112. ^ Hastings, Chris (18 September 2010). "The two women in my 10 per cent – by '90 per cent gay' Stephen Fry". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1313262/The-women-10-cent--90-cent-gay-Stephen-Fry.html. 
  113. ^ "Craig Ferguson 2/23/10B Late Late show Stephen Fry PT3". Youtube. 21 June 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_cmQ-O5Cd0#t=1m53s. Retrieved 11 October 2010. 
  114. ^ "Benjamin Zephaniah 'airbrushed from Yes to AV leaflets'". BBC News. 3 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12950712. 
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  121. ^ "Patronage of GNU Project". Gnu.org. http://www.gnu.org/thankgnus/2008supporters.html#TOCpatrons. Retrieved 4 February 2009. 
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External links[link]

http://wn.com/Stephen_Fry




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry

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Got gooseflesh, got butterflies, got a temperature you
gonna feel em rise
I make a good man, like a bad son, like a daddy that
you call number one
I see this big heart like a big stain, makin your love
make me feel the lick
so when the clouds come, bad weather roam
aint a shame if I dont see the sun because
Who needs the sunshine when your here
Who needs the sunshine when your here
Who needs the sunshine when your here
When you carry the sunshine with you
Dont need no big train hor-cigary(???)
I got more than I need to complete the set
I make picturesque on the warm breast
Head how come I dont need no rest
But gimme medicine in the shape of your (?)
What kinda of fetish did I decide to cast you in
So when the storm break I'll leave the headache
To walk alone in the cloud for my own sake
Who needs the sunshine when your here
Who needs the sunshine when your here
Who needs the sunshine when your here
When you carry the sunshine all alone with you

I've been loved
I don't feel clever
One mans weakness
Is another mans pleasure
I got no feelings
I got no heart
Can't make no sense out of this
But I got to somehow
What you want me to do
What you want me to say
How you need me to be?
I can be that way
What you want me to do
What you want me to say
How you need me to do?
'Cause I can do that...
When I feel tender
Like I've been lost
Put myself together
'Cause paid my cost to be the boss
Now I sleepin'
I aint slept
I see what you see here
But in this life

Ain't nothing wrong with this chemistry,
Ain't nothing wrong with this place for me,
And time will tell if there's the pedigree,
Experience is another one made for me,
So tell me now, (tell me now)
And show me how, (show me how)
To understand, (understand)
What makes a good man
So tell me now, (tell me now)
And walk the line, (walk the line)
Can't understand, (understand)
What makes a good man
Good man
Yeah!
Now I ain't tired of swimming for blood and dust,
I ain't tired of swimming for, what it's worth,
Cause lives get drawn and lives get kicked and burnt,
Indelible is what I need to, spread the word,
And tell me now, (tell me now)
And show me how, (show me how)
To understand, (understand)
What makes a good man
To tell me now, (tell me now)
And walk the line, (walk the line)
Can't understand, (understand)
What makes a good man
Good man
Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!
Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!
Tell me now, (tell me now)
And show me how, (show me how)
To understand, (understand)
What makes a good man
To tell me now, (tell me now)
And walk the line, (walk the line)
Can't understand, (understand)
What makes a good man good man,
Good man, good man, good man
Good man, good man, good man
What makes a good man,
Good man, good man, good man
What makes a good man,

There was a frost when you left this morning
But there'll be fireworks when you come home
I never run from the early warning
I never asked to be alone
It's the truth I can do without
Getting harder to admit
Love, I can do without
I'm up in my neck and ear
I'm stuck
Till you make your mind up
Till you make your mind up
I'm stuck
Well you can shake it till it rains down
And you can shake it till it turns gold
Will you shake all the better lies
Will it taste like lips of gold
Cause it's the proof that without a doubt
It's too late to pray
Love, I can't breathe it out
I'm up to my neck in this shit
I'm stuck
Till you make your mind up
Till you make your mind up
I'm stuck
And I don't know if I can do it by myself
I just feel like I'm responsible
And I don't know if I can do it by myself
I feel loved but I'm not capable
And how can I breath
Till you make your mind up
How can I think of leaving you when
I'm stuck
Till you make your mind up
Till you make your mind up
I'm stuck
I'm stuck...

