Yossi Beilin
Date of birth	(1948-06-12) 12 June 1948 (age 64)
Place of birth	Petah Tikva, Israel
Knessets	12, 13, 14, 15, 17
Party	Meretz (2006-2008)
Former parties	Alignment (1988-1991) Labour (1991-1999) One Israel (1999)
Ministerial posts (current in bold)	Minister of Economics and Planning Minister in the PM's Office Minister of Justice Minister of Religious Affairs

Dr. Yosef "Yossi" Beilin (Hebrew: יוסי ביילין‎, born in Petah Tikva on 12 June 1948) is a left-wing Israeli politician and a former Knesset member, Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister and Justice Minister, representing both the Labor Party and Meretz-Yachad, of which he served as chairman between 2003 and 2006. He is best known for his involvement with the Oslo accords, the Geneva Initiative and the Israeli-Palestinian peace process in general. His signed expositions on Israeli political and social current events are frequently carried in the left-of-centre daily newspaper Haaretz and the right-of-centre daily newspaper Israel HaYom.

Biography[link]

The majority of Beilin's political career, from 1977 until 2003 is associated with the Labour party. He served as its spokesman from 1977 until 1984, at which point his career in the public service began. He was a Cabinet Secretary until 1986 and a Director General of the Foreign Ministry until 1986-1988. In 1988 he was elected to the Knesset in which he was to serve until 1999. During this period he was Deputy Finance Minister (1988–1990) and Deputy Foreign Minister (1992–1995) under Shimon Peres. His long time involvement with Shimon Peres earned him the derogatory nickname "Peres' poodle" in the early 1990s, a term coined by Peres' political rival, Yitzhak Rabin.

Following that he served in two minor ministerial positions, Minister of Economy and Planning (1995) and Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister (1996). After Labour's loss of the election in 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the party leadership in a contest won by Ehud Barak. When Barak formed a government in 1999 Beilin served as the Minister of Justice until the party lost power in 2001.

In 2003, increasingly tainted by his leftist image, he was given an unrealistically low position on the Labour party slate which offered him little chance for election as a Labour Knesset member. Together with Yael Dayan they promptly quit Labour and joined Meretz, where they were received enthusiastically, but without realistic positions either. In the primaries held in Meretz after the general elections, Beilin was elected chairman of the party. As chairman, Beilin's popularity remained low, with the party winning only 5 Knesset seats in the 2006 elections. Eventually, in late 2007 Beilin withdrew his candidacy for the party leadership, after it became clear that Haim Oron was leading in the polls. Oron went on to win the internal elections held on 18 March 2008 to become Meretz's new chairman.^[1]

Beilin's association with the peace process is the most notable element in his career. He initiated secret negotiations in 1992 which led to the Oslo accords in 1993. Together with Mahmoud Abbas, another architect of the Oslo accords, he signed in 1995 the Beilin-Abu Mazen agreement, a 'non paper' of guidelines for a permanent solution to the conflict. During 1992-1995 he headed the Israeli delegation to the Multilateral peace process working groups. In 2001 he participated in the Israeli-Palestinian Taba talks and, the initiative that he is currently most famed for, signed the Geneva Accords with Yasser Abd Rabbo.

On 28 October 2008 he announced that he will not be seeking a spot on his party's Knesset roster in the upcoming elections. His aides said he "will remain a public figure and will keep pursuing his political initiatives, most of all the Geneva Initiative".^[2] On 4 November he was replaced by Tzvia Greenfield, who became the first Haredi woman sworn as an MK.^[3]

Beilin holds a soft capitalist agenda, which did not stop him from joining forces with the mainly socialist Meretz. He rarely speaks publicly on social issues, but instead focuses his efforts on promoting negotiations with the Palestinians. In fact, his victory over Meretz's own Ran Cohen was construed as a vote of Meretz electorate of giving precedence to the conflict over socioeconomic issues.

Personal life[link]

Born in Petah Tikva, Beilin is married with two children, and currently lives in Tel Aviv.

