- published: 15 May 2011
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Send this Playlist by SMS
Bienvenue à Grenoble - Welcome to Grenoble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Grenoble - France. http://www.grenoble.fr/
http://wn.com/Bienvenue_à_Grenoble_Welcome_to_Grenoble
Grenoble: Mountains and Museums | Euromaxx city
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
The French Alpine city of Grenoble draws thousands of visitors every year for its picturesque surroundings and the culture it has on offer. The city boasts n...
http://wn.com/Grenoble_Mountains_and_Museums_|_Euromaxx_city
The French Alpine city of Grenoble draws thousands of visitors every year for its picturesque surroundings and the culture it has on offer. The city boasts n...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 482
- author: Deutsche Welle
"Enquete au coeur de l'ultraviolence" la Villeneuve Grenoble (38)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:12
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
http://quartiersensibles.skyrock.com Reportage sur la cité Villeneuve de Grenoble. Emission piece a conviction "au coeur de l'Ultraviolence" diffusé le lundi...
http://wn.com/Enquete_au_coeur_de_l'ultraviolence_la_Villeneuve_Grenoble_38
http://quartiersensibles.skyrock.com Reportage sur la cité Villeneuve de Grenoble. Emission piece a conviction "au coeur de l'Ultraviolence" diffusé le lundi...
- published: 14 Aug 2013
- views: 40
- author: Quartiersensibles
Flash Mob Grand'place - Grenoble Gospel Singers - Elijah rock
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
Flash Mob à Grand'place Grenoble Gospel Singers.
http://wn.com/Flash_Mob_Grand'place_Grenoble_Gospel_Singers_Elijah_rock
Flash Mob à Grand'place Grenoble Gospel Singers.
- published: 10 Jun 2013
- views: 5842
- author: theggstube
Bienvenue à Grenoble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 23 Jul 2013
Située dans le sud-est de la France, Grenoble est l'une des principales villes de la Région Rhône-Alpes et est la préfecture du département de l'Isère. Greno...
http://wn.com/Bienvenue_à_Grenoble
Située dans le sud-est de la France, Grenoble est l'une des principales villes de la Région Rhône-Alpes et est la préfecture du département de l'Isère. Greno...
- published: 12 Mar 2010
- views: 28282
- author: GrenobleTourisme
Braquage: Fusillade en plein centre-ville de Grenoble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 10 Jun 2013
Plusieurs personnes blessés. Les malfrats sont toujours en fuites. Plus de vidéos sur http://lemondedelavideo.free.fr.
http://wn.com/Braquage_Fusillade_en_plein_centre-ville_de_Grenoble
Plusieurs personnes blessés. Les malfrats sont toujours en fuites. Plus de vidéos sur http://lemondedelavideo.free.fr.
- published: 28 Nov 2012
- views: 4278
- author: louis rascasse
Visitez Grenoble en 1967
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Updated: 18 Jul 2013
Reportage TV sur Grenoble et les travaux réalisés pour les Jeux Olympiques de 1968. On y trouve un panorama complet des évolutions et des transformations réa...
http://wn.com/Visitez_Grenoble_en_1967
Reportage TV sur Grenoble et les travaux réalisés pour les Jeux Olympiques de 1968. On y trouve un panorama complet des évolutions et des transformations réa...
- published: 08 Jan 2012
- views: 25265
- author: Pierre-Louis Goirand
[Projet Professionnel] : Reportage : La Ville de Grenoble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Vidéo réalisée dans le cadre des projets professionnels de l'année 2012-2013.
http://wn.com/_Projet_Professionnel_Reportage_La_Ville_de_Grenoble
Vidéo réalisée dans le cadre des projets professionnels de l'année 2012-2013.
- published: 29 Mar 2013
- views: 570
- author: RealSRC
France - Grenoble 03.2013 / Франция - Гренобль
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 13 Apr 2013
Наша поездка в город Гренобль, март 2013. Франция Новый проект! /Редактировалось в FCPX Если Вам нравиться мое видео, ставьте лайк, подписывайтесь и отправля...
http://wn.com/France_Grenoble_032013_Франция_Гренобль
Наша поездка в город Гренобль, март 2013. Франция Новый проект! /Редактировалось в FCPX Если Вам нравиться мое видео, ставьте лайк, подписывайтесь и отправля...
- published: 13 Apr 2013
- views: 160
- author: valdnermv
Le film du match Grenoble - Strasbourg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:24
- Updated: 29 Jul 2013
http://wn.com/Le_film_du_match_Grenoble_Strasbourg
Grenoble gros calibre petite frappe 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
Grenoble ville mafieuse. L'une des plus grosse plaque tournente de france.
http://wn.com/Grenoble_gros_calibre_petite_frappe_1
Grenoble ville mafieuse. L'une des plus grosse plaque tournente de france.
- published: 28 Mar 2009
- views: 32948
- author: brakodu38
1987 : le tram débarque à Grenoble ! SMTC Grenoble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:33
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Vidéo "vintage" réalisée à l'occasion de la mise en service du 1er tramway à Grenoble en 1987. Le plein d'actus sur www.smtc-grenoble.org.
http://wn.com/1987_le_tram_débarque_à_Grenoble_!_SMTC_Grenoble
Vidéo "vintage" réalisée à l'occasion de la mise en service du 1er tramway à Grenoble en 1987. Le plein d'actus sur www.smtc-grenoble.org.
- published: 18 Nov 2011
- views: 2560
- author: SMTCGRENOBLE
Nabil clash Jamel Debbouze à Grenoble (Summum)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:32
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
Nabil Grandes Oreilles Episode 3 Saison 2.
http://wn.com/Nabil_clash_Jamel_Debbouze_à_Grenoble_Summum
Grenoble Tourism Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 27 Jul 2013
Do you like doing nothing? Then why not visit Grenoble?
http://wn.com/Grenoble_Tourism_Video
Do you like doing nothing? Then why not visit Grenoble?
- published: 02 Apr 2007
- views: 25326
- author: Harry Harland
Grenoble (38) : visite de la cité "La Villeneuve"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 21 Jul 2013
Grenoble (38) : visite de la cité "La Villeneuve"
http://wn.com/Grenoble_38_visite_de_la_cité_La_Villeneuve
Grenoble (38) : visite de la cité "La Villeneuve"
- published: 01 May 2013
- views: 1289
- author: cites2francevideos
Rugby Top 14 RCT Toulon vs Grenoble Jour de Rugby Résumé du Match Live Sports 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:08
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
Rugby Top 14 RCT Toulon vs Grenoble Jour de Rugby Résumé du Match Live Sports 2012.
http://wn.com/Rugby_Top_14_RCT_Toulon_vs_Grenoble_Jour_de_Rugby_Résumé_du_Match_Live_Sports_2012
Rugby Top 14 RCT Toulon vs Grenoble Jour de Rugby Résumé du Match Live Sports 2012.
- published: 02 Dec 2012
- views: 7742
- author: ZACHAYUS1
Marine Le Pen sur la tuerie d'Echirolles a Grenoble oct2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:27
- Updated: 07 Apr 2013
interview de Marine Le Pen aprés le massacre par une vingtaine de jeunes cours de trading http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PM1iokl6PjI.
http://wn.com/Marine_Le_Pen_sur_la_tuerie_d'Echirolles_a_Grenoble_oct2012
interview de Marine Le Pen aprés le massacre par une vingtaine de jeunes cours de trading http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PM1iokl6PjI.
- published: 04 Oct 2012
- views: 3827
- author: 12OOO2
Grenoble : Mister V, une vedette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 07 Aug 2013
Portrait d'une star montante du net, un grenoblois pour lequel nous avons eu un coup de coeur.
http://wn.com/Grenoble_Mister_V,_une_vedette
Portrait d'une star montante du net, un grenoblois pour lequel nous avons eu un coup de coeur.
