Look up Adele in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Adele (also spelled Adèle, or Adelle) is a female given name of European origin used in English, French, German and Italian with a meaning of noble, kind, and tender.^[1] It should not be confused with the male Arabic name Adel, which has a different pronunciation, although rarely Adele may be spelled without the "e" on the end, as with Adel Rootstein.

Given name[link]

• Adele (born 1988), English singer-songwriter
• Adèle of Champagne (1140–1206), French queen consort
• Adèle of Dreux, French countess
• Adele of Meaux (950–980), French countess
• Adele of Valois, French countess
• Adele of Vermandois (910–960), French countess
• Adele Addison (born 1925), American singer
• Adèle Anderson (born 1952), British singer
• Adele Anthony (born 1971), Australian musician
• Adele Arakawa (born 1958), American news anchor
• Adele Astaire (1897–1981), American singer and dancer
• Adelle August (1934–2005), American movie actress
• Adèle Bayer (1814–1892), Belgian missionary
• Adele Carles (born 1968), Australian politician
• Adèle Christiaens, Belgian fencer
• Adele Ramos-Daly, Belizean poet, author, journalist and publisher
• Adelle Davis (1904–1974), American author
• Adele DeGarde (1899–1972), American actress
• Adele DeLeeuw (1899–1988), American writer
• Adele Diamond, Canadian psychologist
• Adele Dixon (1908–1992), English actor
• Adele Faccio (1920–2007), Italian politician
• Adele Farina (born 1964), Australian politician
• Adele Fifield (born 1966), Canadian director
• Adele Garrison, American writer
• Adèle Geras (born 1944), English writer
• Adele Girard (1913–1993), American jazz harpist
• Adele Givens, American actress
• Adele Goldberg (born 1963), American linguist
• Adele Goldberg (born 1945), American computer scientist
• Adele Goldstine (1920–1964), American computer scientist
• Adele Khoury Graham (born 1938), Lebanese educator
• Adele Griffin (born 1970), American writer
• Adèle Haenel (born 1989), French actress
• Adele Holness, English singer
• Adele C. Howells (1886–1951), American general president of the Primary
• Adèle Hugo (1830–1915), French diary writer
• Adèle Isaac (1854–1915), French opera singer
• Adele Jergens (1917–2002), American actress
• Adèle Kindt (1804–1884), Belgian painter
• Adele King (born 1951), Irish entertainer
• Adèle Caby-Livannah (born 1957), African writer
• Adelle Lutz (born 1948), German model
• Adele Mara (1923–2010), American actress
• Adele Marcus (1906–1995), American pianist
• Adelle McDonnell, Irish television personality
• Adele Megann (born 1962), Canadian writer
• Adele Morales (born 1925), American painter and memoirist
• Adele Aus der Ohe (1864–1937), German pianist and composer
• Adele Parks (born 1969), English novelist
• Adele W. Paxson (1913–2000), American socialite
• Adele Reinhartz, Canadian academic
• Adele Roberts (born 1979), British past Big Brother participant
• Adel Rootstein (1930–1992), British mannequin designer
• Adele Rose, British soap writer
• Adele Sandé (born 1988), Scottish R&B and Soul artist
• Adele Sandrock (1863–1937), German actress
• Adele Scheele, American writer
• Adele Silva (born 1980), British soap actress
• Adele Simpson (1903–1995), American fashion designer
• Adele Stolte (born 1932), German soprano singer
• Adelle Stripe (born 1976), English poet
• Adèle de Batz de Tranquelleon (1789–1828), French nun
• Adele Ann Wilby (born 1950), Australian activist
• Adele Wiseman (1928–1992), Canadian author
• Adele Wong (born 1983), Singaporean actress

This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

Surname[link]

• Deborah Adele (born 1949), American author
• Jan Adele (1936–2000), Australian actor

References[link]

This page or section lists people with the surname Adele. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

Skyfall is the twenty-third James Bond film, produced by Eon Productions for MGM, Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Entertainment.^[3] Directed by Sam Mendes, it features Daniel Craig's third performance as James Bond and Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva, the film's villain. The film is due to be released in the UK on 26 October 2012, which includes IMAX venues.^[4][5]

Premise[link]

