Faiz Ahmad Faiz (Urdu: فیض احمد فیض; February 13, 1911 – November 20, 1984) MBE, NI, was an influential left-wing intellectual, revolutionary poet, and one of the most famous poets of the Urdu language from State of Pakistan. A rising figure and notable member of the Progressive Writers' Movement (PWM), Faiz was an avowed Marxist-communist, long associated member of Russian-backed Communist Party and was a recipient of Lenin Peace Prize by the Soviet Union in 1962. Despite being repeatedly accused of atheism by the political and military establishment, Faiz's poetry suggested his complicated relationship with religion in general and Islam in particular. He was, nevertheless, inspired by South Asia's Sufi traditions.
Faiz was controversially named and linked by Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government for hatching the conspiracy (see Rawalpindi conspiracy case) against Ali Khan's government, being Plot's central leader which was supported by left-wing military sponsor Major-General Akbar Khan. Having been arrested by Military police, Faiz among with others received a maximum sentence by JAG branch, although his sentence was commuted after the assassination Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951.
Faiz Ahmad Faiz was born in a small village, Kala Kader located near by Sialkot (a city near distance from Lahore), United Punjab of British Indian Empire to the parents Sultan Mohammad Khan and mother née Sultan Fatima.[1][2] Faiz hailed from an academic and well-known literary family, where a company of local poets and writers were usually be at his home which met on a annual basis to promote the literacy movement in his native province.[2] His father was a hired barrister[1] for the British Government, a learned man, a self-taught person, and an autodidact who wrote and published the biography of Amir Abdur Rahman, an Emir of Imperial Afghanistan.[2] Although his family was a devoted Islam practitioner, but Faiz was brought upon to secular mode.[1] Following the Muslim South Asian tradition, his family directed him to study Islamic studies at the local Mosque to be oriented to the basics of religious studies by Maulvi Ibrahim Mir, a tradition was that of Muslim orthodoxy where he memorized Koran and learned Arabic, Persian, Urdu language and the Quran.[1][2] However, according to a book written by Sarvat Rehman, Faiz was brought up as Orthodox Muslim, saw himself as an agnostic, though a devoted member of Muslim society.[1] Faiz was also a Pakistan nationalist, often quoting "Purify your hearts, so you can save the country...".[1]
His father later pulled him out from Islamic school, as he wanted his son to follow the foot steps of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, sending him to attend the Scotch Mission School managed and run by the local British family for academic education and after matriculation joined Murray College at Lahore for intermediate study and graduation.[2] In 1926, Faiz enrolled in Department of Languages and Fine Arts of the Government College University (GCU). At there, his most influential professors were Professor Mir Hassan and Professor Shamsul Allam who taught Arabic language.[2] Professor Hasan had also taught the renowned philosopher, poet, and politician of South Asia, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal. In 1926, Faiz attained his B.A. with Honors in Arabic language, under the supervision of Professor Mir Hassan. In 1930, Fair joined the post-graduate programme of the GCU, obtaining M.A. in English literature in 1932. The same year, Faiz passed his post-graduate exam in the 1st Division, for the master's degree from the Punjab University's Oriental College, where he obtained M.A. in Arabic language in 1932.[2] It was during his college years, when he met with M. N. Roy and Muzaffar Ahmed who deeply influenced Faiz in Marxist ideas, becoming the member of Communist Party.[1]
In 1935, Faiz joined the faculty of Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, serving as the lecturer in English and British literature.[2][3] Later some time in 1937, Faiz moved to Lahore to reunite with his family after accepting the professorship at the Hailey College of Commerce, initially teaching introductory courses on economics and commerce.[2] It was short live when he applied for the British Indian Army in 1942.[2][3] He was given commissioned and reached the rank of Captain in British India Army.[3] Faiz served with the unit led by Akbar Khan, a left-wing general, whom Faiz had deep connections. Although, he was kept out of the World war operations, Faiz was given a desk assignment when he joined the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) in New Delhi. In 1943, Faiz was upgraded to Major rank; and a Lieutenant-Colonel in 1944.[3] Faiz was among the very first and one of the very few commissioned officer who opted for newly established State of Pakistan, proceeded his service with the Pakistan Army and the Inter-Services Public Relations.[3] However, after witnessing the 1947 Kashmir war with India, Faiz decided to leave the army and submitting his resignation letter to Army Board of Service in 1947.[3]