I saw her dancin with the devil
And he was wearing my shoe
Black and white Jordan leathers
And she was looking for abuse
Now she looked just like heaven
But her mind reeked of hell
Now I know I shouldn't be telling
But I guess I guess if you know her well
She's the kind of girl
She can believe me when I say, she can
She's already ready there, and already there.
Now what the devil want
Believe the devil gonna get
He gonna stretch her out
Like a tape in a cassette
And when you see these kinda girls
They all look big as fun (???)
But the devil know the devil know
There is only one thing tonight she gonna suck
Cuz she wont no she cant
Believe me when I say
She cant
She's already there
She's already there
We got sixteen year olds acting like they forty year
olds
Yo we need to do it and we need to re-clense the souls
I have an idea, lets take rich style high tronic system
and we crush em out
Cuz she wont she cant
Believe me when I say
She's already there

I can't see where you coming from,
But I know, just what you, running from,
And what matters ain't the,
Who's baddest but the,
Ones who stop you falling from your ladder, angel
Feel, like you're feeling now,
Doing things just to please your crowd,
When I love you like the way I love you,
And I suffer but I ain't gonna cut you cause,
This ain't no place for no hero,
This ain't no place for no better man,
This ain't no place for no hero,
To call home,
This ain't no place for no hero,
This ain't no place for no better man,
This ain't no place for no hero,
To call home,
Every time, I close my eyes,
I think, I think bout you and I,
And your mother, given up on asking why,
Why you lie, and you cheat,
And you try to make a fool out of she,
Now, I can't see where you coming from,
But I know, just what you, running from,
And what matters ain't the,
Who's baddest but the,
Ones who stop you falling from your ladder cause,
This ain't no place for no hero,
This ain't no place for no better man,
This ain't no place for no hero,
To call home,
This ain't no place for no hero,
This ain't no place for no better man,
This ain't no place for no hero,
To call home
This ain't no place for no hero,
This ain't no place for no better man,
This ain't no place for no hero,

Where, oh, where is the girl that I found?
She was the best, the sweetest thing in this broken-down town
Where can this girl be now?
She used to make me feel like God when she'd go it on down
But now she got no time to play with me
Got no time to shake it with me
Got no time to make it with me
Got no feeling on my body
But I know what you want me to do
You know what you want me to do
Compromise the struggle with you
Compromise, but
I ain't got time for this
When there ain't no time, no time, no time for this
Where is the girl that I found?
She used to help me dig up dirt in my graveyard town
Making love was the only sound
That I remember you could hear for miles around
But now she got no time to play with me
Got no time to shake it with me
Got no time to make it with me
Got me feeling on my body
But I know what you want me to do
You know what you want me to do
Compromise the struggle with you
Compromise, but
I ain't got time for this
When there ain't no time, no time, no time for this
Where is the girl that I found?
She really helped me build this house from the dirt on the ground
But now she got no time to play with me
Got no time to shake it with me
Got no time to make it with me
Got no feeling on my body
But I know what you want me to do
You know what you want me to do
Compromise the struggle with you
Compromise, but
I ain't got time for this
And there ain't no time, no time, no time for this
Where has my baby disappeared to?
Where has my baby gone now?
Where has my baby disappeared to?

She want everything
She want the Gucci and the Louis Vuittons
All the Juicy and Canary Blue
She want the kind of things that go in style
And she won't give it up
Until you give her just about enough
Those girls are so dangerous
It's enough to make a lover broke
Now do you want that love?
Do you need that love?
She's gonna make you broke
She's gonna make you broke
Now do you want that love?
Do you need that love?
She's gonna make you broke
She's gonna make you broke
In magazines
Checking outs the inner scene
Can't afford to book the credit sleeve
Before she know it then she's in for g's
Now don't take it personal
If you're running with this kind of girl
I'm sure she's gonna rock your world
Like the way she won't rock with her own
Now do you want that love?
Do you need that love?
She's gonna make you broke
She's gonna make you broke
Now do you want that love?
Do you need that love?
She's gonna make you broke
She's gonna make you broke
[spoken section]
Now do you want that love?
Do you need that love?
She's gonna make you broke
She's gonna make you broke
Now do you want that love?
Do you need that love?
She's gonna make you broke