In response to Shas's proposed legislation that would prohibit the practice of cremation in the State of Israel after the hidden location of Israel's first crematorium was uncovered and soon after set ablaze, Beilin announced he had instructed in his will that his body be cremated after he died.^[4]

In November 2009 he was decorated with the Légion d'honneur by the French ambassador to Israel.^[5]

References[link]

Yossi Beilin, Touching Peace: From the Oslo Accord to a Final Agreement (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999)

External links[link]

• Yossi Beilin Knesset website
• Geneva Initiative official website
• Geneva Initiative official Israeli website
• Meretz-Yahad deserves your support By YOSSI BEILIN, The Jerusalem Post Dec 19, 2005

v t e Justice Ministers of Israel Rosen (1948–51) Yosef (1951–52) Cohn (1952) Rosen (1952–56) Ben-Gurion (1956–58) Rosen (1958–61) Yosef (1961–66) Shapira (1966–72) Meir (1972) Shapira (1972–73) Meir (1973–74) Zadok (1974–77) Begin (1977) Tamir (1977–80) Nissim (1980–86) Moda'i (1986) Sharir (1986–88) Meridor (1988–92) Libai (1992–96) Ne'eman (1996) Netanyahu (1996) Hanegbi (1996–99) Beilin (1999–2001) Sheetrit (2001–2003) Lapid (2003–04) Livni (2004–06)* Ramon (2006) Sheetrit (2006)* Olmert (2006)* Livni (2006–07) Friedmann (2007–09) Ne'eman (2009–) * entire or partial tenure as Substitute Justice Minister, until a replacement was found

v t e Religious Services Ministers of Israel Maimon (1948–51) Shapira (1951–58) Toledano (1958–60) Warhaftig (1961–74) Rafael (1974) Zadok (1974) Rafael (1974–76) Zadok (1977) Abuhatzira (1977–81) Burg (1981–84) Peres (1984) Burg (1984–86) Hammer (1986–90) Shaki (1990–92) Rabin (1992–95) Sheetrit (1995–96) Netanyahu (1996) Suissa (1996–97) Netanyahu (1997) Hammer (1997–98) Netanyahu (1998) Levy (1998) Suissa (1998–99) Cohen (1999–2000) Beilin (2000–01) Ohana (2001–03) Sharon (2003) Cohen (2008–09) Margi (2009–)

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Yasser Abd Rabbo

Yasser Abd Rabbo (Yasser Abed Rabbo) (Arabic: ياسر عبد ربه‎) (Abu Bashar ابو بشار) (born 1944) is a Palestinian politician and a member of the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) Executive Committee. He holds an M.A. in economics and political science from the American University in Cairo.^[1]

Early career[link]

Born in Jaffa, Yassir Abd Rabbo started his political career in the Pan-Arab ANM, the Arab Nationalist Movement. When the Palestinian branch of the ANM evolved in 1967 into the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), he became one of its leaders. In 1969, the PFLP split, and a faction under Nayef Hawatmeh formed the Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, in 1974 renamed the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), of which Abd Rabbu became a main leader.

DFLP/FIDA split[link]

During the 1980s, Abd Rabbu moved closer to the position of Yassir Arafat, leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), and supported his attempts to negotiate a two-state solution. This led to friction within the DFLP, and as Arafat gave his blessings to the Madrid Conference of 1991, the organization split. Abd Rabbo, supported by Arafat, headed a faction mainly based in the West Bank, that backed these negotiations, and he became one of the Palestinian leader's main advisors; Hawatmeh's Syria-based DFLP faction resisted the talks. The Abd Rabbo faction reformed as FIDA, the Palestine Democratic Union, dropping the Marxist-Leninist platform of the DFLP and rescinding armed struggle. Abd Rabbo became FIDA's representative on the PLO Executive Committee. In 1993, however, Abd Rabbo left his post at the Madrid delegation in protest, when he discovered that Arafat had initiated another round of talks without informing him (these parallel negotiations eventually led to the 1993 Oslo Accords.