In 1936, Faiz joined a literacy movement, Progressive Writers' Movement (PWM) and was appointed its first secretary by the fellow Marxist Sajjad Zaheer.[1] The movement was extremely influential and devoted for human welfare cause after the partition of India.[1] In East and West-Pakistan, the movement has gained considerable support in public sector and civil society.[1] In 1938, he became editor-in-chief of monthly Urdu magazine "Adab-e-Latif (lit. Belles Letters) until 1946.[1] In 1941, Faiz published his first literacy book "Naqsh-e-Faryadi" (lit. Imprints) and joined the Pakistan Arts Council (PAC) in 1947.[1] From 1959-62, Faiz served as the secretary of Pakistan Arts Council, and later became Rector of Abdullah Haroon College in 1964.[4] The same year, Faiz was succeeded as vice-president of Pakistan Arts Council in 1964 which he presided the council until 1972 after picking up the government assignment.[4]
Faiz was among a good friend of Soviet poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko who once said "In Faiz's autobiography... is his poetry, the rest is just a footnote".[4] During his life time, Faiz published eight books and received accolades for his works.[4] Faiz was a humanist, a lyrical poet, whose popularity reached to neighboring India and Soviet Union.[5] Indian biographer Amaresh Datta, compared Faiz as "equal esteem in both East and West".[5] Throughout his life, his revolutionary poetry addressed the tyranny of military dictatorships, tyranny, and oppressions, Faiz himself never compromised on his principles despite being threatened by the right-wing parties in Pakistan.[5] Faiz's writings are comparatively new verse form in Urdu poetry based on Western models.[5] Faiz was influenced by the works of Allama Iqbal and Mirza Ghalib, assimilating the modern Urdu with the classical.[4] Faiz used more and more demands for the development of socialism in the country, finding socialism the only solution of country's problems.[5] During his life, Faiz was concerned with more broader socialists ideas, using Urdu poetry for the cause and expansion of socialism in the country.[5] The Urdu poetry and Ghazals influenced Faiz to continue his political themes as non-violent and peaceful, opposing the far left politics in Pakistan.[5]
Faiz believed in Internationalism and emphasized the philosophy on Global village.[1] In 1947, he became editor of the Pakistan Times and in 1948, Faiz became vice-president of the Pakistan Trade Union Federation (PTUF).[1] In 1950, Faiz joined the delegation of Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan, initially leading a business delegation in the United States, attending the meeting at the International Labour Organization (ILO) at San Francisco, California.[1] During 1948-50, Faiz led the PTUF's delegation in Geneva, and became an active member of World Peace Council (WPC).[1]
Faiz was a well-known communist in the country and had been long associated with the Communist Party of Pakistan, which he founded in 1947 along with Marxist Sajjad Zaheer and Jalaludin Abdur Rahim.[6] Faiz had his first exposure to socialism and communism before the independence of State of Pakistan which he thought he was consistent with his progressive thinking.[4] Faiz had long associated ties with the Soviet Union, a friendship with atheist country that later honored him with high award. Even after his death, the Russian government honored him by calling him "our poet" to many Russians.[4] However his popularity was waned in Bangladesh after 1971 when Dhaka did not win much support for him.[4] Faiz and other pro-communists had no political role in the country, despite their academic brilliance.[6]
Although Faiz was a not a hardcore or far-left communist, he spent most of the 1950s and 1960s promoting the cause of communism in Pakistan.[6] During the time when Faiz was editor of the Pakistan Times, one of the leading newspapers of the 1950s, he lent editorial support to the party. He was also involved in the circle lending support to military personnel (e.g. Major General Akbar Khan). His involvement with the party and Major General Akbar Khan's coup plan led to his imprisonment later.