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 1292
- author: France3Alpes
![[Top 14 2012-2013] 25ème journée : Grenoble VS Toulon](http://web.archive.org./web/20131006075123im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1g4izNN1juI/default.jpg "[Top 14 2012-2013] 25ème journée : Grenoble VS Toulon")
[Top 14 2012-2013] 25ème journée : Grenoble VS Toulon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:06
- Updated: 05 Aug 2013
Résumé du match FC Grenoble vs RC Toulon comptant pour la 25ème journée du championnat de France de rugby du Top 14 saison 2012-2013. Score: 25-24 Avec les e...
http://wn.com/_Top_14_2012-2013_25ème_journée _Grenoble_VS_Toulon
Résumé du match FC Grenoble vs RC Toulon comptant pour la 25ème journée du championnat de France de rugby du Top 14 saison 2012-2013. Score: 25-24 Avec les e...
- published: 21 Apr 2013
- views: 8554
- author: Ballboll81
Flashmob géant : Grenoble en mode Gangnam Style !
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 28 Jul 2013
Retrouvez la vidéo avec la chorégraphie ici : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7o5RAeJTOw 3000 personnes se sont réunies samedi 17 novembre 2012 au coeur de G...
http://wn.com/Flashmob_géant_Grenoble_en_mode_Gangnam_Style_!
Retrouvez la vidéo avec la chorégraphie ici : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7o5RAeJTOw 3000 personnes se sont réunies samedi 17 novembre 2012 au coeur de G...
- published: 17 Nov 2012
- views: 33870
- author: Ville de Grenoble
Les Trains de Grenoble à la Croix Haute
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:30
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
La ligne Grenoble Veynes par le Col de la Croix Haute fut ouverte dans son intégralité le 29 juillet 1878, au terme de travaux considérables. Lien unique à l...
http://wn.com/Les_Trains_de_Grenoble_à_la_Croix_Haute
La ligne Grenoble Veynes par le Col de la Croix Haute fut ouverte dans son intégralité le 29 juillet 1878, au terme de travaux considérables. Lien unique à l...
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 7869
- author: RAILsIMAGES
Le Tramway de Grenoble - Die Straßenbahn von Grenoble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:15
- Updated: 19 Jul 2013
FR: Grenoble, la capitale des noix est une belle ville sur l´Isère dans la region Rhône-Alpes pas loin de Lyon. Dans cette vidéo c´est au tramway. Je souhait...
http://wn.com/Le_Tramway_de_Grenoble_Die_Straßenbahn_von_Grenoble
FR: Grenoble, la capitale des noix est une belle ville sur l´Isère dans la region Rhône-Alpes pas loin de Lyon. Dans cette vidéo c´est au tramway. Je souhait...
- published: 10 Apr 2011
- views: 15864
- author: VeryGoodFeeling
![[Top 14 2013-2014] 2ème journée : Castres VS Grenoble](http://web.archive.org./web/20131006075123im_/http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/dCrgnqxuLGg/default.jpg "[Top 14 2013-2014] 2ème journée : Castres VS Grenoble")
[Top 14 2013-2014] 2ème journée : Castres VS Grenoble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 25 Aug 2013
Résumé du match Castres Olympique vs FC Grenoble comptant pour la 2ème journée du championnat de France de rugby du Top 14 saison 2013-2014.
Score: 34-6
Avec les essais de:
Castres : Diarra, Lamerat, Classen et Garvey (x2)
Suivez-moi sur facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Vivez-le-rugby-fran%C3%A7ais-et-europ%C3%A9en/514083891945735
http://wn.com/_Top_14_2013-2014_2ème_journée _Castres_VS_Grenoble
Résumé du match Castres Olympique vs FC Grenoble comptant pour la 2ème journée du championnat de France de rugby du Top 14 saison 2013-2014.
Score: 34-6
Avec les essais de:
Castres : Diarra, Lamerat, Classen et Garvey (x2)
Suivez-moi sur facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Vivez-le-rugby-fran%C3%A7ais-et-europ%C3%A9en/514083891945735
- published: 25 Aug 2013
- views: 4805
photo: AP / Toby Talbot
05 Oct 2013
Negotiations on a sweeping free trade pact between the US and the EU have been postponed because of a partial government shutdown in America. US officials had been due in Brussels next week to discuss the deal aimed at boosting bilateral ties. US President Barack Obama earlier cancelled his trip to Asia because of the shutdown. The US government closed non-essential operations on Tuesday after Congress failed to agree a new budget ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
03 Oct 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The larger picture of the U.S. government's slowdown (incorrectly labeled "shutdown") is a struggle over a centralized and incoherent bureaucracy that continues to seize trillions of dollars more than what it spends. This reckless taxation and spending has created an other-governance dependency for some, while others still believe in self-governance ... Constitution originally intended....(size: 6.8Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
03 Oct 2013
US President Barack Obama has warned that Wall Street should be concerned that a conservative faction of Republicans is willing to allow the country to default on its debt. The US government has partially closed after Congress failed to agree a budget and will run out of cash on 17 October unless its debt ceiling is raised. In a TV interview on Wednesday, Mr Obama said he was "exasperated" ... Read more from Mark ... James Clapper ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Luis Soto
05 Oct 2013
MEXICO CITY — An alleged drug cartel leader suspected of masterminding the June slayings of nine Guatemalan federal policemen was arrested Friday in the southern Mexico border state of Chiapas, officials said ... The assailants fatally shot eight officers and abducted a police sub-inspector, whose partial remains were found later. The attack may have been in retribution for a cocaine seizure ... (link in Spanish) ... ALSO. ... Twitter ... 0 ... ....(size: 6.8Kb)
photo: UN / Stuart Price
03 Oct 2013
With the global population approaching 9.6 billion by 2050, huge demands will be placed on states and the environment to provide sufficient food. Already, leaders are searching for solutions to a series of global challenges unprecedented in scale and complexity. Food insecurity, malnutrition, climate change, rural poverty and environmental degradation are at the top of the list ... 1501. Source.. Al Jazeera. Featured on Al Jazeera ... " />....(size: 10.7Kb)
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Canberra Times
05 Oct 2013
TOP 14 WRAP. PARIS. Toulon provisionally took over top spot in the French Top 14 on Saturday with a 25-19 win over old foes Clermont, the team they defeated in last season's European Cup final ... Racing-Metro are in mid-table after losing 22-20 to Grenoble who are up to sixth place. Racing were 20-16 ahead with just six minutes left but Valentin Courrent then kicked two late penalties to give Grenoble their fifth win of the season ... AFP. ....(size: 3.0Kb)
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Canberra Times
05 Oct 2013
Rocky Elsom believes the ARU should allow players who have accrued the most Test time this year to miss the spring tour and spend the off-season training at home to help them strengthen for the next World Cup ... In the French Top 14 alone, there are back-rowers Mark Chisholm (Aviron Bayonnais) and Peter Kimlin (Grenoble); prop Dan Palmer (Grenoble); and backs Matt Giteau (Toulon), Drew Mitchell (Toulon) and Digby Ioane (Stade Francais)....(size: 3.6Kb)
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France24
05 Oct 2013
Monaco went three points clear to the top of Ligue 1 on Saturday after a late winner by substitute Lucas Ocampos handed them a 2-1 win over Saint-Etienne. By News Wires (text). . Monaco went three points clear at the top of Ligue 1 on Saturday after a late Lucas Ocampos winner gave them a priceless 2-1 victory over Saint-Etienne at the Louis II stadium ... (AFP). FOOTBALL ... FOOTBALL ... LIGUE 1 ... Bordeaux keep lead after victory over Grenoble....(size: 6.2Kb)
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The Independent
05 Oct 2013
As for the differing opinions about how the competition should be run, Sexton sees no need for change but accepts the decision is not his to make ... There's arguments for and against." ... Sexton is a heart-on-his-sleeve man ... Racing had won five matches out of eight this season before last night's home match against Grenoble, and have Juan Imhoff, Juan Martin Hernandez and Juandre Kruger to return from the Rugby Championship ... The dates....(size: 10.1Kb)