James Bond's loyalty to M is challenged over secrets from her past. When MI6 is attacked, it falls to Bond to seek out and eliminate the threat regardless of the cost to himself.^[6]

Cast[link]

The main cast of Skyfall was officially announced at a press conference held at the Corinthia Hotel in London on 3 November 2011,^[7][8][9] fifty years to the day that Sean Connery was announced to play James Bond in the film Dr. No.^[10]

• Daniel Craig as James Bond, agent 007. Director Sam Mendes described Bond as experiencing "[a] combination of lassitude, boredom, depression [and] difficulty with what he's chosen to do for a living."^[11]
• Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva,^[12] the film's main antagonist. Bardem described Silva as "more than a villain", while Daniel Craig stated that Bond has a "very important relationship" to Silva.^[13]
• Judi Dench as M, the head of MI6 and Bond's commanding officer. Skyfall will be Dench's seventh consecutive film in the role.
• Ralph Fiennes as Mallory,^[14] a government agent with the authority to regulate MI6.^[15] Fiennes stated that he could not say anything specific about the role other than that it was "[a] really interesting part which is really quite fun".^[16]
• Albert Finney as Kincade.^[17]
• Naomie Harris as Eve. Early speculation suggested that Harris would play Miss Moneypenny,^[18][19][20] though the character's first name was revealed as "Eve" with no surname disclosed, and she was specifically described as "a field agent". Despite ongoing speculation from tabloids that Eve would be revealed as Moneypenny,^[21] Harris herself dismissed claims that she would be playing the character, stating that "Eve is not remotely office-bound".^[22] According to Harris, Eve "[believes] she is Bond's equal, but she is really his junior".^[23]
• Rory Kinnear as Bill Tanner, the MI6 Chief of Staff.
• Bérénice Marlohe as Sévérine.^[24][25] Marlohe described her character as being "glamorous and enigmatic",^[23] and that she drew inspiration from GoldenEye villain Xenia Onatopp (played by Famke Janssen) in playing Sévérine.^[26]
• Helen McCrory as Clair Dowar, a British politician.^[27][28] McCrory joined the cast after Sam Mendes contacted her personally and offered her the part.^[29]
• Ola Rapace as Patrice, a French mercenary who "is a man of few words" and "loves violence".^[30]
• Ben Whishaw as Q.^[31] The character returns to the franchise after being absent in Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace.

Jens Hultén will also appear in the film, reportedly playing an accomplice of Javier Bardem's character.^[32][33] Ben Loyd Holmes confirmed on Twitter that he had a role in the film.^[34] Greek model Tonia Sotiropoulou, who unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Sévérine, revealed that she had been cast in a secondary role in the film.^[35]

Production[link]

Javier Bardem was cast as Raoul Silva, Skyfall's villain.

Naomie Harris plays Eve, one of Skyfall's "Bond girls".

Development[link]

Production of Skyfall was suspended throughout 2010 because of MGM's financial troubles. They resumed pre-production following MGM's exit from bankruptcy on 21 December 2010, and in January 2011 the film was officially given a release date of 9 November 2012 by MGM and the Broccoli family, with production scheduled to start in late 2011. Since then, MGM and Sony Pictures announced that the UK and Ireland release date would be brought forward to 26 October 2012, two weeks ahead of the US release date, which remains 9 November 2012.^[36] The film's budget is estimated to be at $150 million,^[2] down from the $200 million spent on Quantum of Solace.

The film is to be part of year-long celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Dr. No and the Bond film series. According to producer Michael G. Wilson, a documentary crew is scheduled to follow production of the film to celebrate the anniversary.^[10] Skyfall will also be the first James Bond film to be released in IMAX venues.^[4][5]

Title[link]

In August 2011, several news websites reposted a rumour that originally appeared in Serbian newspaper Blic stating that Bond 23 would be entitled Carte Blanche and would be an adaptation of the recent continuation novel by Jeffery Deaver.^[37] On 30 August, Eon Productions officially denied any link between Bond 23 and Carte Blanche, stating that "the new film is not going to be called Carte Blanche and will have nothing to do with the Jeffery Deaver book."^[38]