You made a man out of me
But you're not satisfied
You don't believe what you see
You don't believe when I
Got a million things on my mind cause of you
I don't know what I'm gonna do
I only wanted to love you
You only wanted a taste
My ambition to woo you
Was all the time that we waste
Time that we wasted
Why don't you set me free? yeah
Why don't you set me free?
Why don't you set me free? yeah
Why don't you set me free?
And every time that I think about the better days
Remember how we woud kiss
When we were high on haze?
We never knew about the way things work
I still need to forget
Cause when you wanted protection
You used to call out my name, yes you did
And all this changing direction
Ain't making me feel the same about you
Why don't you set me free? yeah
Why don't you set me free?
Why don't you set me free? yeah
Why don't you set me free?
All you got to do is just set me free

Now there was a time
When you loved me so
I could have been wrong
But now you needed to know
See, I've been a bad, bad, bad, bad man
And I'm in deep, Yes I am
I found a brand new love for this man
And I can't wait till you see
I can't wait
So how you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
Remember the time
When I eat you up
You know that I wasn't lyin'
that you can't give up
So if I was to cheat
on you baby would you see right through me
If I sing a sad, sad, sad, sad song
would you give it to me
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now
Does that make you love me baby
Does that make you want me baby
Does that make you love me baby
Does that make you want me baby
How you like me now
How you like me now
How you like me now

When it's cold as a lizards heart
When it's cold as a grave
When it's engine will never start
When it's black as a pave?
You can blame it on delivery
You can blame it on the stars
You can say what you like for me
Damn your cold dead heart
They'll always be that someone
That gets caught on the way
They'll always be that two or three
Giving a little love away
They'll always be that silence
Despite what you were told
They'll always be that guarentee
You'll get there
On the Lonesome Road
When it's over from the start
(you know it's always)
You can hang by nails?
When it leak like a murdered heart
(been a fire?)
When it's too sad a tale?
You can blame the electricity
You can blame it on your tongue
You can run if you like from me
But you won't get far
They'll always be that someone
That gets caught on the way
They'll always be that two or three
Giving a little love away
They'll always be that silence
Despite what you were told
They'll always be that guarentee
You'll get there

Got my mind like the Pope got God
I Got the blues well it seems so far
Temptation all around the air that I breath
But you ain't got to worry cause you tamed the beast
And in the summer time
That we lost
Out of time and
At a cost
I need someone who can understand
I'll never be a prophet in my own land
When I'm a long way from home
With so much pressure on my bones
I'm such a long way from home
But I'll be back soon
Tongue tied on the telephone line
You got the words to help me ease up my mind
No one love me like the way that you love me so
I got to tell you from the tip of my tongue
Cause I know where I'll find you
I know just where you lie
Always deep in my heart
You're by my side
I know it's hard
When I'm a long way from home
With so much pressure on my bones
I'm such a long way from home
But I'll be back soon (yeah)
(I'm coming home)
I know where I'll find you
I know just where you lie
Always deep in my heart
You're by my side
It's so hard
When I'm a long way from home
It's so much pressure on my bones
I'm such a long way from home
But I'll be back soon
I'm gonna be back soon
Oh, I'm gonna be back soon

Take all my money
Take all my time
Take all the stars that hang above me
Be mine!
Take all my tears
Covet my eyes
Take what you need
To make you love me
Be mine!
If I could be that stranger
And knock you off your feet
Make amends for the lies I've told
And put an end to our deceit
If I could feel
No danger
I'd be all out war
Trade excuses for promises
That I can't keep anymore
Take all my money
Take all my time
Take all the stars that hang above me
Be mine!
Take all my tears
Covet my eyes
Take what you need
To make you love me
Be mine!
And didn't I try
Hard enough to fool you
Didn't I try
Hard enough to fail
Didn't I try
Hard enough to read between the lines
As this moment set sail...
Take all my money
Take all my time
Take all the stars that hang above me
Be mine!
Take all my tears
Covet my eyes
Take what you need
To say you love me