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The Times of India
04 Oct 2013
WASHINGTON. The legend of Indian tech start-ups in Silicon Valley is alive and ticking. The latest to generate wow and flutter is a nifty gesture-reading company that Google swallowed this week for $40 million. By Silicon Valley standards, $40 million is chump change ... And that's just the start ... Dalal, who grew up in Chandigarh and went to engineering school in Delhi before graduating from Grenoble in France, is chuffed about the buy-out ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
Edit
The Times of India
04 Oct 2013
WASHINGTON. The legend of Indian tech start-ups in Silicon Valley is alive and ticking. The latest to generate wow and flutter is a nifty gesture-reading company that Google swallowed this week for $40 million. By Silicon Valley standards, $40 million is chump change ... And that's just the start ... Dalal, who grew up in Chandigarh and went to engineering school in Delhi before graduating from Grenoble in France, is chuffed about the buy-out ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
Edit
The Irish Times
04 Oct 2013
Saturday (Oct 5th). GOLF Sky Sports 2, 7.30am-5pm. France Vivendi Seve Trophy. SOCCER BT Sports 1 from 11.30am. (12.45) Manchester City v Everton. SOCCER Sky Sports 1 from noon. (12.15) Birmingham City v Bolton. HORSE Channel 4, 1.30pm-4.10pm. RACING Ascot and Newmarket. RUGBY BT Sport 2 from 1.30pm. (1.55) Toulon v Clermont. GYMNASTICS BBC 1, 2.30pm-4.30pm. Belgium World Championships. SOCCER Setanta from 2.30pm ... (5.30) Racing Metro v Grenoble....(size: 2.9Kb)
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Stars and Stripes
04 Oct 2013
Europe hums with activity in all seasons. Here is a sampling of events on the docket. Austria. www.austria.info. COUNTRYWIDE. Long Night of the Museums, Oct. 5. ERL. Passion Play, Saturdays only, through Oct. 5. VIENNA. Wiesn Fest, Prater, through Oct. 6. VIENNA. Waves Vienna, music festival and conference, through Oct. 6. SALZBURG. Jazz & The City, free concerts in city center, Oct. 9-13. VIENNA ... 10-13. STUBAI ... 12. SALZBURG ... 16-27 ... 6 ... 6 ... 5 ... GRENOBLE....(size: 15.4Kb)
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NZ Herald
03 Oct 2013
What was your greatest holiday? ... They are my all time top three destinations without question. And the worst? ... We went home after two days - nightmare! ... I wake up every day on the road understanding that I am one of the luckiest bikers on the planet! South Africa is a must for a dream holiday but so is the N85 from Grenoble to Monaco in the south of France! Some of the scariest and phenomenal mountain roads I've ridden fast ... Memories ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
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SEMI Announces Silicon Wafer Shipment Forecast (SEMI - Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International)
noodls03 Oct 2013
(Source. SEMI - Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International). SEMI Announces Silicon Wafer Shipment Forecast. Wafer Shipment Forecast to Remain Flat in 2013 and Increase in 2014 and 2015. SAN JOSE, Calif ... 2013 Silicon Shipment Forecast ... (Millions of Square Inches) ... SEMI maintains offices in Bangalore, Beijing, Berlin, Brussels, Grenoble, Hsinchu, Moscow, San Jose, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo, and Washington, D.C.www.semi.org....(size: 3.9Kb)
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From Smart Cars to Smart Cities: Shaping the Future of Microelectronics at ITPC 2013 (SEMI - Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International)
noodls02 Oct 2013
(Source. SEMI - Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International). From Smart Cars to Smart Cities. Shaping the Future of Microelectronics at ITPC 2013. SAN JOSE, Calif ... IBM. Michael J. Cadigan, VP/GM, Microelectronics and Systems Technology Group Intel ... ... About SEMI ... SEMI maintains offices in Bangalore, Beijing, Berlin, Brussels, Grenoble, Hsinchu, Moscow, San Jose, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo, and Washington, D.C.www.semi.org....(size: 4.5Kb)
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RTE
02 Oct 2013
by Bernard Jackman. The scrum has always been central to rugby union both as a means of restarting the game and a way of testing the two packs of forwards ... Not all teams followed that trend. As defence coach at Grenoble, I saw Toulon try a completely different approach, getting their second rows to start with their knees on the ground until the hit, which took a huge amount of speed out of the equation ... Technique not power....(size: 6.1Kb)
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noodls
01 Oct 2013
(Source. Digigram SA) Digigram Researcher to Discuss New Automatic Gain Control Methodology at AES. Date. 2013-10-01. Contact. communications@digigram.com ... Dr ... Dr ... He holds a PhD in signal processing and was a postdoctoral fellow at Institut Langevin ESPCI in Paris and GIPSA-lab Grenoble. distributed by ... (noodl. 20317586) ....(size: 1.4Kb)
|
Grenoble |
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 Grenoble
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Location within Rhône-Alpes region
Grenoble
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|
| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Region | Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Isère |
| Arrondissement | Grenoble |
| Intercommunality | Agglomeration community of the Grenoble Alpes Métropole |
| Mayor | Michel Destot (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 398–500 m (1,306–1,600 ft) (avg. 212 m or 696 ft) |
| Land area1 | 18.44 km2 (7.12 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 156,659 (2008) |
| - Density | 8,496 /km2 (22,000 /sq mi) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 38185/ 38000, 38100 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Grenoble (French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps."
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, and it has been the capital of the Dauphiné since the 11th century. It experienced a period of economic expansion in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.[1]
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble) at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".
Among the numerous communes that make up Grenoble are the city's largest suburbs, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine, each with a population exceeding 20,000.[2]
Contents |
History[link]
- For the ecclesiastical history, see Bishopric of Grenoble.
Antiquity[link]
The first references to Grenoble date back to 43 BC. Cularo was at that time a little Gallic village founded by the Allobroges tribe near a bridge across the Isère River. A strong wall was built around the small town in 286 AD.[3]
The Emperor Gratian visited Cularo and, touched by the people's welcome, made the village a Roman city. In honour of this, Cularo was renamed Gratianopolis ("city of Gratian") in 381 (leading to Graignovol[4] during the Middle Age and then Grenoble).
Christianity spread to the region during the 4th century, and the diocese of Grenoble was founded in 377. From that time, the bishops exercised a significant political power over the city and, until the French Revolution, styled themselves the "bishops and princes of Grenoble".[5]
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the city was part of the first Burgundian kingdom in the 5th century and the second Burgundian Kingdom of Arles until 1032, when it was integrated into the Holy Roman Empire.
Middle Ages[link]
Grenoble grew significantly in the 11th century when the Counts of Albon chose the city as the capital of their territories. At the time, their possessions were a patchwork of several territories sprawled across the region.[6] The central position of Grenoble allowed the counts to strengthen their authority. When these counts later took the title of "Dauphins", Grenoble became the capital of the State of Dauphiné.
In spite of their status, the counts' authority was shared with the Bishop of Grenoble. One of the most famous Bishop was Saint Hugh. Under his rule, the city's bridge was rebuilt, and a hospital was constructed along with a leper hospital.[7]
The inhabitants of Grenoble took advantage of the division between the counts and the bishops and obtained the recognition of a Charter of Customs that guaranteed their rights.[8] That charter was confirmed by Kings Louis XI in 1447 and Francis I in 1541.
