In Greek mythology, Jocasta, also known as Jocaste (), Epikastê, or Iokastê was a daughter of Menoeceus and Queen consort of Thebes, Greece. She was the wife of Laius. Wife and mother of Oedipus by Laius, and both mother and grandmother of Antigone, Eteocles, Polynices and Ismene by Oedipus. She was also sister of Creon.

The tale goes that one day her husband, King Laius of Thebes, consulted an oracle while she was heavily pregnant with Oedipus. The oracle told Laius that the child was destined to kill his father and marry his own mother, i.e., Jocasta. So King Laius decided the child must be brought up to the mountain separating the city of Thebes from Corinth. He got a servant to travel to the top of the mountain and leave it there, but the servant saw nothing wrong with the baby and saw no reason to leave it to die. A shepherd was walking by and said that he and his wife would take the baby and raise it as if it were their own and they did for 19 years. Alternatively, Oedipus gets adopted by the king of Corinth and raised as a prince of that city. Jocasta allowed Laius to go through with the abandonment of the child in fear of the prophecy.

Oedipus grows up in Corinth and one day crosses paths with the oracle, Teiresias, who tells him that he will kill his father and marry his mother. Not knowing that his parents are actually Jocasta and Laius, he runs away from home to escape the evil fate. Oedipus subsequently crosses paths with Laius and in course of an argument over right-of-way for their respective chariots, unwittingly kills the King, his father. He then goes to Thebes and sees that it is in disorder, in part due to being in thrall to the Sphinx. When he solves the famous riddle of the sphinx, Oedipus becomes king and marries the widowed queen, Jocasta, unaware she is actually his own mother. Jocasta and Oedipus then have four children together: two girls, Antigone and Ismene and the brothers (eventually mutual fratricides) Eteocles and Polyneices. Oedipus eventually discovers the truth of his origin, and thus his patricide and incest. Upon hearing the news, Jocasta hangs herself. Oedipus in turn gouges his eyes out and wanders exiled in the wilderness along with his daughter, Antigone, until his death 10 years later (some versions have 20 years later).

See also

Oedipus the King by Sophocles is an ancient Greek retelling of this legend as a play.

In popular culture

"Jocasta" is a song by Noah and the Whale. It is about the abandonment of Oedipus in the mountains, and one's personal condition being a consequence of one's upbringing.

Jocasta is also the term for the faceted gems with minuscule carvings in the The Land of Elyon series of novels.

Jocasta Sleeps, a rock band from Glasgow, Scotland, take their name from the story.

, a novel by American authors Victoria Grossack and Alice Underwood, tells the Oedipus story from the point of view of his mother-wife, Jocasta.

Jocasta is also the name of a robotic Marvel Comics character, who was created by an evil, sentient robot named Ultron - with strong similarities to Oedipus - to be his bride.

Jocasta is also the name of the Jedi Archives Librarian in both Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the clones and Star Wars: The clone wars TV series (2008).

In the Outlander series by Diana Gabaldon, Jocasta Cameron is the aunt of the main character, Claire Randall Fraser's husband Jamie Fraser.

References

Sources

Seneca, Oedipus 1024-41.

Statius, Thebais XI.634-644.

Category:Greek mythology Category:Ancient Greek queens consort Category:Theban mythology

Name	Chris Cunningham
Background	non_performing_personnel
Born	October 15, 1970
Origin	Reading, UK
Occupation	Film maker, video artist, photographer, producer
Years active	1996–present

Chris Cunningham is an English music video film director and video artist. He was born in Reading, Berkshire in 1970 and grew up in Lakenheath, Suffolk.

The video collection was released in November 2004 as part of the Directors Label set. This DVD includes selected highlights from 1995–2000.

Early work

After seeing Cunningham's work on the 1994 film version of Judge Dredd, Stanley Kubrick head hunted Cunningham to design and supervise animatronic tests of the central robot child character in his version of the film A.I. Cunningham worked for over a year on the film A.I., before leaving to pursue a career as a director.