Later in his life, while giving an interview with the local newspaper, Faiz was asked by the interviewer as if he was a communist, Faiz he replied in his usual nonchalant manner: "No. I am not, a communist is a person who is a card carrying member of the Communist party ever made. The party is banned in our country. So how can I be a communist?...".[7]
The Liaquat Ali Khan's government failure to Indian-held Kashmir had frustrated the military leaders of the Pakistan Armed Forces in 1948, including Jinnah himself serious doubt on Ali Khan's ability to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of Pakistan.[8] After returning from the United States, Ali Khan imposed restrictions on Communist party as well as Pakistan Socialist Party. Although the East Pakistan Communist Party had ultimate success in East-Pakistan after staging the mass protest to recognized Bengali language as national heritage.
The Muslim League after Jinnah founded struggling to survive its existence in West-Pakistan. Therefore, Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan imposed extreme restrictions and applied tremendous pressure on communist party for not being properly allowed to function openly as a political party. The conspiracy had been planned by left-wing military officer and Chief of General Staff Major-General Akbar Khan. On February 23, 1951, a secret meeting was held at General Akbar's home, attended by other communist officers and communist party members, including Marxist Sajjad Zaheer and communist Faiz.[9] General Akbar assured Faiz and Zaheer that the communist party would be allowed to function as a legitimate political party like any other party and to take part in the elections.[9] But, according to communist Zafar Poshni who maintained, in 2011, that "no agreement was reached, the plan was disapproved, the communists weren't ready to accept General's words and the participants dispersed without meeting again".[9] However the next morning, the plot was foiled when one of the communist officer defected to ISI revealing the motives behind the plot. When the news reached to Prime minister, the orders of massive arrests were ordered to Military Police by the Prime minister. Before the coup could be initiated, General Akbar among other communists were arrested, including Faiz.[10] In a trial led by the Judge Advocate General branch's officers in a military court, Faiz was announced to spent four years in Montgomery Central Jail (MCJ),[11] due to his influential personality, Liaquat Ali Khan's government continued locating him in Central Prison Karachi and the Central Jail Mianwali.[12] His case later proceeded by socialist Huseyn Suhravardie as his defence counselor.[12] Finally on April 2, 1955,[2] Faiz's sentence was commuted by the Prime minister Huseyn Suhrawardy, and departed to London, Great Britain soon after.[12] In 1958, Faiz again returned but was again detained by President Iskander Mirza, allegedely blamed Fiaz for publishing the pro-communist ideas and advocacy for pro-Moscow government.[10] However, due to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's influence on Ayub Khan, Faiz's sentence was commuted in 1960 and he was departed to Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; he later settled in London, United Kingdom.[12]
In 1964, Faiz finally returned to his country and settled down in Karachi, and was appointed Principal of Abdullah Haroon College.[2] In 1965, Faiz was first brought to government by charismatic democratic socialist Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who was tenuring as Foreign minister in the presidency of Ayub Khan.[2] Bhutto lobbied for Faiz and giving the honorary capacity at the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) working to rallying the people of West-Pakistan to fight against India to defend their motherland.[2] During the 1971 Winter war, Faiz rallied to mobolize the people, writing patriotic poems and songs that opposed the bloodshed during separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan.[13]
In 1972, Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto brought him back when Bhutto appointed Faiz as Culture adviser at the Ministry of Culture (MoCul) and the Ministry of Education (MoEd).[1][4] Faiz continued serving in Bhutto's government until 1974 when he took retirement from the government assignments.[1][4]
Faiz had strong ties with Bhutto, and had been deeply upset upon Bhutto's removal by Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1977, in a military coup codename Fair Play.[9] Again, Faiz was monitored by Military Police and his every move watched.[9] In 1979, Faiz departed from Pakistan after learning the news of Bhutto's execution had been taken place.[9] Faiz took asylum in Beirut, Lebonan, but returned back to Pakistan in poor health after renewal of the Lebanon War in 1982.[14] In 1984, Faiz died in Lahore, Punjab Province, shortly after hearing a nomination of Nobel Peace Prize.[14]