In 1336, the last Dauphin Humbert II founded a court of justice, the Conseil delphinal, which settled at Grenoble in 1340. He also established the University of Grenoble in 1339. Aging and heirless, Humbert sold his state to France in 1349 on the condition that the heir to the French crown used the title of Dauphin. The first one, the future Charles V, spent nine months in Grenoble. The city remained the capital of the Dauphiné, henceforth a province of France, and the Estates of Dauphiné were created.
The only Dauphin who really governed his province was Louis XI, whose "reign" lasted from 1447 to 1456. It was only under his rule that Dauphiné properly joined the Kingdom of France. The Old Conseil Delphinal became a Parlement (the third one in France after the Parliaments of Paris and Toulouse), strengthening the status of Grenoble as a Provincial capital. He also ordered the construction of the Palais du Parlement (finished under Francis I) and ensured that the Bishop pledged allegiance, thus forging the political union of the city.[9]
At that time, Grenoble was a crossroads between Vienne, Geneva, Italy, and Savoy. It was the industrial centre of the Dauphiné and the biggest city of the province.
Renaissance[link]
Due to Grenoble's geographical situation, French troops were garrisoned in the city and its region during the Italian Wars. Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I went several times to Grenoble. However, the people had to suffer from the exactions of the soldiers.
The nobility of the region took part in various battles (Marignano, Pavia) and in doing so gained significant prestige.[10] The best-known of its members was Bayard, "the knight without fear and beyond reproach".
Grenoble suffered as a result of the French Wars of Religion. The Dauphiné was indeed an important settlement for Protestants and therefore experienced several conflicts. The baron des Adrets, the leader of the Huguenots, pillaged the Cathedral of Grenoble and destroyed the tombs of the former Dauphins.
In August 1575, Lesdiguières became the new leader of the Protestants and, thanks to the accession of Henry IV to the throne of France, allied himself with the governor and the lieutenant general of the Dauphiné. But this alliance did not bring an end to the conflicts. Indeed, a Catholic movement, the Ligue, which took Grenoble in December 1590, refused to make peace. After months of assaults, Lesdiguières defeated the Ligue and took back Grenoble. He became the leader of the entire province.[11]
Lesdiguières became the lieutenant-general of the Dauphiné and administered the Province from 1591 to 1626. He began the construction of the Bastille in order to protect the city and ordered the construction of new walls, increasing the city's size. He also constructed the Hôtel Lesdiguières, built new fountains, and dug sewers.[12]
From Louis XIV to the French Revolution[link]
The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV caused the departure of 2,000 Protestants from Grenoble, weakening the city's economy.[13] However, it also weakened the glove industry of Grasse, leaving the glove factories of Grenoble without any competition.[14] This allowed a stronger economic development for the city during the 18th century. For example, at the beginning of that century, only 12 glovers made 15,000 dozen gloves each year; however, by 1787, 64 glovers madde 160,000 dozen gloves each year.[14]
The city gained some notoriety on 7 June 1788 when the townspeople assaulted troops of Louis XVI in the "Day of the Tiles". The people attacked the royal troops to prevent an expulsion of the notables of the city, which would have seriously endangered the economic prosperity of Grenoble. Following these events, the Assembly of Vizille took place. Its members organized the meeting of the old Estates General, thus beginning the Revolution. During the French Revolution, Grenoble was highly represented in Paris by two illustrious notables, Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave.
In 1790, the Dauphiné was divided into three departments, and Grenoble became the chef-lieu of the Isère department. The city was renamed Grelibre and took back its real name only under Napoleon. Only two abbeys were executed at Grenoble during the Reign of Terror. Pope Pius VI, prisoner of France, spent three days at Grenoble in 1799 before going to Valence where he died.
19th century[link]
The approval of the establishment of the Empire was clear and overwhelming (in Isère, the results showed 82,084 yes and only 12 no).[15]
Grenoble welcomed for the second time a prisoner Pope in 1809. Pius VII spent 10 days in the city en route to his exile in Fontainebleau.
In 1813, Grenoble was under threat from the Austrian army, which invaded Switzerland and Savoy. The well-defended city contained the Austrian attacks, and the French army defeated the Austrians, forcing them to withdraw at Geneva. However, the later invasion of France in 1814 resulted in the capitulation of the troops and the occupation of the city.
During his return from the island of Elba in 1815, Napoleon took a road that led him near Grenoble at Laffrey. There he met the royalist fifth Infantry Regiment of Louis XVIII. Napoleon stepped towards the soldiers and said these famous words: "If there is among you a soldier who wants to kill his Emperor, here I am." The soldiers all joined his cause. After that, Napoleon was acclaimed at Grenoble and General Jean Gabriel Marchand could not prevent Napoleon from entering the city through the door of Bonne. He said later: "From Cannes to Grenoble, I still was an adventurer; in that last city, I came back a sovereign".[16] But after the defeat of Waterloo, the region suffered from a new invasion of Austrian and Sardinian troops.
In the 19th century, there was a significant industrial development of Grenoble. The glove factories reached their Golden Age at that time, and their products were exported to the United States, the United Kingdom, and Russia.[17]
The Bastille fortress was transformed between 1824 and 1848 by general Haxo and took on its present-day aspect. During the Second Empire, the region saw the construction of its railway network, and the first trains arrived at Grenoble in 1858. Shortly thereafter, in 1859, Grenoble experienced widespread destruction by extensive flooding.
In 1869, the engineer Aristide Bergès played a major role in industrializing hydroelectricity production. With the development of his paper mills, he accelerated the economic development of the Grésivaudan valley and Grenoble.
On 4 August 1897, a stone and bronze fountain was inaugurated in Grenoble to commemorate the pre-revolutionary events of June 1788. Built by the sculptor Henri Ding, the Fountain of the Three Orders, which represents three characters, is located on the Place Notre-Dame. People in Grenoble interpret these characters as follows: Is it raining? enquires the third estate; Please heaven it had rained, lament the clergy; and It will rain, proclaims the nobility.[18]
20th century[link]
World War I accelerated Grenoble's economic development.[19] In order to sustain the war effort, new hydroelectric industries developed alongs the various rivers of the region, and several existing companies moved into the armaments industry. Chemicals factories were also established in the area surrounding Grenoble. This development resulted in significant immigration to Grenoble, particularly from Italian workers who settled in the Saint-Laurent neighborhood.
The economic development of the city was highlighted by the organization of the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism in 1925, which was visited by 1,050,000 people.[20] The organization of this exhibition forced the military to remove the old city walls and allowed expansion of the city to the south. This exhibition also highlighted the city's hydropower industry and the region's tourist attractions.
The site of the exhibition has become an urban park in 1926, called Parc Paul Mistral since the death of the mayor in 1932. Today, the only building remaining of this exhibition in the park, is the Tour Perret, closed to the public since 1960.
During World War II, at the Battle of the Alps, the Nazi invasion was stopped near Grenoble at Voreppe by the forces of General Cartier in June 1940. The French forces resisted until the armistice. Grenoble was then part of the French State before submitting to Italian occupation from 1942 to 1943. Their mercy towards the Jewish populations resulted in a significant increase of their number in the region.[21]
Grenoble was extremely active in the Résistance against the occupation. Its action was symbolized by figures such as Eugène Chavant, Léon Martin, and Marie Reynoard.[22] The University of Grenoble supported the clandestine operations and provided false documentation for young people to prevent them from being assigned to STO.