Earlier work in film included model making, prosthetic make-up and concept illustrations for Hardware and Dust Devil with director Richard Stanley, as well as Nightbreed. In 1990–1992 he contributed the occasional cover painting and strip for Judge Dredd Megazine, working under the pseudonym Chris Halls, the surname of his stepfather.

Music videos

Cunningham has had close ties to Warp Records since his first production for Autechre. Videos for Aphex Twin's "Come to Daddy" and "Windowlicker" are perhaps his best known. His video for Björk's "All Is Full of Love" won multiple awards, including an MTV music video award for Breakthrough Video and was nominated for a Grammy for Best Short Form Music Video. It was also the first ever music video to win a Gold Pencil at the D&AD; Awards. It can still be seen at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. His video for Aphex Twin's "Windowlicker" was nominated for the "Best Video" award at the Brit Awards 2000. He also directed Madonna's "Frozen" video which became an international hit and won the award for "Best Special Effects" at the 1998 MTV Music Video Awards. '.

Video art

His video installation Flex was first shown in 2000 at the Royal Academy of Arts, and subsequently at the Anthony d'Offay Gallery and other art galleries. Flex was commissioned by the Anthony d'Offay Gallery for the exhibition curated by Norman Rosenthal and Max Wigram at the Royal Academy of Arts in 2000.

The Anthony d'Offay Gallery also commissioned Monkey Drummer, a 2½ minute piece intended for exhibition as a companion to Flex at the 2000 Apocalypse exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts, however the piece was not finished in time. In it an automaton with nine appendages and the head of a monkey plays the drums to "Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount", the 10th track on Aphex Twin's 2001 album drukqs. Monkey Drummer debuted as part of Cunningham's installation at the 49th International Exhibition of Art at the 2001 Venice Biennale, which consisted of a loop of Monkey Drummer, Flex, and his video for Björk's "All Is Full of Love".

In 2007, an excerpt from Flex was shown in the Barbican's exhibition curated by Martin Kemp, Marina Wallace and Joanne Bernstein. alongside other pieces by Bacon, Klimt, Rembrandt, Rodin and Picasso.

Short films

In 2005, Cunningham released the short film Rubber Johnny as a DVD accompanied by a book of photographs and drawings. Rubber Johnny, a six-minute experimental short film cut to a soundtrack by Aphex Twin, remixed by Cunningham was shot between 2001 and 2004. Shot on DV night-vision, it was made in Cunningham's own time as a home movie of sorts, and took three and half years of weekends to complete. The Telegraph called it "like a Looney Tunes short for a generation raised on video nasties and rave music".

During this period Cunningham also made another short film for Warp Films, Spectral Musicians, which remains unreleased. The short film was edited to music by Squarepusher, My Fucking Sound, from the album Go Plastic and a piece called Mutilation Colony, which was written especially for the short and was released on the EP Do You Know Squarepusher.

Commercials

Cunningham has directed a handful of commercials for companies including Gucci, PlayStation, Levis, Telecom Italia, Nissan and Orange.

Music production

In 2004/2005, Cunningham took a sabbatical from filmmaking to learn about music production and recording and develop his own music projects.

In December 2007 Cunningham produced two tracks, "Three Decades" and "Primary Colours", for Primary Colours, the second album by The Horrors. In the summer of 2008, due to scheduling conflicts with his feature film script writing he couldn't work on the rest of the album which was subsequently recorded by Geoff Barrow from Portishead.

In 2008, he produced and arranged a new version of 'I Feel Love' for the Gucci commercial that he also directed. He travelled to Nashville to work with Donna Summer to record a brand new vocal for it.

Chris Cunningham Live

In 2005, Cunningham played a 45 minute audio visual piece performed live in Tokyo and Osaka in front of 30,000+ fans over the two nights at Japan’s premier electronic music event Electraglide. These performances evolved into Chris Cunningham Live, a 55 minute long performance piece combining original and remixed music and film. It features remixed, unreleased and brand new videos and music dynamically edited together into a new live piece spread over three screens. The sound accompanying these images includes Cunningham’s first publicly performed compositions interspersed with his remixes of other artist’s work. Chris Cunningham Live debuted as one of the headline attractions at Warp 20 in Paris on May 8, 2009 with other performances scheduled at festivals in UK, and a number of European cities later in the year.