After Oslo[link]

After the signing of the Oslo Accords—which Abd Rabbo supported, the Madrid controversy notwithstanding—Abd Rabbo was permitted by Israel to return to the West Bank. He was a cabinet member for FIDA in several of Arafat's Palestinian National Authority (PNA) governments, and served on several Palestinian diplomatic delegations during negotiations with Israel (including the failed Camp David 2000 Summit). On 9 June 2002 Abd Rabbo was appointed minister of information and culture in the PNA.^[2] He also presented several unofficial peace initiatives, widely believed to have had Arafat's blessing, such as the 2003 Geneva Accord. These initiatives, coupled with his public condemnations of suicide bombing attacks during the al-Aqsa Intifada, strengthened Abd Rabbo's image as a pro-peace moderate, and he is often presented as a Palestinian "dove". However, after the Battle of Jenin he accused Israel of digging mass graves for 900 Palestinians in the camp.^[3] This accusation, though widely circulated, has been dismissed as untrue by the United Nations and other human-rights organization.^[4]

Leaving FIDA[link]

In 2002, he resigned from FIDA after internal disputes. Women's rights activist Zahira Kamal had been chosen in an internal election to replace him as minister in the government of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), but Abd Rabbo refused to step down, and instead left the party. He was able to remain in the cabinet as an independent, with Arafat's backing, but was replaced in FIDA by Saleh Ra'fat, its current Secretary-General.

After the death of Arafat, Abd Rabbo was removed from the post of minister in the PNA government by Arafat's successor, Mahmoud Abbas. Pending new elections, he remains on the Executive Committee of the PLO. He was one of the founders of the Third Way but failed to be elected in the 2006 elections. He is now an advisor to Abbas.

References[link]

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Amartya Sen

Official Portrait at the Nobel Prize
Born	(1933-11-03) 3 November 1933 (age 78) Santiniketan, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, India)
Nationality	Indian
Institution	Harvard University University of Cambridge Jadavpur University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cornell University University of Oxford Delhi School of Economics University of Calcutta London School of Economics University of California, Berkeley Stanford University
Field	Welfare economics, ethics
Alma mater	Presidency College of the University of Calcutta (B.A.) Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., M.A., Ph.D.)
Influences	B. R. Ambedkar John Maynard Keynes John Rawls Peter Bauer John Stuart Mill Kenneth Arrow Piero Sraffa
Influenced	Mahbub ul Haq Kaushik Basu Jean Drèze
Contributions	Human development theory
Awards	Nobel Prize in Economics (1998) Bharat Ratna (1999) National Humanities Medal (2012)[1]
Information at IDEAS/RePEc

Amartya Sen, CH (Bengali: অমর্ত্য সেন, translit. Ômorto Shen; born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society's poorest members. Sen is best known for his work on the causes of famine, which led to the development of practical solutions for preventing or limiting the effects of real or perceived shortages of food.^[2] He helped to create the United Nations Human Development Index.^[2] In 2012, he became the first non-American recipient of the National Humanities Medal.^[3]

He is currently the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. He is also a senior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows, distinguished fellow of All Souls College, Oxford and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he previously served as Master from 1998 to 2004.^[4][5] He is the first Indian and the first Asian academic to head an Oxbridge college.

Amartya Sen's books have been translated into more than thirty languages over a period of forty years. He is a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security. In 2006, Time magazine listed him under "60 years of Asian Heroes"^[6] and in 2010 included him in their "100 most influential persons in the world".^[7] New Statesman listed him in their 2010 edition of 'World's 50 Most Influential People Who Matter'.^[8]

Early life and education[link]