In September 1943, German troops occupied Grenoble, escalating the conflict with the clandestine movements. On 11 November 1943 (the anniversary of the armistice of 1918) massive strikes and demonstrations took place in front of the local collaboration offices. In response, the occupiers arrested 400 demonstrators in the streets. On 13 November, the resistance blew up the artillery at the Polygon, which was a psychological shock for an enemy who then intensified the repression. On 25 November, the occupiers killed 11 members of the Résistance organizations of Grenoble. This violent crackdown was nicknamed "Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew".[23] From these events, Grenoble was styled by the Free French Forces the title of Capital of the Maquis on the antennas of the BBC.[24]
.JPG)
This event only intensified the activities of Grenoble's resistance movements. The Germans could not prevent the destruction of their new arsenal on 2 December at the Bonne Barracks. After the Normandy landing, resistance operations reached their peak, with numerous attacks considerably hampering the activity of German troops. With the landing in Provence, German troops evacuated the city on 22 August 1944. On 5 November 1944, General Charles de Gaulle came to Grenoble and bestowed on the city the Compagnon de la Libération in order to recognise a heroic city at the peak of the French resistance and combat for the liberation.[22]
In 1955, future physics Nobel prize laureate Louis Néel created the Grenoble Center for Nuclear Studies (CENG), resulting in the birth of the Grenoble model, a combination of research and industry. The first stone was laid in December 1956.
In 1968, Grenoble welcomed the Xth Olympic Winter Games. This event helped modernize the city with the development of infrastructure such as an airport, motorways, and a town hall. It also helped develop new ski resorts like Chamrousse, Les Deux Alpes, and Villard-de-Lans.
Geography[link]
Grenoble is surrounded by mountains. To the north lies the Chartreuse, to the south and west the Vercors, and to the east the Belledonne range. Grenoble is regarded as the capital of the French Alps.
Grenoble is exclusively built on the alluvial plain of the Isère and Drac rivers at an altitude of 214 metres (702 ft), and as a result the city itself is extremely flat. Mountain sports are an important tourist attraction in summer and winter. Twenty large and small ski resorts surround the city, the nearest being Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse, which is about 15 minutes' drive away.
Historically, both Grenoble and the surrounding areas were sites of mining and heavy industry.[25] Abandoned mills and factories can be found in small towns and villages, and a few have been converted to tourist attractions, such as the coal mine at La Mure.
Main sights[link]
La Bastille[link]
The Bastille, an ancient series of fortifications, sits on the mountainside overlooking Grenoble and is visible from many points in the city. The Bastille is one of Grenoble's most visited tourist attractions and is a good vantage point for viewing the town below and the surrounding mountains.
Although the Bastille was begun in the Middle Ages, later years saw extensive additions, including a semi-underground defence network. The Bastille has been credited as the most extensive example of early 18th century fortifications in all of France and held an important strategic point on the Alpine frontier.[26]
The first cable transport system, installed on the Bastille in 1875, was built by the world-famous Porte de France Cement Company. This cable transport system connected the Mount Jalla, just over the bastille, and Grenoble. It was abandoned in the early twentieth century
Since 1934, the Bastille has been the destination of the "Grenoble-Bastille Cable Car". This system of egg-shaped cable cars known to locals as "Les Bulles" provides the occupants with an excellent view over the Isère River. At the top are located two restaurants and a museum of mountain troops (Musée des troupes de montagne).
Palace of the Parliament of Dauphiné[link]
This palace was constructed Place Saint Andre, around 1500 and extended in 1539. It was the location of the Parlement of Dauphiné until the French Revolution. It then became a courthouse until 2002. The left wing of the palace was extended in 1897.
The building now belongs to the Isère Council (Conseil Général de l'Isère). An ongoing renovation project will give this building a new life whilst preserving its patrimonial character and adding a modern touch.[27]
Museum of Grenoble[link]
The city's most prized museum, the Museum of Grenoble ((French) Musée de Grenoble), welcomes 200,000 visitors a year. The Museum of Grenoble is above all renowned for its collection of paintings that covers all the artistic evolutions, but it also presents Egyptian antiquities as well as Greek and Roman artifacts. In April 2010, the prophetess of Antinoe, a sixth-century mummy discovered in 1907 in a necropolis Coptic of Antinoe in Middle Egypt, returns to the Museum of Grenoble, after more than fifty years of absence.
Archaeological museum of Saint-Laurent[link]
Located in the Place Saint-Laurent, the collections come from the archaeological excavations done on the site and are dated throughout the 3rd century AD. Situated on the right bank of the Isère, the museum presents the vestiges permitting to carry up the time until the origins of Christianity. The museum is situated in a Benedictine church of the 12th century. Discovered in 1803 by Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac, brother of the egyptologist Jean-François Champollion, the church is one of the first monuments classified in France thanks to the intervention of Prosper Mérimée, historic monument inspector.[28] Since 1978, a systematic excavation has led Loud in the setting of a regional research program on the evolution of the churches during the Middle Ages. After eight years of work, the museum opened 6 May 2011.
Education and Science[link]
Secondary level[link]
The presence of a large peoples international community of both foreign students and foreign researchers prompted the creation of an international school more than a decade ago. The Cité Scolaire Internationale Europole (CSI Europole) was formerly situated downtown in the Lycée International Stendhal across from the Maison du Tourisme. In the centre of the city, two other schools have provided education to the isérois for more than three centuries. The oldest one, the Lycée Stendhal, was built in 1606 as a Jesuit College. In 1673 an astronomical and astrological sundial was created in the main building of the college, called "horologe solaire", which still can be visited today. The second oldest higher education establishment of Grenoble is the Lycée Champollion, completed in 1887 in order to offer an excellent formation to both high school students and students of classes péparatoires.
Tertiary level[link]
In a 1339 pontific bull, Pope Benedict XII commissioned the establishment of the University of Grenoble.
In 1968, the university was relocated to a campus outside of the city in Saint Martin d'Hères (with some parts in Gières). However, there are annexes inside the city proper, on the slopes of the Bastille, and in the northwestern part of the city known as the Polygone Scientifique ("Scientific Polygon").
The university consists of five separate institutions sharing the campus grounds and even some buildings and laboratories:
- Grenoble I – Joseph Fourier University (sciences, health, technologies)
- Grenoble II – Pierre Mendès-France University (social sciences)
- with attached the Institute of political studies
- Grenoble III – Stendhal University (humanities)
- Grenoble École de Management (management and business administration)
- École d'Architecture de Grenoble ( School of Architecture of Grenoble)
- Grenoble Institute of Technology (INPG or Grenoble-INP) is a federation of engineering colleges.
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is also located in Grenoble. The city is now an important university centre with more than 60,000 students, including 16% from abroad.[29]
Science and engineering[link]
Grenoble is also a major scientific centre, especially in the fields of physics, computer science, and applied mathematics: Joseph Fourier University (UJF) is one of the leading French scientific universities while the Grenoble Institute of Technology trains more than 5,000 engineers every year in key technology disciplines. Grenoble's high tech expertise is organized mainly around three domains: information technology, biotechnologies and new technologies of energy.[30]
Many fundamental and applied scientific research laboratories are conjointly managed by Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Institute of Technology, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Numerous other scientific laboratories are managed independently or in collaboration with the CNRS and the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control (INRIA).
Other research centers in or near Grenoble include the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), and one of the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (Nuclear Energy Commission)(CEA) main research facilities.
Leti and the recent development of Minatec, a centre for innovation in micro- and nano-technology, only increases Grenoble's position as a European scientific center.[31]
The city benefits from the highest concentration of strategic jobs in France after Paris, with 14% of the employments, 35,186 jobs, 45% of which specialized in design and research.[32] Grenoble is also the largest research center in France after Paris with 22,800 jobs (11,800 in public research, 7,500 in private research and 3,500 PhD students).[33]
In order to foster this technological cluster university institutions and research organizations united to create the GIANT (Grenoble Innovation for Advanced New Technologies) Innovation Campus[34] with the aim at becoming one of the world's top campuses in research, higher education, and high tech.