Photography

Cunningham has created photography and cover artwork for various people including Bjork's "All Is Full of Love", Aphex Twin's "Windowlicker" and "Come to Daddy".

In 2008, Cunningham produced a fashion shoot for Dazed & Confused using Grace Jones as a model to create "Nubian versions" of Rubber Johnny. In an interview for BBC's "The Culture Show", it was suggested that the collaboration may expand into a video project.

In November 2008, Cunningham followed on with another photoshoot for Vice Magazine.

Neuromancer

In 2000, Cunningham and cyberpunk author William Gibson began work on the script for Gibson's 1984 novel Neuromancer. However, because Neuromancer was due to be a big budget studio film, it is rumoured that Cunningham pulled out due to being a first time director without final cut approval. He also felt that too much of the original book's ideas had been cannibalised by other recent films.

On November 18, 2004, in the FAQ on the William Gibson Board, Gibson was asked:

In an August 1999 Spike Magazine interview, Gibson stated "He (Chris) was brought to my attention by someone else. We were told, third-hand, that he was extremely chary of the Hollywood process, and wouldn't return calls. But someone else told us that Neuromancer had been his Wind In The Willows, that he'd read it when he was a kid. I went to London and we met." Gibson is also quoted in the article as saying "Chris is my own 100 per cent personal choice...My only choice. The only person I've met who I thought might have a hope in hell of doing it right. I went back to see him in London just after he'd finished the Bjork video, and I sat on a couch beside this dead sex little Bjork robot, except it was wearing Aphex Twin's head. We talked."

It is rumoured that the character of Damien Pease in Gibson's 2003 novel Pattern Recognition was based on Cunningham, with the character's apartment featuring a female robot which had appeared in one of Cunningham's videos.

Development funding was in place for Cunningham to direct and co-write his first feature film for Warp Films, to whom he was at the time committed "for all future full-length film projects." He has since left Warp Films to set up his own production company 'CC Co' to produce his films independently.

Filmography

"Second Bad Vilbel" (1996) video for Autechre

"Back With The Killer Again" (1996) video for The Auteurs

"Light Aircraft on Fire" (1996) video for The Auteurs

"Another Day" (1996) video for Lodestar

"Space Junkie" (1996) video for Holy Barbarians

"36 Degrees" (1996) video for Placebo

"Personally" (1997) video for 12 Rounds

"Jesus Coming in for the Kill" (1997) video for Lifes Addiction

"The Next Big Thing" (1997) video for Jesus Jones

"Tranquillizer" (1997) video for Geneva

"No More Talk" (1997) video for Dubstar

"Something To Say" (1997) video for Jocasta

"Come To Daddy" (1997) video for Aphex Twin

"Only You" (1998) video for Portishead

"Frozen" (1998) video for Madonna

"Come On My Selector" (1998) video for Squarepusher

"All Is Full of Love" (1999) video for Björk

"Windowlicker" (1999) video for Aphex Twin

"Afrika Shox" (1999) video for Leftfield and Afrika Bambaataa

"Mental Wealth" (1999) commercial for PlayStation

"Flex" (2000), using sounds created by Aphex Twin

"Monkey Drummer" (2001), using "Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels mount" from Aphex Twin's album Drukqs

"Rubber Johnny" (2005), using "Afx237 V7" from Aphex Twin's album Drukqs

"Sheena Is A Parasite" (2006), video for The Horrors

"Gucci Flora" (2009) commercial for Gucci Perfume

"New York Is Killing Me" (2010) video for Gil Scott-Heron

References

External links

Music Video Database entry

Director File - Chris Cunningham documents all of Chris' work

DirectorsLabel.com - co-founded with Spike Jonze and Michel Gondry

2000 AD profile

2005 interview

Gucci Flora film

Category:1970 births Category:Advertising directors Category:English comics artists Category:English music video directors Category:Living people Category:Video artists Category:People from Lakenheath Category:People from Reading, Berkshire