Maybe you will qualify
And maybe you won't
Maybe you can multiply
And maybe you don't
Haunt me in the dead of night
You can be so mean
If you're looking for a fight
Well, I'm a war machine
Is this just an exercise in self restraint?
Is your picture perfect size
Or a bitch to paint?
Be my bloody valentine
Or a cruise ship whore
If you're working overtime
What you need me for?
And if you wanna cry 'bout something
Then make it something worth lying for
And if you need to curse my name
Curse me good!
And if you wanna lie 'bout something
Then make it something worth lying for
And if you need to curse my name
Curse me good!
Baby isn't satisfied
Baby needed more
Baby left her alibi
At the front door
Be the morning sun in my eyes
Or a new disease
Why should i apologize
I do as i please
And if you wanna cry bout something
Make it something worth crying for
And if you need to curse my name
Curse me good!
And if you want to lie bout something
Then make it something worth dying for
And if you need to curse my name
Curse me good!
Don't you smile at my face, spit on my back
Do you kiss your mother with a mouth like that?
Love it, leave it, it's all good for me
Don't you smile at my face, spit on my back
Do you kiss your mother with a mouth like that?
Love it, leave it, it's all good for me
Don't you smile at my face, spit on my back
Do you kiss your mother with a mouth like that?
Love it, leave it, it's all good for me
Don't you smile at my face, spit on my back
Do you kiss your mother with a mouth like that?
Love it, leave it, it's all good for me
Don't you smile at my face, spit on my back
Do you kiss your mother with a mouth like that?

I can't see where you're comin' from
But I know just what you're runnin' from
And what matters thinkin' who's baddest but the
Ones who stop you falling from your ladder
When you feel like you're feeling now
And doin' things just to please your crowd
When I love you like the way I love you
And I suffer but I ain't gonna cut you 'cause
This ain't no place for no hero
This ain't no place for no better man
This ain't no place for no hero
To go home
This ain't no place for no hero
This ain't no place for no better man
This ain't no place for no hero
To go home
And every time I close my eyes
I think, I think about you inside
And your mother givin' up on asking why
Why you lie and you cheat
and you try to make a fool out of she
I can't see where you're comin' from
But I know just what you're runnin' from
And what matters thinkin' who's baddest but the
Ones who stop you falling from your ladder, cause
This ain't no place for no hero
This ain't no place for no better man
This ain't no place for no hero
To go home
This ain't no place for no hero
This ain't no place for no better man
This ain't no place for no hero

You keep talking that same, same song
But love lost
Make it hard to get along
I get it
If it's wrong then it's wrong
But you say nothing
'Bout all kinds of something
So...
You got nothing to say
(Don't say nothing)
You got nothing to give
(Don't say nothing)
You got something to give, well
(Show me something)
You got nothing to say
(Don't say nothing)
I walk this ling like my mama told me
So why you wanna pick on
Lil' ol' me?
I got nothing
I can't give you what you need
Skin like mine, ain't got no blood to bleed
(So turn around and leave)
And come back when there's something to believe
Until then...
You got nothing to say
(Don't say nothing)
You got nothing to give
(Don't say nothing)
You got something to give, well
(Show me something)
You got nothing to say
(Don't say nothing)
Your cheap talk
(It grow like weeds)
Your cheap talk
(It grow like weeds)
Your cheap talk
(It grow like weeds)
It grow just like weed under the lights for me
Your cheap talk
(It grow like weeds)
Your cheap talk
(It grow like weeds)
Your cheap talk
(It grow like weeds)
'Cos always talking something
'Bout all kinds of nothing so...
You got nothing to say
(Don't say nothing)
You got nothing to give
(Don't say nothing)
You got something to give, well
(Show me something)
You got nothing to say