Grenoble is also renowned for the excellence of its academic research in humanities and political sciences. Its universities, alongside public scientific institutions, host some of the largest research centres in France (in fields such as political science, urban planning or the sociology of organizations).
Knowledge and Innovation Community[link]
Grenoble is one of the co-location centres of the Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).[35]
Economy[link]
Grenoble is one of the leading European cities in term of high-tech industries, especially bio- and nano-technologies. World-renowned enterprises have settled in Grenoble and in the surrounding area.[citation needed]
Industry[link]
- The town is famous for glove manufacturing, for which an innovative technique from Xavier Jouvin was introduced in the 19th century.[36]
Companies[link]
- In 2010, the largest employers in the Grenoble metropolitan area were:[37]
| Enterprise, location | Number of employees |
Sector |
|---|---|---|
| STMicroelectronics, Grenoble and Crolles | 5937 | Semiconductor manufacturing, R&D |
| Schneider Electric, Grenoble agglomeration | 4899 | Electrical equipment, R&D |
| Caterpillar France, Grenoble and Echirolles | 2311 | Construction of heavy equipment |
| Hewlett Packard France, Eybens | 1871 | Computer science |
| BD, Pont-de-Claix | 1748 | Conception and production of advanced systems for drugs administration |
| Orange, Grenoble agglomeration | 1600 | Mobile network operator, Internet service provider |
| Sémitag, Eybens | 1488 | Public Transport |
| Carrefour, Grenoble agglomeration | 1372 | Hypermarkets |
| Orange Business Services IT&L@bs, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin | 1050 | Information technology consulting |
| Groupe Casino, Grenoble agglomeration | 990 | Supermarkets |
The presence of companies such as HP or Caterpillar in the city has drawn many American and British workers to Grenoble, especially in the surrounding mountain villages. The region has the second largest English-speaking community in France, after Paris.[38] That community has an English-speaking Church and supports the International School.[citation needed]
Glénat has its head office in Grenoble.[39]
Sport[link]
Grenoble hosted the 1968 Winter Olympics. The city is famous for many nearby ski resorts nestled in the surrounding mountains.
It is the home of a rugby union team FC Grenoble, a football team Grenoble Foot 38, and an ice hockey team Brûleurs de loups.
- Six-Days of Grenoble, a six-day track cycling race since 1971.
- The via ferrata Grenoble is a climbing route located on the hill of the Bastille in Grenoble.
The abundance of natural sites around Grenoble as well as the particular influence of mountaineering practices and history make many Grenoble inhabitants very fond of sports and outdoor activities (e.g., mountain trails hiking, mountain bike, backcountry skiing, rock climbing, and paragliding).
The Tour de France cycling race regularly passes through the city.
Transport[link]
See also: Tramway de Grenoble
Grenoble can be accessed by air from Grenoble-Isère Airport, Lyon Saint-Exupéry Airport and Geneva International Airport. Within Grenoble, there is a comprehensive bus and tram service that operates 26 bus routes and four tram lines and serves much of greater Grenoble. Being essentially flat, Grenoble is a bicycle-friendly city.
The Gare de Grenoble is served by the TGV rail network, with frequent high-speed services to and from Paris-Gare de Lyon, often with a stop at Lyon Saint-Exupéry Airport. There are also less frequent long distance trains to and from other destinations in France, such as Lille Europe and Nantes. Local rail services connect Grenoble with Lyon, Geneva, and destinations to the east. Valence to the west provides connections with TGV services along the Rhone valley. Rail and road connections to the south are less well-developed.
Highways link Grenoble to all major cities in the area including the A48 autoroute to the northwest toward Lyon, the A49 to the southwest toward the Rhone valley via Valence, the A41 to the northeast toward Chambéry, the Alps and Italy.
A partial ring road around the south of the city, the Rocade Sud, connects the motorway arriving from the northwest (A48) with that arriving from the northeast (A41). A project to complete the ring road has been studied, with a tunnel under the Bastille as part of the likely routes, but has been rejected after its environmental studies.[40]
Culture[link]
Grenoble hosts several festivals: the Grenoble Jazz Festival in March, the Open Air Short Film Festival in early July, and the Cabaret Frappé music festival at the end of July.
The Summum is the biggest concert hall in Grenoble, and the most famous artists produce there. Another big hall, Le grand angle, is located nearby in Voiron. Smaller halls in the city include the Salle Olivier Messiaen.
The main cultural center of the city is called MC2 (for Maison de la culture, version 2), which hosts music, theater, and dance performances.
There are several theaters in Grenoble, the main one being Grenoble Municipal Theatre (Théatre de Grenoble). Others are the Théâtre de Création, the Théâtre Prémol, and the Théâtre 145.
There are two main art centres in Grenoble: the Centre national d'Art contemporain (also called Le Magasin) and the Centre d'art Bastille.
Grenoble is famous for its walnuts, for which it enjoys an appellation of controlled origin.[41]
The town also hosts an important comics publisher, Glénat.
People from Grenoble[link]
Further information: List of people from Grenoble
International relations[link]
After World War I, one street in the centre of Smederevska Palanka (Serbia) was named French street (Francuska ulica) and one street in Grenoble was named Palanka street(Rue de Palanka). There is also a Belgrade Street (Rue de Belgrade) near the Isère River.
Twin towns — Sister cities[link]
Gallery[link]
See also[link]
- Saint Roch Cemetery
- Couvent des Minimes de Grenoble
- Bishopric of Grenoble
- List of mayors of Grenoble
- Arboretum Robert Ruffier-Lanche
- Route Napoléon
- Parc naturel régional du Vercors
References[link]
- INSEE commune file
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Grenoble". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. 
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - The city is often referred to by Derek "Del Boy" Trotter, when he tries to speak French in the BBC sitcom "Only Fools and Horses"
Notes[link]
- ^ Graff, James (22 August 2004). "Secret Capitals". Time (New York). http://www.time.com/time/europe/secret/grenoble.html. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- ^ "Insee – Populations légales 2006". Insee.fr. http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/default.asp. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p18
- ^ "Musée Dauphinois". Metrodoc.la-metro.org. http://metrodoc.la-metro.org/Riches_heures/msdphns/index.htm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 40.
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 9.
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 27.
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 32.
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 58.
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné’’, Félix Vernay, 1933, p78
- ^ Petite Histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p88
- ^ Histoire de Grenoble, Vidal Chaumel, Editions Privat, p.68,123,126,223
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné’’, Félix Vernay, 1933, p97
- ^ a b Petite histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p98
- ^ Petite Histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933,p115
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p120
- ^ L’histoire de l'Isère en BD, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004
- ^ Grenoble, cœur de pierre, Françoise Goyet, Edi Loire, 1996, (ISBN 2840840464)
- ^ L’histoire de l'Isère en BD, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004, p40
- ^ fr:Exposition internationale de la houille blanche#Les chiffres
- ^ L’histoire…, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004, p45
- ^ a b "Order of the Liberation". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071020031540/http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/us_ville/grenoble.html. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Ordre de la Libération". Web.archive.org. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080225161640/http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_ville/grenoble.html. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Grenoble en concurrence avec Lyon". Université Lyon 2. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2000.barriere_p&part=11279. Retrieved 03 May 2012.
- ^ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 67.
- ^ See web site http://www.bastille-grenoble.fr/english/fortifie_uk.htm
- ^ General Council of the department of Isere (french)
- ^ "Musée archéologique St Laurent". Musee-archeologique-grenoble.com. http://www.musee-archeologique-grenoble.fr/. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ^ "Présentation PowerPoint" (PDF). http://www.grenoble.cci.fr/IMAGES/zone-telechargement/Presentation_Economie%20_oct%202006_GB.pdf. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- ^ "Pôles de compétitivité". Mairie de Grenoble. http://www.grenoble.fr/176-poles-de-competitivite.htm.