In 1941, Faiz became affectionate to Alys Faiz, a British national and a member of Communist Party of the United Kingdom, who was a student at the Government College University where Faiz taught poetry.[15] While Alys opted for Pakistan citizenship, she was a vital member of Communist Party of Pakistan, played a significant role in Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case when she brought together the communist mass. Together, the couple gave birth two daughter Salima and Moneeza Hashmi.[15]
Faiz was an avowed supporter of Sufism. He had close relations with several Sufi saints of his time. He was a favourite of Baba Malang Sahib, a Sufi of Lahore, Wasif Ali Wasif, Ashfaq Ahmad, Syed Fakhruddin Balley and other renowned sufis. Once when he was asked how he could compare Sufis with socialist comrades, he replied, "They [Sufis] are the real comrades". He is also credited for coining the term Ana al-Haqq in the political sense.
Faiz was first accused of Atheism during his trial, when to the Prosecutor-General, Faiz famously quipped: "Don’t you know applying ‘[[Aroma compound|"Fragrance"’ is Sunnah?...".[9] The questioner protested and said: "My dear sir, I doubt if you are a great one for following the Sunnah and so on!", then Faiz replied: "Why not, I am also a part of the Islamic culture...".[9]
Although living a troubled life, Faiz's work, political ideology, and poetry became immortal, and often dubbed as "greatest poet" of Pakistan.[16] Faiz rema[17] ined extremely popular and infleuntial figure in the development of arts and drama in Pakistan's drama and theatre industry.[18] In 1962, Faiz brought a great name for his country in the Soviet Union who had been hostile and antagonistic relations with Pakistan.[19] The Lenin Peace Prize, a Soviet equivalent of Nobel Peace Prize, helped lift Faiz's image even higher in the international community.[19] It brought Soviet Union and Pakistan much closer, putting past behind and working for development of people of both sides. Most of his work was translated was translated in Russian language.[19]
Faiz, whose work is considered the backbone of development of Pakistan's literature, arts and poetry, was one of the most beloved poets in the country.[19] Along with Allama Iqbal, Faiz is often known as "Poet of East".[20] While commenting on his legacy, classical singer Tina Sani mesmerized Faiz's legacy as she puts it:
Faiz Ahmad Faiz... (was) like a
comrade, his thoughts were soft but effective and inspired the classical singers as it did others in the plays we did... Faiz’s poetry never gets old because the problems and situations in this country have not changed. Today we sing him because of his beautiful poetry, missing out on the reasons behind his poems that had predictions...
- Naqsh-e-Faryadi (1943)
- Dast-e-Saba (1952)
- Zindan-Nama (1956)
- Dast-e-Tah-e-Sung (1965)
- Mere Dil Mere Musafir
- Sar-e-Wadi-e-Sina
All these have been combined as one book Nuskha Haa-e-Wafa (Urdu: نسخہ ہاے وفا).
Faiz was the first Asian poet to receive the Lenin Peace Prize, awarded by the Soviet Union in 1962.[21] In 1976 he was award the Lotus Prize for Literature.[21] He was also nominated for the Nobel Prize shortly before his death in 1984.[22]
At the ceremony held in grand Kremlin hall in Moscow, Faiz received the award with stage full of Russian attendees, Faiz thanked the Russian government for conferring the honor, and delivered the acceptance speech at the ceremony, which appears as a brief preface to his collection Dast-i-tah-i-Sang (Hand under the rock) is a great piece of humanist literature, as he delivered:
Human ingenuity, science and industry have made it possible to provide each one of us everything we need to be comfortable provided these boundless treasures of nature and production are not declared the property of a greedy few but are used for the benefit of all of humanity… However, this is only possible if the foundations of human society are based not on greed, exploitation and ownership but on justice, equality, freedom and the welfare of everyone… I believe that humanity which has never been defeated by its enemies will, after all, be successful; at long last, instead of wars, hatred and cruelty, the foundation of humankind will rest on the message of the great Persian poet Hafez Shiraz: ‘Every foundation you see is faulty, except that of Love, which is faultless....