Sen was born to a Bengali Hindu Vaidya-Brahmin family of Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. His ancestral home was in Wari, Dhaka, then part of India; now Bangladesh which became a new country in 1971 following its separation from Pakistan which, in turn, was earlier formed as a result of the partition of British India in 1947. Rabindranath Tagore is said to have given Amartya Sen his name ("Amartya" meaning "immortal"). Sen hails from a distinguished family: his maternal grandfather Acharya Kshiti Mohan Sen, a close associate of Rabindranath Tagore, was a renowned scholar of medieval Indian literature, an authority on the philosophy of Hinduism, and also the second Vice Chancellor of Visva-Bharati University. His maternal grandfather was an uncle of Sukumar Sen, ICS the First-Chief Election Commissioner of India and his equally distinguished brothers, Amiya Sen, a very well known doctor, and Barrister Ashoke Kumar Sen, M.P. and a former Union Cabinet Minister for Law and Justice of India. Sen's father Professor Ashutosh Sen and mother Amita Sen were both born in Manikganj, Dhaka. His father was a Professor of Chemistry at Dhaka University and later served for several years in Delhi, becoming the Chairman of the West Bengal Public Service Commission.

Sen began his high-school education at St Gregory's School in Dhaka in 1941, in modern-day Bangladesh. His family came to India following the partition of the country in 1947. In India Sen studied at the Visva-Bharati University school and then at the Presidency College, Kolkata, where he earned a First Class First in his B.A. (Honours) in Economics as a graduating student of the University of Calcutta, and emerged as the most eminent student of the well known batch of 1953. Subsequently, in the same year, he moved to Trinity College, Cambridge. There he earned a First Class (Starred First) BA (Honours) in 1956. He was elected as the President of the Cambridge Majlis in the same year. While still an undergraduate student of Trinity, he met Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis. Mahalanobis, who was much impressed with Sen, returned to Calcutta and immediately recommended the brilliant Cambridge undergraduate to Triguna Sen, the then Education Minister of West Bengal, who had been instrumental in turning the National Council into the new Jadavpur University.

After Sen had completed his Tripos examination and had enrolled for a Ph.D. in Economics to be completed at Trinity College, Cambridge, he returned to India on a two year leave. Triguna Sen immediately appointed him as Professor and the Founder-Head of Department of Economics at Jadavpur University, Calcutta, which was his very first appointment, at the age of 23. This still remains the youngest age at which anybody has been appointed to a professorship or a head of departmentship in India. During his tenure at Jadavpur University, Sen had the good fortune of having economic methodologist, A. K. Dasgupta, who was then teaching at the renowned Benares Hindu University, as his supervisor. After two full years of full time teaching in Jadavpur, Sen returned to Cambridge to complete his Ph.D. in 1959, which was immediately acclaimed as a pathbreaking work.

Subsequently, Sen won a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College, which gave him four years of freedom to do anything he liked, during which period he took the radical decision of studying philosophy. That proved to be of immense help to his later research. Sen related the importance of studying philosophy thus: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important for me not just because some of my main areas of interest in economics relate quite closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, social choice theory makes intense use of mathematical logic and also draws on moral philosophy, and so does the study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I found philosophical studies very rewarding on their own."^[9] However, his deep interest in philosophy can be dated back to his college days in Presidency, when he both read books on philosophy and debated philosophical themes.

To Sen, then Cambridge was like a battlefield. There were major debates between supporters of Keynesian economics and the diverse contributions of Keynes' followers, on the one hand, and the "neo-classical" economists skeptical of Keynes, on the other. Sen was lucky to have close relations with economists on both sides of the divide. Meanwhile, thanks to its good "practice" of democratic and tolerant social choice, Sen's own college, Trinity College, was an oasis very much removed from the discord. However, because of a lack of enthusiasm for social choice theory whether in Trinity or Cambridge, Sen had to choose a quite different subject for his Ph.D. thesis, after completing his B.A. He submitted his thesis on "the choice of techniques" in 1959 under the supervision of the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" neo-Keynesian, Joan Robinson.^[10] According to Quentin Skinner, Sen was a member of the secret society Cambridge Apostles during his time at Cambridge.^[11]

Professorships[link]

Between 1960–1961, Amartya was a visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[12] He was also a visiting Professor at UC-Berkeley, Stanford, and Cornell.