- ^ See official website
- ^ "Insee – Territoire – Répartition géographique des emplois – Les grandes villes concentrent les fonctions intellectuelles, de gestion et de décision". Insee.fr. http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1278. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Chiffres clés Grenoble-Isère édition 2011". AEPI. http://www.grenoble-isere.com/fre/layout/set/print/content/download/8452/75437/version/2/file/AEPI-mementos+FR-pap.pdf.
- ^ Official website of the GIANT Innovation Campus
- ^ "European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home". Europa (web portal). http://eit.europa.eu/home.html. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ A. Doyon, Xavier Jouvin, inventeur grenoblois et sa famille, Paris, Dayez ed., 1976
- ^ "Les trophées Présences 2010". Grenoble.cci.fr. http://www.grenobleecobiz.biz/ccig/presences.nsf/EXMHP?ReadForm&HP=http://www.presences-grenoble.fr/classement2010/leader2010.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Comptable à Grenoble, Isère (38)". Comptable-grenoble.com. http://www.comptable-grenoble.com/comptable/comptabilite/4-grenoble-meylan.html. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- ^ "Mentions obligatoires." Glénat. Retrieved on 1 May 2011. "GLENAT Editions SA 37, Rue Servan BP 177 38008 GRENOBLE CEDEX 1"
- ^ The web site of the Rocade Nord lists the two preferred routes, each of which pass under the Bastille: http://www.rocade-nord.fr/index.php?id=163
- ^ Annecybernard – Conception et Design Olivier Bellon, Programmation Frederic Chatel. "Noix De Grenoble AOC CING Comité Interprofessionnel". Aoc-noixdegrenoble.com. http://www.aoc-noixdegrenoble.com/. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson. "Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles". Grenoble.fr. http://www.grenoble.fr/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?page_id=92. Retrieved 29 October 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District". © 2009 Twins2010.com. http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd. Retrieved 28 October 2009. [dead link]
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Grenoble |
- Grenoble travel guide from Wikitravel
- Grenoble Chamber of Commerce and Industry
- Grenoble City website (French)
- Official tourism office of Grenoble
- Semitag – Transports de l'agglomération grenobloise (French)
- Comptable Grenoble le site spécialisé pour l'agglomération grenobloise (French)
- Remembering Grenoble Photography Exposition (English)
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http://wn.com/Grenoble
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2010) |
| Jamel Debbouze | |
|---|---|
 Debbouze at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival |
|
| Born | (1975-06-18) 18 June 1975 (age 37) Paris, France |
| Nationality | French Moroccan[1] |
| Occupation | Actor, comedian, producer |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Spouse | Mélissa Theuriau |
| Website | |
| http://www.jameldebbouze.fr | |
Jamel Debbouze (Arabic: جمال دبّوز; born 18 June 1975) is a French and Moroccan actor, comedian, and producer.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Debbouze was born in Paris, France, but his family, from Taza, moved back to Morocco the following year. They returned in 1979 and settled in Trappes in 1983, in the Paris region, where Debbouze spent the rest of his childhood. He is the eldest of his siblings: Mohamed, Hayat, Karim, Rachid and Nawel Debbouze.[2]
On 17 January 1990, at the train station in Trappes, he was struck by a passing train travelling at 150 km/h. He lost the use of his right arm, while another young man, Jean-Paul Admette, the son of the singer from Reunion Michel Admette, died. Debbouze was sued by the victim’s family for manslaughter but the case was dismissed by lack of proof, most of the witnesses retracting. In December 2004, while he was going to perform on a Reunion stage, Debbouze cancelled, claiming illness, while Michel Admette’s parents had organized a demonstration against his arrival[3].
In 1995, he was spotted by the bosses of Radio Nova, Jacques Massadian and Jean-François Bizot, who made him famous (Jacques Massadian would become his manager). He debuted on Radio Nova, with a film review show, Le Cinéma de Jamel and on television around 1996-1997 on cable channel Paris Première, in a TV show co-produced by Radio Nova and the channel. He took Le Cinéma de Jamel to television on Canal+ in 1998. On the same channel, he contributed to another show, H, along Éric Judor and Ramzy Bedia.
He played in the movies Zonzon (1998), international box-office hit Amélie (2001), domestic hit Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cléopâtre (2002), and Angel-A, directed by Luc Besson (2005).
In 2006, he played in the historical movie Indigènes (which he coproduced), paying tribute to the North-African soldiers who fought for France during WW2. For this movie, he got the prize for best male actor at the 59th edition of the Cannes Film Festival with Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila and Bernard Blancan.
In April 2008, Debbouze opened a Comedy Club in Paris, aimed at launching newcomers on the stand-up scene [4].
On 29 March 2008 Debbouze became engaged to French journalist and news anchor Mélissa Theuriau; the two married on 7 May 2008.[5]
In 2009, he collaborated with the rap band 113 and Awa Imani for the project Maghreb United of Rim'K'[6].
On 1 December 2010 is released his new DVD named Made in Jamel and featuring the likes of Gad Elmaleh, Florence Foresti, Elie Semoun, Stromae, Didier Bourdon, and Sophie Mounicot.
His next show, Jamel improvise, debuted in January 2011[7], before playing every evenings Tout sur Jamel from 1 January to 20 January at the Casino de Paris.
Career[link]
First works[link]
In 1990, Debbouze met Alain Degois, an educator who organized theater improvisation workshops, and joined his troupe. With this troupe, he took part in the French Championship of Improvisation in 1991 and toured Quebec and Morocco. In 1992, he got his first part in a film called Les Pierres Bleues du Désert. After this film, Debbouze wanted to work as an actor and create his own show. This happened in 1995 with the show C'est Tout Neuf which had been enjoyed a lot. Then he had an approximative[clarification needed] role on the radio program Radio Nova and took part in the television program Nova Premiere where he was noticed by Canal+.
Debbouze's various shows[link]
In 1998, Debbouze played Jamel Dridi an operator, in the hospital sitcom, H on Canal+, alongside fellow comedians Eric and Ramzy. By the time the series ended in 2002, Debbouze had achieved national fame.
In March 1999, Debbouze started his new show Jamel en Scène. In this show, Debbouze talked about his beginnings, his childhood and show business. The show played at La Cigale and then at the Bataclan in Paris. He went on tour throughout France in 2000. At the end of the year, he returned to Paris with his show at the Olympia for three weeks.
In 2002, Debbouze returned with a new show, 100% Debbouze. For three years this show played in the top Parisian theaters: the Casino de Paris, the Bataclan, the Zenith, and the Olympia. He then toured France, Morocco, Tunisia, Switzerland and Belgium. The DVD of the show went on sale in 2004, and sold more than 1 million copies.
In 2006, Debbouze became the presenter of a new program, Jamel Comedy Club, which featured a half an hour of the new generation of French humorists each week. With this troupe, Debbouze went to the Casino de Paris in 2007 for a new show, le Jamel Comedy Club Envahit le Casino de Paris. This show was very successful, its run was extended and it also played in Canada.