—Faiz Ahmad Faiz, 1962,
[9]
In 1990, his services were belatedly honored by the Pakistan Government when ruling Pakistan Peoples Party led by Prime minister Benazir Bhutto, accepting the recommendation, and posthumously awarded Faiz, the highest civilian award, Nishan-e-Imtiaz in 1990.[23] In 2011, the Pakistan Peoples Party's government declared the year of 2011 "as the year of Faiz Ahmed Faiz".[23] In accordance, the Pakistan Government set up a "Faiz Chair" at the Department of Urdu at the Karachi University and at the Sindh University,[24] followed by the Government College University of Lahore established the Patras, Faiz Chair at the Department of Urdu of the university, also in 2011.[25] The same year, the Government College University (GCU) presented the golden presented shields to the University's Urdu department, which was issued and presented by the GCU vice-chancellor Professor Dr. Khaleequr Rehman, who noted and futher wrote: "Fiaz was poet of humanity, love and resistance against oppression".[20] In 2012, at the memorial ceremony was held at the Jinnah Garden to honor the services of Faiz by the left-wing party Avami National Party and Communist Party, by the end of the ceremony, the participants chanted his name: "The Faiz of workers is alive! The Faiz of farmers is alive...! Faiz is alive....!".[26]
Faiz Ahmad Faiz's poetry has been translated into many languages, including English and Russian. A Balochi poet, Mir Gul Khan Nasir, who was also a friend of Faiz Ahmad Faiz, translated his book Sar-e-Wadi-e-Seena into Balochi with the title Seenai Keechag aa. This work by Faiz was translated by Gul Khan while he (Gul Khan) was in jail during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime for opposing the government's policies. It was published in 1980, after Zia-ul-Haq toppled Bhutto's government and freed all the political prisoners of his (Bhutto's) regime. Victor Kiernan, British Marxist historian translated Faiz Ahmed Faiz's works into English, and transliteration in Punjabi by Mohinder Singh.[27]
Faiz Ahmad Faiz, himself, has also translated works of notable poets from other languages into Urdu. In his book "Sar-i Waadi-i Seena" there are some translations of the famous poet of Dagestan, Rasul Gamzatov. "Deewa", a Balochi poem by Mir Gul Khan Nasir, was also translated into Urdu by Faiz.[28][29]
- Sheeshon ka Maseeha by Omer Khawaja and Shabana Azmi.
- Dard Aayega Dabe Paon by Sheela Bhatiya.
- Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam written by Danish Iqbal and staged by IPTA Delhi. This multi-media Stage Production is being premiered at Sri Ram centre, New Delhi on 11 November 2011. This Play is basically a Celebration of the Faiz's Poetry and featuring events from the early part of his life, particularly the events and incidents of pre-partition days which shaped his life and ideals. Directed by K K Kohli this musical Production featured Artists like Shamir Abadan, Jaishri Sethi, Dr Naseem, Izhar, Minhaj, Prateek Kapoor, Twinkle Khanna and Amit Bajaj in lead roles. This script is the first part of Faiz trilogy written by Danish Iqbal at the occasion of Faiz Centenary Celebrations.
- Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan - A dramatized reading of Faiz's letter and letters written by his wife Alys Faiz. This Production was initially done at the start of his birth centenary celebrations at India Habitat Center, New Delhi by Danish Iqbal and Salima Raza. Later the same Production, again by Danish Iqbal and Salima Raza, was the concluding item at the JNU Urdu Festival and 4th IPTA Jaipur Natya Rangotsav under the aegis of Wings Cultural Society[30]. 'Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan' was also done at Amritsar Faiz Festival organized by Preet Ladi, at Punjab Natshala, Amritsar, on 6 October 2011. This time it was done by Suchitra Gupta and Danish Iqbal.
- 2011 Drama Festival of Delhi Urdu Academy is basically devoted to Productions about Faiz. Apart from 'Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam' by IPTA, Delhi and 'Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan' by Wings Cultural Society, this Festival will also feature Plays by Peirreot's Troupe on Faiz, namely 'Jo Dil Pe Guzarti Hai'. The festival also presented, for the first time on stage 'Tera Bayaan Ghalib', directed by Dr Hadi Sarmadi and performed by Bahroop Arts Group[31], which was an adaptation of one of Faiz's few plays for the radio[32].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Rahman, Sarvat (2002). 100 Poems by Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1911-1984). New Delhi India: Abhinv Publications, India. pp. 327. ISBN 81-7017-399-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=taSGbCRIW5cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=faiz+ahmed+faiz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TI9VT8WfBurhiAKs8LW2Bw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=faiz%20ahmed%20faiz&f=true.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Faiz Ahmad Faiz". Official website of Faiz Ahmad Faiz. http://www.faiz.com/. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Kanda, K.C. (2005 (reprint 2009)). Masterpieces of patriotic Urdu poetry: text, translation, and transliteration. New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishing Pvt. Ltd.. pp. 341–355pp (total 434 pp). ISBN 978-81-207-2893-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=v6eA4vjTOXsC&pg=PA341&dq=faiz+ahmed+faiz+army&hl=en&ei=CK9VT6ymKIqSiQL06KTkBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=10&ved=0CG4Q6wEwCQ#v=onepage&q=faiz%20ahmed%20faiz%20army&f=true.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rizwan (PhD; Biological sciences), Riz (2008). In English: Faiz Ahmad Faiz; A renowned Urdu poet. Chicago, Illinois: Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4363-7313-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=9TAzp1Vy7t0C&pg=PA41&dq=faiz+ahmed+faiz+communist&hl=en&ei=XI9VT6PPHofciQKBoozhBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=2&ved=0CD4Q6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- ^ a b c d e f g Datta, Amresh (1995). The Encyclopedia of Indian Literature. New Delhi, India: Wellwish Publishing ltd.. pp. 1258–1259. ISBN 81-260-1194-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1258&dq=faiz+ahmed+faiz+communist&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JZVVT5PqJsKjiQKhs7zHBw&ved=0CGcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=faiz%20ahmed%20faiz%20communist&f=true.
- ^ a b c Bhargva, G.S. (2005). Star crossed India: let down by leadership. New Delhi India: Kalpaz Publications. pp. 153; 193. ISBN 81-7835-422-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=HhN7ijLBJEMC&pg=PA193&dq=faiz+ahmed+faiz+communist&hl=en&ei=JZVVT5PqJsKjiQKhs7zHBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=10&ved=0CG8Q6wEwCQ#v=onepage&q=faiz%20ahmed%20faiz%20communist&f=true.
- ^ NPT. "Faiz Ahmad Faiz". 2010. Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust.. http://nazariapak.info/famous-pakistanis/poets.html#faiz. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ Wirsing, Robert (2005). Kashmir in the shadow of war: regional rivalries in a nuclear age. United States.: M.E. Sharpe publishing Co.. pp. 173–75.. ISBN 978-0-7656-1089-8..
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Zafar Ullah Poshni (16 February 2011). "My Jail Mate". The Dawn Newspapers, 2011. http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/15/my-jail-mate.html. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ a b Chandran, K. Narayana (2005). Text and their Words II §A prison evening. New Delhi: Foundation Book Pvt. Lmtd. pp. 159pp. ISBN 81-7596-288-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Xofi-Hnw-wAC&pg=PA159&dq=Rawalpindi+conspiracy+faiz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oZNWT7OSNcOxiQLliImBCA&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Rawalpindi%20conspiracy%20faiz&f=true.