I believe
If a man could fly
Trying to escape from our lies
And the truth
Would never die
It would be just like I remembered
When you
Swallowed my pride
When you were talking that
Same ol'
And kept working that
Same ol
And kept making that
Same ol'
Fool out of me
All that Same ol'
Everyday it's that
Same ol'
You keep making the same ol'
Fool out of me
But you see that I can sleep
I don't know just how you do it
Must be counting more than sheep
And it's time
For you and me
To leave this fairy tale we fucked
'Cos we, both need to breathe
And I know it's not enough
But your love is like a drug
I know it's not enough
But your love is like a drug
Know it's not enough
Your love is like a drug
Your love is like
Like a
But you just keep talking that
Same ol'
And kept working that
Same ol
And kept making that
Same ol'
Fool out of me
All that Same ol'
Everyday it's that
Same ol'
You keep making the same ol'

I put my back into it
I put a hole right through it
Don't ever leave me
(Don't ever leave, baby)
I work the land all day and
I gave you all my pay, but
It's not enough girl
(Never enough, girl)
I don't need a love like that
(He don't want a love like that)
I don't need a love like that
(He don't want a love)
You took me to great lengths
All that I can do is summon up the strength to
Get a reaction
(Why you never love this man?)
How do you sit so still?
Don't you recognise that you haunt me still?
But bitch, I'm too lazy
(So, so lazy)
I don't need a love like that
(He don't want a love like that)
I don't need a love like that
(He don't want a love like that)
I don't need a love like that
(He don't want a love like that)
Who needs a love like that?

She's trying to tell this kid about herself
She ain't dissin him
So I'm gonna have to say something
Yo, he looks so good to me now you don't
Just trying to make a fool of me, he's turning around, so long
And I know a guy who knows it
I know it
He's trying to fuck with my dignity
Well, I love you
I can't trust you
You're always fucking with my dignity
Always fucking with my dignity
I make you dance like I never left in this song
I just hope that you dance that way for longer
Cause I don't care who knows it
I know it
You're trying to fuck with my dignity
And I love you
But can't trust you
You're always fucking with my dignity
Always fucking with my dignity
Always fucking with my dignity
Cause I don't care who knows it
I know it
You're trying to fuck with my dignity
And I love you
But can't trust you
You're always fucking with my dignity
You're always fucking with my dignity
Always fucking with my dignity
Always fucking with my dignity
Always fucking with my

Now you got no one to run to
You bang upon my door
I know things that might not hurt you
And things that will for sure
The words so well rehearsed
Pretend to sound original
I don't see your eyes when you talk
Please don't say you love me
Leave me, don't fuck with my mind
Try to understand like you're a good friend of mine
Cause I'm doing fine, yes I am
I'm doing...
Your actions give me boredoms
And I don't need a silencer
I got more sense than a wheel
Don't think that I'm fool for you
It's like X-ray
When you press play to the songs that I heard before
You know you should see your face when you perform
Talking `bout the future is in my eyes
And blinking out
I knew you before lies
Talking `bout the future is in my eyes
Please don't say you love me
Leave me, don't fuck with my mind
Try to understand like you're a good friend of mine
Cause I'm doing fine, yes I am
I'm doing fine like a heart of the grain
I'm doing fine like I said when you rang
I'm doing fine, yes I am
Forget about the love you lost
Forget about the love you lost

Heartless heartless
I got something on my mind
And you keep on talking
The only phone is on my side
And now I'm hanging up
I've been thinking about our love
I've been thinking about our love
Show me something
Cause what you give is not enough
And I'm not that kind of man
Whose gonna stay around and please
Just please her
I'm that kind of man
Who's deliberately confusing
Heartless heartless
You can wake up in our bed
And there must be something
Support that picture in your head
There's gotta be, I don't understand
When I feel like calling
I worked out there's something close
But I don't know, so I'm walking out the door
I'm walking out the front door
And I'm not that kind of man
Whose gonna stay around and please
Just please her
I'm that kind of man
Who's deliberately confusing