On 3 October 2011, fifteen domain names including 'jamesbond-skyfall.com' and 'skyfallthefilm.com' were reported to have been registered on behalf of MGM and Sony Pictures by internet brand-protection service MarkMonitor. This led to supposition in media that the film had been given the name "Skyfall". These reports were not confirmed at the time by Eon Productions, Sony or MGM.^[39]

Skyfall was later confirmed as the title at the November press conference, during which co-producer Barbara Broccoli said that the title "has some emotional context which will be revealed in the film".^[40]

Crew[link]

Skyfall is directed by Sam Mendes, who first signed on to the project shortly after Quantum of Solace was released, and remained on-board as a "consultant" during the period of uncertainty surrounding MGM's financial situation. Speculation in the media^[41] suggested that Mendes had commissioned rewrites of the script to "[remove] action scenes in favour of 'characterful performances'" with the intention of bidding for an Academy Award.^[41] Mendes denied the reports, stating that the film's planned action scenes were an important part of the overall film.^[10]

Peter Morgan was originally commissioned to write a script, but left the project when MGM filed for bankruptcy and production of the film stalled; despite his departure, Morgan later stated that the final script was based on his original idea, retaining what he described as the film's "big hook".^[42] The final script was written by Bond screenwriting regulars Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, as well as John Logan.^[43][44][45] Logan recounted being brought into the project by his long-time friend Sam Mendes, describing the process between Mendes and the writers as "very collaborative", and that writing Skyfall was one of the best experiences he had had in writing a film.^[46]

Roger Deakins has signed on as cinematographer, having previously worked with Mendes on Jarhead and Revolutionary Road.^[47] Deakins used the Arri Alexa camera for filming.^[48] Thomas Newman, who worked with Sam Mendes as composer for American Beauty, Road to Perdition, Jarhead and Revolutionary Road will replace David Arnold as composer.^[1] Arnold commented that Newman had been selected by Mendes because of their work together, rather than because of Arnold's commitment to working with director Danny Boyle as composer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics.^[49] Dennis Gassner returns as production designer, the costume designer is Jany Temime, Alexander Witt is director of the second unit, the stunt co-ordinator is Gary Powell and Chris Corbould will supervise the special effects, while the visual effects supervisor is Steve Begg. All have worked on previous Bond films.^[3]

Locations[link]

Sam Mendes and Barbara Broccoli travelled to South Africa for location scouting in April 2011.^[50] With the film moving into pre-production in August, reports emerged that shooting would take place in India,^[51] with scenes to be shot in the Sarojini Nagar district of New Delhi^[52] and on railway lines between Goa and Ahmedabad.^[53] The production crew faced complications in securing permission to close sections of the Konkan Railway.^[54] Similar problems in obtaining filming permits were encountered by production crews for The Dark Knight Rises and Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol.^[55] Permission was eventually granted to the Bond production crew, with some additional restrictions put in place at the request of the Indian authorities;^[56] however, it was later reported that the production crew had elected not to shoot in India.^[57] Further reports emerged stating that filming would take place in Istanbul's Sultanahmet Square,^[58] the Hagia Sophia museum, the city of Fethiye and the Varda railway bridge near Adana,^[59] with production expected to spend three months in the country.^[60] Scenes in Adana will see the town stand in for the outskirts of Istanbul.^[30]

Mendes confirmed that China will be featured in the film, with shooting scheduled to take place in Shanghai and "other parts" of the country.^[10] Additional scenes were filmed at Royal Ascot, standing in for Shanghai Pudong International Airport.^{[citation needed]} The first official image from the film was released on 1 February 2012, showing Daniel Craig on set at Pinewood Studios, doubling as a skyscraper in Shanghai.^[61] Set reports dated April 2012 reported that scenes would be set on Hashima Island, an abandoned island off the coast of Nagasaki, Japan.^[62][63]

Shooting was planned to take place at Duntrune Castle in Argyll, Scotland for the finale,^[64] but was cancelled shortly after filming began.^[65] Glencoe was instead chosen for filming of these scenes.^[66]

Filming[link]