He has taught economics also at the University of Calcutta and at the Delhi School of Economics (where he completed his magnum opus Collective Choice and Social Welfare in 1970),^[13] where he was a Professor from 1961 to 1972, a period which is considered to be a Golden Period in the history of DSE. In 1972 he joined the London School of Economics as a Professor of Economics where he taught until 1977. From 1977 to 1986 he taught at the University of Oxford, where he was first a Professor of Economics at Nuffield College, Oxford and then the Drummond Professor of Political Economy and a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. In 1986 he joined Harvard as the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor of Economics. In 1998 he was appointed as Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.^[14] In January 2004 Sen returned to Harvard. He is also a contributor to the Eva Colorni Trust at the former London Guildhall University.

Membership and Associations[link]

He has served as Presidents of the Econometric Society (1984), the International Economic Association (1986–1989), the Indian Economic Association (1989) and the American Economic Association (1994). He has also served as President of the Development Studies Association (1980–1982) and is a Honorary Vice-President of the Royal Economic Society, which he has been since 1988.

He presently serves as Honorary Director of Center for Human and Economic Development Studies at Peking University in China^[15] and is also a board council member of the Prime Minister of India's Global Advisory Council of Overseas Indians.^[16]

Research[link]

Sen's papers in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped develop the theory of social choice, which first came to prominence in the work by the American economist Kenneth Arrow, who, while working at the RAND Corporation, had most famously showed that all voting rules, be they majority rule or two thirds-majority or status quo, must inevitably conflict with some basic democratic norm. Sen's contribution to the literature was to show under what conditions Arrow's impossibility theorem would indeed come to pass as well as to extend and enrich the theory of social choice, informed by his interests in history of economic thought and philosophy.

In 1981, Sen published Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (1981), a book in which he demonstrated that famine occurs not only from a lack of food, but from inequalities built into mechanisms for distributing food. Sen also demonstrated that the Bengal famine was caused by an urban economic boom that raised food prices, thereby causing millions of rural workers to starve to death when their wages did not keep up.^[17] Sen's interest in famine stemmed from personal experience. As a nine-year-old boy, he witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943, in which three million people perished. This staggering loss of life was unnecessary, Sen later concluded. He presents data that there was an adequate food supply in Bengal at the time, but particular groups of people including rural landless labourers and urban service providers like haircutters did not have the monetary means to acquire food as its price rose rapidly due to factors that include British military acquisition, panic buying, hoarding, and price gouging, all connected to the war in the region. In Poverty and Famines, Sen revealed that in many cases of famine, food supplies were not significantly reduced. In Bengal, for example, food production, while down on the previous year, was higher than in previous non-famine years. Thus, Sen points to a number of social and economic factors, such as declining wages, unemployment, rising food prices, and poor food-distribution systems. These issues led to starvation among certain groups in society. His capabilities approach focuses on positive freedom, a person's actual ability to be or do something, rather than on negative freedom approaches, which are common in economics and simply focuses on non-interference. In the Bengal famine, rural laborers' negative freedom to buy food was not affected. However, they still starved because they were not positively free to do anything, they did not have the functioning of nourishment, nor the capability to escape morbidity.

In addition to his important work on the causes of famines, Sen's work in the field of development economics has had considerable influence in the formulation of the Human Development Report, published by the United Nations Development Programme.^[18] This annual publication that ranks countries on a variety of economic and social indicators owes much to the contributions by Sen among other social choice theorists in the area of economic measurement of poverty and inequality.

Sen's revolutionary contribution to development economics and social indicators is the concept of 'capability' developed in his article "Equality of What." He argues that governments should be measured against the concrete capabilities of their citizens. This is because top-down development will always trump human rights as long as the definition of terms remains in doubt (is a 'right' something that must be provided or something that simply cannot be taken away?). For instance, in the United States citizens have a hypothetical "right" to vote. To Sen, this concept is fairly empty. In order for citizens to have a capacity to vote, they first must have "functionings." These "functionings" can range from the very broad, such as the availability of education, to the very specific, such as transportation to the polls. Only when such barriers are removed can the citizen truly be said to act out of personal choice. It is up to the individual society to make the list of minimum capabilities guaranteed by that society. For an example of the "capabilities approach" in practice, see Martha Nussbaum's Women and Human Development.