Now when you take me in the morning
In your eyes I see the sun rise baby
No more lies and if you're looking for maybe
Cause I love the way you take me
It seems like every day
That every time I wave
I see that look on your face
That hand I can taste
You got a tongue full of hunger
And eyes on your lover
Every time I sleep
I'll know I'm blessed with the summer
In the morning
When your eyes are like a sunrise baby
No lies you're gonna make me do the Swayze
Till the nght cause I love the way you take me
You got me working overtime baby
But this man can't get enough
You got me begging please on my knees
I didn't know you could get so alive
In the morning
When your eyes are like a sunrise baby
No lies you're gonna make me do the Swayze
Till the nght cause I love the way you take me
In the morning
When your eyes are like a sunrise baby
No lies you're gonna make me do the Swayze

It's just my luck
She don't give a fuck
She got that stone cold love
She ain't ever giving up
She says
Baby I love you
Oh baby I love you
But I don't think much
Of being kept on the clutch
But there's something 'bout the way
That she move this man
Something 'bout her way
That she bruise this man
Something 'bout her way
But I guess it's just my luck
My luck
Ok so baby now what
What if I don't make the cut?
You gonna leave me in the wilderness
All smash up and bruk
And don't say that I love you
Don't say that I'd love you to
'Cos I don't want fuss
Of turning us into rust
But there's something 'bout the way
That she make this man
Something 'bout her way
That she break this man
Something 'bout her way
But I guess it's just my luck
My luck
But there's something 'bout the way
That she hold this man
Something 'bout her way
She control this man
Something 'bout her way
But I guess it's just my luck
My luck
Through great vengeance and furious fire
I built this house
We built our house
And I believe
I truly believe
But we just fall down
But that just my

You must listen to this story
Pay attention to this tale
For you to bathe in glory
You must be doomed to fail
Let you in on no secret
Give yourself no extra
Take me when the breath is easy
Making is the artist's fall
This is a cause for alarm
Get on your knees and pray
Don't be a knight in armor
Without a beast to slay
There is no dress rehearsal
There's no easy lesson learned
Better to be breathing fire
Than to get your breeches burned
Let it be your only duty
Dedicate it to your own
If you gonna fight like lion
Someone ought get murdered off
This is a cause for alarm
Get on your knees and pray
Don't be a knight in armor
Without a beast to slay
This is a cause for alarm
Get on your knees and pray
Don't be a knight in armor
Without a beast to slay
Fire fall upon us
And lighting shall strike the Earth
For you to reach salvation
You must value what it's worth
When they up with expectation
There is no one else to blame
You can either shoot for freedom
Or you drag a ball and chain
This is a cause for alarm
Get on your knees and pray
Don't be a knight in armor
Without a beast to slay
This is a cause for alarm
Get on your knees and pray
Don't be a knight in armor

Well, hell she walk like zombie
Talk too cold
Live in a graveyard
Like the one I call home
And when she wish riger mortis
On my soul
I don't wanna tell her
But she gotta be told
Because she talk like crazy
Making my bed up
Messing with the future
When she know I got to get up
Cannot break this silence
Fuck my momentum
I ain't gonna play
Because I know just where she send 'em
To the grave!
To grave!
And I say
I just can't play dead
I just can't play dead
So I got one for my money
Two for my soul
Three times, I begging
Get me outta this hole!
I see her roll her sleeve up
Looking for a beat up
Telling you the things to feed the flavor in your ear
But when she spit that venom
Just like a viper
She evil to the core
But then she know that's what you like
Got the shit on eleven
Serving up a tension
She cooking in her kitchen
Seasoning, before she send 'em
To the grave!
To grave!
And I say
I just can't play dead
I just can't play dead
Because she talk like crazy
Making my bed up
Messing with the future
When she know I got to get up
Cannot break this silence
Fuck my momentum
I ain't gonna play
Because she send 'em
To the grave!
To grave!
Like I said
I just can't play dead