Principal photography was scheduled to take up 133 days.^[48] Filming began on 7 November 2011^[67][68] in and around London,^[10][69] with scenes shot in Southwark and Whitehall, the National Gallery,^[70] Smithfield meat markets and St Bartholomew's Hospital,^[71] Canary Wharf,^[72] the Department of Energy and Climate Change,^[73] Charing Cross station and the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich,^[74] with residents reporting further filming as taking place in Cadogan Square,^[75] Tower Hill,^[76] and Parliament Square.^[77] The Vauxhall Bridge was closed to traffic for filming the aftermath of an explosion at the MI6 headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. Unlike The World Is Not Enough, which also featured an explosion at the building — which was filmed at a large-scale replica — the explosion in Skyfall will be added digitally in post-production.^[78] Photos taken by residents in the city's Deptford district revealed the presence of an Aston Martin DB5 on location.^[79]

Production moved to Turkey in March of 2012, with filming reported to be continuing until 6 May.^[80] A group of Turkish teenagers infiltrated a closed set in a railyard in Adana to film rehearsals of a fight scene on top of a train before being caught by security.^[81] Parts of Istanbul — including the Spice Bazaar, Yeni Camii, the Imperial Post Office, Sultanahmet Square and the Grand Bazaar — were closed for filming in April.^[80] Store owners in the affected areas were reportedly allowed to open their shops, but were not allowed to conduct business, instead being paid TRY750 (US$418) per day as compensation.^[80] Production faced criticism for allegedly damaging buildings while filming a motorcycle chase across rooftops in the city. Michael G. Wilson denied these claims, pointing out that the film crew had removed sections of rooftops before filming began and replaced them with replicas for the duration of the shoot; when filming finished, the original rooftops would be restored.^[82]

References[link]

External links[link]

James Bond portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Skyfall's cast and crew

• Official website
• Skyfall at the Internet Movie Database

Look up lyric in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Lyric may refer to:

• Lyric poetry is a form of poetry that expresses a subjective, personal point of view
• Lyric, from the Greek language, a song sung with a lyre
• Lyrics, the composition in verse which is sung to a melody to constitute a song
• Lyric describes, in the classification of the human voice in European classical music, a specific vocal weight and a range at the upper end of the given voice part
• Lyric Opera House in Baltimore, Maryland
• Lyric Opera of Chicago
• Lyric Theatre, London
• RTÉ lyric fm, a Raidió Teilifís Éireann radio station
• "Lyric", a single released in June 2003 by the "indie supergroup" Zwan

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion.

History[link]

Video technology was first developed for cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape.

Video recorders sold for $50,000 in 1956, and videotape cost $300 per one-hour reel.^[1] However, prices steadily dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette recorder (VCR) tapes to the public. After the invention of the DVD in 1997 and Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of videotape and tape equipment plummeted.

Later advances in computer technology allowed computers to capture, store, edit and transmit video clips.

Characteristics of video streams[link]

Number of frames per second[link]

Frame rate, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (frame/s) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. PAL (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) standards specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.) specifies 29.97 frame/s. Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24photograms/s, which complicates slightly the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve the illusion of a moving image is about fifteen frames per second.

Interlaced vs progressive[link]

Video can be interlaced or progressive. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early mechanical and CRT video displays without increasing the number of complete frames per second, which would have required sacrificing image detail in order to remain within the limitations of a narrow bandwidth. The horizontal scan lines of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively and captured as two fields: an odd field (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an even field (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines.

Analog display devices reproduce each frame in the same way, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more life-like reproduction (although with halved detail) of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display, but the display of such a signal on a progressive scan device is problematic.

NTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often specified as 576i50, where 576 indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, i indicates interlacing, and 50 indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.

In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all of the scan lines of each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. When displaying a natively interlaced signal, however, overall spatial resolution will be degraded by simple line doubling and artifacts such as flickering or "comb" effects in moving parts of the image will be seen unless special signal processing is applied to eliminate them. A procedure known as deinterlacing can be used to optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an LCD Television, digital video projector or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.

Aspect ratio[link]

Comparison of common cinematography and traditional television (green) aspect ratios

Aspect ratio describes the dimensions of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectilinear, and so can be described by a ratio between width and height. The screen aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the Academy ratio) is 1.375:1.

Ratios where the height is taller than the width are uncommon in general everyday use, but do have application in computer systems where the screen may be better suited for a vertical layout. The most common tall aspect ratio of 3:4 is referred to as portrait mode and is created by physically rotating the display device 90 degrees from the normal position. Other tall aspect ratios such as 9:16 are technically possible but rarely used. (For a more detailed discussion of this topic please refer to the page orientation article.)

Pixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in digital video often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the CCIR 601 digital video standard, and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. Therefore, an NTSC DV image which is 720 pixels by 480 pixels is displayed with the aspect ratio of 4:3 (which is the traditional television standard) if the pixels are thin and displayed with the aspect ratio of 16:9 (which is the anamorphic widescreen format) if the pixels are fat.

Color space and bits per pixel[link]

Example of U-V color plane, Y value=0.5

Color model name describes the video color representation. YIQ was used in NTSC television. It corresponds closely to the YUV scheme used in NTSC and PAL television and the YDbDr scheme used by SECAM television.

The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A common way to reduce the number of bits per pixel in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e.g. 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0/4:1:1).

Video quality[link]

Video quality can be measured with formal metrics like PSNR or with subjective video quality using expert observation.

The subjective video quality of a video processing system may be evaluated as follows:

• Choose the video sequences (the SRC) to use for testing.
• Choose the settings of the system to evaluate (the HRC).
• Choose a test method for how to present video sequences to experts and to collect their ratings.
• Invite a sufficient number of experts, preferably not fewer than 15.
• Carry out testing.
• Calculate the average marks for each HRC based on the experts' ratings.

Many subjective video quality methods are described in the ITU-T recommendation BT.500. One of the standardized method is the Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an unimpaired reference video followed by an impaired version of the same video. The expert then rates the impaired video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying".

Video compression method (digital only)[link]

A wide variety of methods are used to compress video streams. Video data contains spatial and temporal redundancy, making uncompressed video streams extremely inefficient. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as intraframe compression and is closely related to image compression. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as interframe compression, including motion compensation and other techniques. The most common modern standards are MPEG-2, used for DVD, Blu-ray and satellite television, and MPEG-4, used for AVCHD, Mobile phones (3GP) and Internet.

Bit rate (digital only)[link]

Bit rate is a measure of the rate of information content in a video stream. It is quantified using the bit per second (bit/s or bps) unit or Megabits per second (Mbit/s). A higher bit rate allows better video quality. For example VideoCD, with a bit rate of about 1 Mbit/s, is lower quality than DVD, with maximum bit rate of 10.08 Mbit/s for video. HD (High Definition Digital Video and TV) has a still higher quality, with a bit rate of about 20 Mbit/s.

Variable bit rate (VBR) is a strategy to maximize the visual video quality and minimize the bit rate. On fast motion scenes, a variable bit rate uses more bits than it does on slow motion scenes of similar duration yet achieves a consistent visual quality. For real-time and non-buffered video streaming when the available bandwidth is fixed, e.g. in videoconferencing delivered on channels of fixed bandwidth, a constant bit rate (CBR) must be used.

Stereoscopic[link]

Stereoscopic video can be created using several different methods:

• two channels — a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using light-polarizing filters 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.
• one channel with two overlaid color coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcast, or recent "anaglyph" releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple Red/Cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.
• One channel with alternating left/right frames for each eye, using LCD shutter glasses which read the frame sync from the VGA Display Data Channel to alternately cover each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer virtual reality applications such as in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment, but reduces the effective video framerate to one-half of normal (for example, from 120 Hz to 60 Hz).

Blu-ray Discs greatly improve the sharpness and detail of the two-color 3D effect in color coded stereo programs. See articles Stereoscopy and 3-D film.

Video formats[link]

There are different layers of video transmission and storage, each with its own set of formats to choose from.

For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol ("video connection standard" below). A given physical link can carry certain "display standards" which specify a particular refresh rate, display resolution, and color space.

Many analog and digital recording formats are in use, and digital video clips can also be stored on a computer file system as files which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the data storage device or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital "video encoding", of which a number are available.