He wrote a controversial article in The New York Review of Books entitled "More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing" (see Missing women of Asia), analyzing the mortality impact of unequal rights between the genders in the developing world, particularly Asia. Other studies, such as one by Emily Oster, have argued that this is an overestimation, though Oster has recanted some of her conclusions.^[19]

Welfare economics seeks to evaluate economic policies in terms of their effects on the well-being of the community. Sen, who devoted his career to such issues, was called the "conscience of his profession." His influential monograph Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1970), which addressed problems related to individual rights (including formulation of the liberal paradox), justice and equity, majority rule, and the availability of information about individual conditions, inspired researchers to turn their attention to issues of basic welfare. Sen devised methods of measuring poverty that yielded useful information for improving economic conditions for the poor. For instance, his theoretical work on inequality provided an explanation for why there are fewer women than men in India and China despite the fact that in the West and in poor but medically unbiased countries, women have lower mortality rates at all ages, live longer, and make a slight majority of the population. Sen claimed that this skewed ratio results from the better health treatment and childhood opportunities afforded boys in those countries, as well as sex-specific abortion.

Governments and international organizations handling food crises were influenced by Sen's work. His views encouraged policy makers to pay attention not only to alleviating immediate suffering but also to finding ways to replace the lost income of the poor, as, for example, through public-works projects, and to maintain stable prices for food. A vigorous defender of political freedom, Sen believed that famines do not occur in functioning democracies because their leaders must be more responsive to the demands of the citizens. In order for economic growth to be achieved, he argued, social reforms, such as improvements in education and public health, must precede economic reform.

Perceptions: In comparisons[link]

Amartya has been called "the Conscience and the Mother Teresa of Economics"^[2][20] for his work on famine, human development theory, welfare economics, the underlying mechanisms of poverty, gender inequality, and political liberalism. However, he denies the comparison to Mother Teresa by saying that he has never tried to follow a lifestyle of dedicated self-sacrifice.^[21]

India: University mentor for growth and revival[link]

Nalanda International University Project[link]

In May 2007, he was appointed by the Government of India as chairman^[22] of Nalanda Mentor Group to examine the framework of international cooperation, and proposed structure of partnership, which would govern the establishment of Nalanda International University Project as an international centre of education seeking to revive the ancient center of higher learning which was present in India from the 5th century to 1197.

Presidency College, Kolkata[link]

In June 2011, he was appointed as the adviser to the Mentor Group of Presidency College by West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee.^[23][24]

Media and Popular Culture[link]

Film[link]

A 56 minute documentary named "Amartya Sen: A Life Re-examined" directed by Suman Ghosh details his life and work.^[25][26]

Personal life and beliefs[link]

Sen's first wife was Nabaneeta Dev Sen, an Indian writer and scholar, with whom he had two children: Antara, a journalist and publisher, and Nandana, a Bollywood actress. Their marriage broke up shortly after they moved to London in 1971.^[2] In 1973, he married his second wife, Eva Colorni, who was Jewish,^[27] who died from stomach cancer in 1985.^[2] They had two children, Indrani, a journalist in New York, and Kabir, who teaches music at Shady Hill School.

Sen married Emma Georgina Rothschild in 1991. Sen usually spends his winter holidays at his home in Santiniketan in West Bengal, India, where he likes to go on long bike rides, and maintains a house in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he and Emma spend the spring and long vacations. Asked how he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot and like arguing with people."^[28]

Sen is a self-proclaimed agnostic and holds that this can be associated with Hinduism as a political entity.^{[29][30][31][32]} In an interview for the magazine California, which is published by the University of California, Berkeley, he noted^[33]:

Academic achievements, awards and honors[link]

Sen has received many honorary degrees (over 90)^[34] from universities around the world, including from the following:

• 1981; He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[35]
• 1982: He was awarded honorary fellowship by the Institute of Social Studies.
• 1998: He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work in welfare economics.
• 1999: He received the Bharat Ratna 'the highest civilian award in India' by the President of India.
• 1999: He was offered the honorary citizenship of Bangladesh by Sheikh Hasina in recognition of his achievements in winning the Nobel Prize, and given that his ancestral origins were in what has become the modern state of Bangladesh
• 2000: He was awarded the order of Companion of Honour, UK.
• 2000: He received Leontief Prize for his outstanding contribution to economic theory from the Global Development and Environment Institute.
• 2000: He was awarded the Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service USA;
• 2000: He was the 351st Commencement Speaker of Harvard University.
• 2002: He received the International Humanist Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union.
• 2003: He was conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Indian Chamber of Commerce^[which?].
• He is awarded the Life Time Achievement award by Bangkok-based United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
• 2010: He was chosen to deliver the Demos Annual Lecture 2010
• 2011: The National Humanities Medal will be given to Amartya Sen by US Govt.

Publications[link]

• Choice of Techniques, 1960.
• Sen, Amartya, An Aspect of Indian Agriculture, Economic Weekly, Vol. 14, 1962.
• Collective Choice and Social Welfare, 1970, Holden-Day, 1984, Elsevier. Description.
• Sen, Amartya, On Economic Inequality, New York, Norton, 1973. (Expanded edition with a substantial annexe by James E. Foster and A. Sen, 1997).
• On Economic Inequality, 1973.
• Poverty and Famines: an Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, 1981a.
• Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982a.
• Sen, Amartya K., Choice, Welfare and Measurement, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1982b. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
• Sen, Amartya, Food Economics and Entitlements, Helsinki, Wider Working Paper 1, 1986.
• Sen, Amartya, On Ethics and Economics, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1987. Scroll to chapter-preview links.

• Drèze, Jean and Sen, Amartya, Hunger and Public Action. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989.
• Hunger and Public Action, jointly edited with Jean Drèze, 1989
• Sen, Amartya, "More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing". New York Review of Books, 1990. ([1])
• Sen, Amartya, Inequality Reexamined, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992.
• Nussbaum, Martha, and Sen, Amartya. The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. Preview.
• India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity, with Jean Drèze, 1995.
• Sen, Amartya, Reason Before Identity (The Romanes Lecture for 1998), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-951389-9
• Commodities and Capabilities, 1999.
• Sen, Amartya, Development as Freedom, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999. (Review by the Asia Times)
• Development as Freedom, 1999.
• Reason Before Identity, 1999.
• Freedom, Rationality, and Social Choice: The Arrow Lectures and Other essays, 2000.
• Sen, Amartya, Rationality and Freedom, Harvard, Harvard Belknap Press, 2002.
• Rationality and Freedom, 2004.
• Inequality Reexamined, 2004.
• The Argumentative Indian, 2005.
• Sen, Amartya, The Argumentative Indian, London: Allen Lane, 2005. (Review by the Guardian, Review by the Washington Post)
• Sen, Amartya, The Three R's of Reform, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40(19): pp. 1971–1974, 2005.
• Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (Issues of Our Time), New York, W. W. Norton, 2006.
• Imperial Illusions: India, Britain, and the wrong lessons. By Amartya Sen. Response by Niall Ferguson.
• Equality of Capacity by Amartya Sen
• The Idea of Justice Harvard University Press & London: Allen Lane,2009. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
• 2010, Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up [Paperback] Joseph E. Stiglitz (Author), Amartya Sen (Author), Jean-Paul Fitoussi (Author) ISBN 978-1-59558-519-6, The New Press.
• (ed.) Peace and Democratic Society. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2011.
• Other Publications on Google Scholar

See also[link]

• List of economists
• The Equality of autonomy, a concept of equality posed by Sen.
• The Kerala model, an expression or concept invented and introduced by Sen.
• The Girl Effect
• List of University of London people

References[link]