- ^ Cohen, Stephen Phillip (2004). The Idea of Pakistan. U.S.: Brookings Institutions, 2004. pp. 102–150pp. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&pg=PA341&dq=Rawalpindi+conspiracy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=c5NWT6lW79qJAtmDsfMH&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- ^ a b c d Hasan Zaheer (1998). he times and trial of the Rawalpindi conspiracy 1951: the first coup attempt in Pakistan. U.K.: Oxford University Press.. ISBN 978-0-19-577892-2..
- ^ http://www.southasiatimes.com/2001/May2001/arts_lituratures/default.htm
- ^ a b Academy of American Poets.. "Faiz Ahmed Faiz". 1997. Academy of American Poets.. http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/1558. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ a b Arif Azad (Tuesday 25 March 2003 05.33 EST). "Obituary: Alys Faiz". The Guardian, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2003/mar/25/pressandpublishing.guardianobituaries. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ Staff report; Editorial (Feb/03, 2012). "Remembering Faiz". Dawn Newspapers. http://forum.dawn.com/2011/02/13/the-current-debate-remembering-faiz/. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ Khursheed Hyder (25 December 2011). "Tribute: Tina Sani pays homage to Faiz". Dawn Newspapers, 25 December, 2011. http://www.dawn.com/2011/12/25/tribute-tina-sani-pays-homage-to-faiz.html. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ a b Our Correspodents (14 February 2011). "Tributes paid to Faiz". Dawn Newspapers, 14 February, 2011. http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/14/tributes-paid-to-faiz.html. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d Asif Farrukhi (17 February 2011). "Among his contemporaries". Dawn Newspapers, 17 February, 2011. http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/17/among-his-contemporaries.html. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ a b Our Staff Reporter (28 July 2011). "GCU pays a tribute to Faiz". Dawn Newspapers, 28 July, 2011. http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/28/gcu-pays-a-tribute-to-faiz.html. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ a b Arana, R. Victoria (2008). The Facts on File companion to world poetry: 1900 to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8160-6457-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=lblcBR7uDoYC&pg=PA172. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
- ^ http://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/faiz.html
- ^ a b Staff report (2011). "Bhutto, Faiz embraced gallows for human dignity, ideals: President". Dailymail news, 2011. http://dailymailnews.com/0211/19/FrontPage/index.php?id=11. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ Staff Report (November 19, 2011.). "Preserving culture: Govt to set up Faiz Chair at Karachi and Sindh University". Tribune Express, November 19th, 2011.. http://tribune.com.pk/story/294116/preserving-culture-govt-to-set-up-faiz-chair-at-su-ku/. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ Our Correspondents (Tuesday, December 13, 2011). "Patras, Faiz remembered". The News International, 2011. http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-82053-Patras-Faiz-remembered. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ Staff Reporter (February 13, 2012 on 12:03PM). "A tribute to Faiz’s ‘progressive’ spirit". Pakistan Today, February 13, 2012. http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/02/a-tribute-to-faiz%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98progressive%E2%80%99-spirit/?printType=article. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ http://advancedpoetry.livejournal.com/4726.html#cutid2
- ^ "Warsa-i Nasiriyat" by Abdul Sabur Baloch, p 166.
- ^ "Shairi-i Shar Gadaari" by Mir Aqil Khan Mengal in Maahnaama Balochi, December 1987, p 11.
- ^ Wings Cultural Society
- ^ Bahroop Arts Group
- ^ Correspondents-Nidhi Gupta (Sunday, November 13, 2011). A tribute to Urdu and Faiz "A tribute to Urdu and Faiz". The Sunday Guardian, 2011. http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/a-tribute-to-urdu-and-faiz A tribute to Urdu and Faiz. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- Profiles and tributes
- Works