Transport medium[link]

Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways. Wireless broadcast as an analog or digital signal. Coaxial cable in a closed circuit system can be sent as analog interlaced 1 volt peak to peak with a maximum horizontal line resolution up to 480. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using a progressive scan format known as SDI serial digital interface and HD-SDI for High Definition video. The distances of transmission are somewhat limited depending on the manufacturer the format may be proprietary. SDI has an negligible lag and is uncompressed. There are initiatives to use the SDI standards in closed circuit surveillance systems, for Higher Definition images, over longer distances on coax or twisted pair cable. Due to the nature of the higher bandwidth needed, the distance the signal can be effectively sent is a half to a third of what the older interlaced analog systems supported.^[2]

Video connectors, cables, and signal standards[link]

• See List of video connectors for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.

Video display standards[link]

Digital television[link]

New formats for digital television broadcasts use the MPEG-2 video codec and include:

• ATSC - USA, Canada, Korea
• Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Europe
• ISDB - Japan
  • ISDB-Tb - Uses the MPEG-4 video codec. Brazil, Argentina
• Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) - Korea

Analog television[link]

Analog television broadcast standards include:

• FCS - USA, Russia; obsolete
• MAC - Europe; obsolete
• MUSE - Japan
• NTSC - USA, Canada, Japan
• PAL - Europe, Asia, Oceania
  • PAL-M - PAL variation. Brazil, Argentina
  • PALplus - PAL extension, Europe
• RS-343 (military)
• SECAM - France, Former Soviet Union, Central Africa

An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing synchronization information or a time delay. This surrounding margin is known as a blanking interval or blanking region; the horizontal and vertical front porch and back porch are the building blocks of the blanking interval.

Many countries are planning a digital switchover soon.

Computer displays[link]

See Computer display standard for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television.

Recording formats before video tape[link]

• Phonovision
• Kinescope

Analog tape formats[link]

• 1" Type B video tape (Robert Bosch GmbH)
• 1" Type C videotape (Ampex, Marconi and Sony)
• 2" Quadruplex videotape (Ampex)
• 2" Helical Scan Videotape (Rank Cintel)
• Betacam (Sony)
• Betacam SP (Sony)
• Betamax (Sony)
• S-VHS (JVC) (1987)
• W-VHS (JVC) (1994)
• U-matic 3/4" (Sony)
• VCR, VCR-LP, SVR
• VERA (BBC experimental format ca. 1958)
• VHS (JVC)
• VHS-C (JVC)
• Video 2000 (Philips)

(See List of video recording formats.)

Digital tape formats[link]

• Betacam IMX (Sony)
• D-VHS (JVC)
• D-Theater
• D1 (Sony)
• D2 (Sony)
• D3
• D5 HD
• Digital-S D9 (JVC)
• Digital Betacam (Sony)
• Digital8 (Sony)
• DV
• HDV
• ProHD (JVC)
• MicroMV
• MiniDV

Optical disc storage formats[link]

• Blu-ray Disc (Sony)
• China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
• DVD (was Super Density Disc, DVD Forum)
• Professional Disc
• Universal Media Disc (UMD) (Sony)

Discontinued[link]

• Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)
• HD DVD (NEC and Toshiba)
• HD-VMD
• Laserdisc (old, MCA and Philips)

Digital encoding formats[link]

• CCIR 601 (ITU-T)
• H.261 (ITU-T)
• H.263 (ITU-T)
• H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (ITU-T + ISO)
• M-JPEG (ISO)
• MPEG-1 (ISO)
• MPEG-2 (ITU-T + ISO)
• MPEG-4 (ISO)
• Ogg-Theora
• VP8-WebM
• VC-1 (SMPTE)

• See also: Video codec and list of codecs

Standards[link]

• System M
• System B

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Video

• General
  • Audio
  • List of video topics
  • Video clips
  • Video editing

• Video format
  • Analog television
  • Cable television
  • Color space
  • Digital television
  • Digital video
  • Film formats
  • Interlaced
  • Progressive scan
  • Satellite television
  • Telecine
  • Television
  • Timecode
  • Video codec

• Video usage
  • Closed-circuit television
  • Fulldome video
  • Optical feedback
  • Video art
  • Interactive video
  • Video production
  • Video projector
  • Video synthesizer
  • Video teleconference
  • Video communication
• Video screen recording
  • Screencast

• Projects
  • Redesign project

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010)

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External links[link]

• Video as Arts at the Open Directory Project
• Video as Media Production at the Open Directory Project
• Programmer's Guide to Video Systems: in-depth technical info on 480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p, etc.