Cinematic works[link]
In 1992, the seventeen-year-old Debbouze appeared in his first film, Les Pierres Bleues du Désert. The film tells the story of a young boy who is persecuted because he believes in the existence of blue stones in the desert. It was the first of numerous film roles for Debbouze. In 1996, he played a small part in Les Deux papas et la maman, a film by Jean-Marc Doval with Smaïn and Arielle Dombasle. Three years later he received his first big role in a feature film called Le Ciel les oiseaux et ta ... mère! (Boys on the Beach). This comedy was successful, with more than one million tickets sold. Over the next two years he continued his stage shows, before returning to film with the highly-successful Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain. He was nominated for his part in this film for the César Award of the Best Supporting Actor in 2002. In 2002, Debbouze appeared in another big French film, Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra directed by Alain Chabat. This successful film was seen by 14,000,000 spectators. In 2005 he had the leading role in Luc Besson's film Angel-A.
In 2006, Debbouze played one of the most important parts of his career in the film Indigènes (Days of Glory in the United States). The film told the story of four African soldiers who participate in the liberation of France during World War II. Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Sami Bouajila and Roschdy Zem shared the prize for the best male performance at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.[8]
Television work[link]
In 1996, he took part for the first time in a TV show called Nova première on Paris Première. He was noticed on this show by some producers from Canal+ who hired him to present a show called Le cinéma de Jamel. For New Year's Eve in 2000, Debbouze created a TV show for this occasion called the Jamel show. Numerous French comedians such as Bruno Solo, Alain Chabat, Elie and Dieudonné appeared in this show. In April 2003, he took part in 6 commercials for Orangina.
Filmography[link]
- Sur la piste du Marsupilami (2012)
- Outside the Law (2010)
- Why I Did (Not) Eat My Father - (2009)
- Parlez-moi de la pluie - (2008)
- Asterix at the Olympic Games - (2008) - Numerobis
- Indigènes - (2006, English title Days of Glory, also a coproducer)
- Angel-A - (2005)
- She Hate Me - Doak (2004)
- Les Clefs de bagnole - Voice of the modelling-clay dog (2003)
- Le Boulet - The Malian guard (2002)
- Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cléopatre - Numerobis (2002)
- Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain - Lucien (2001, English title: Amélie)
- Granturismo - François (2000)
- Elie annonce Semoun - Various characters (2000)
- Les Petits souliers - Zinedine Haouita (1999)
- Rêve de cauchemar - Saïd (1999)
- Le Ciel, les oiseaux et... ta mère! - Youssef (1999, English title: Boys On the Beach)
- Un pavé dans la mire - The prison guard (1998)
- H - Jamel Dridi (1998–2004, TV Series)
- Zonzon - Kader (1998)
- Y a du foutage de gueule dans l'air - (1996)
- Les Deux papas et la maman - (1996, English title: Two Dads and One Mom)
- Les Pierres bleues du desert - (1992)
Shows[link]
| Year | Title |
|---|---|
| 1996 | C'est tout neuf |
| 1999 | Jamel en scène |
| 2000 | Jamel Show |
| 2004 | Jamel 100 % Debbouze |
| 2007 | Le Jamel Comedy Club Envahit Le Casino De Paris |
| 2009 | Le Jamel Comedy Club Show |
| 2010 | Made in Jamel |
| 2011 | Tout sur Jamel |
| 2011 | Le Marrakech du rire |
References[link]
- ^ "Le couple Debbouze à Marrakech". Le Figaro. Paris: Société du Figaro. 8 May 2008. http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2008/05/08/01011-20080508FILWWW00512-le-couple-debbouze-a-marrakech.php.
- ^ Johnston, Sheila (3 November 2008). "Jamel Debbouze: France's new superstar". Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/comedy/3562816/Jamel-Debbouze-Frances-new-superstar.html. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ Marie Jocher et Alain Kéramoal, Jamel Debbouze, la vérité, Seuil, janvier 2008.
- ^ Le Comedy Club, au 42 boulevard Bonne Nouvelle à Paris, dispose d'une salle implantée dans un ancien cinéma parisien qui peut accueillir jusqu’à 120 spectateurs: « La nouvelle scène selon Jamel »
- ^ http://www.vivre-maroc.com/actu/2008/06/13/mariage-de-jamel-debbouze-et-melissa-theuriau/
- ^ Jamel Debbouze chante pour Maghreb United
- ^ http://www.lejdc.fr/editions_locales/nevers/jamel_fait_un_retour_fracassant_et_eclatant_photos_@CARGNjFdJSsBFRgCBBg-.html
- ^ "Festival de Cannes: Days of Glory". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4352781/year/2006.html. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jamel Debbouze |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Debbouze, Jamel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 18 June 1975 |
| Place of birth | Paris, France |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jamel_Debbouze
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Marine Le Pen | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Leader of the National Front | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 16 January 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Jean-Marie Le Pen |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 14 July 2009 |
|
| Constituency | North-West France |
| In office 20 July 2004 – 13 July 2009 |
|
| Constituency | Île-de-France |
| Regional Councillor | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 26 March 2010 |
|
| Constituency | Nord-Pas-de-Calais |
| In office 28 March 2004 – 21 March 2010 |
|
| Constituency | Île-de-France |
| In office 15 March 1998 – 28 March 2004 |
|
| Constituency | Nord-Pas-de-Calais |
| Municipal Councillor | |
| In office 23 March 2008 – 24 February 2011 |
|
| Constituency | Hénin-Beaumont |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen (1968-08-05) 5 August 1968 (age 43) Neuilly-sur-Seine, France |
| Nationality |  France |
| Political party | National Front (1986–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
SIEL (2011–present) |
| Domestic partner | Louis Aliot (2009–present) |
| Children | Joan Louis Mathilde |
| Residence | Saint-Cloud Henin-Beaumont Millas |
| Alma mater | Pantheon-Assas Paris II University |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Website | [6] |
Marine Le Pen (French pronunciation: [ma.ʁin lə.pɛn]; born Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen; 5 August 1968) is a lawyer by profession, a French right-wing politician and the president of the Front National (FN), the third-largest political party in France, since 16 January 2011. She is the youngest daughter of the French politician Jean-Marie Le Pen, former president of the FN and currently its honorary chairman.
She joined the FN in 1986, its Executive Committee in 2000 and was a vice-president of the FN for eight years (2003–2011). She currently is an ex-officio member of the FN Executive Office, Executive Committee and Central Committee.
She has been a regional councillor since 1998 (Île-de-France: 2004–2010, Nord-Pas-de-Calais: 1998–2004, 2010–present), a Member of the European Parliament since 2004 (Île-de-France: 2004–2009, North-West France: 2009–present) and was a municipal councillor in Hénin-Beaumont, Pas-de-Calais for three years (2008–2011).
In 2010, she was a candidate for the leadership of the FN set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen on 5 October 1972.[1][2][3][4] She successfully succeeded him during the FN congress in Tours, Indre-et-Loire.[5][6][7] On 16 January 2011, she was elected with 67.65% (11,546 votes) as the second president of the Front National.[8]
Marine Le Pen's doctrine is described as significantly more democratic and republican than her nationalist father; While her father wanted to completely abolish immigration, she would like to reduce it; She proposed to establish a referendum on each issue. However, she also strongly opposes illegal immigration, abortion, same-sex marriage, euthanasia and communitarianism in the country.
On April 21 2011, she was ranked 71 in the most influential person in the 2011 Time 100 .[9]
She was a candidate in the 2012 French presidential election.[10] On 22 April 2012, she polled 17.90% (6,421,426 votes) in the first round and finished in third position behind François Hollande and incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy.[11][12][13]
Marine Le Pen will represented as the FN leader at the legislative election in Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, on May 14 2012.[14]
Contents
|
Early life[link]
Childhood[link]
Born in 1968 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, she is the youngest of the three daughters of Jean-Marie Le Pen, a Brittany politician and a former paratrooper with his first wife Pierrette Lalanne. She was baptized April 25, 1969, the Madeleine church, by Father Pohpot. Her godfather was Henri Botey, a relative of Jean-Marie Le Pen.
She has two sisters: Yann and Marie Caroline. The three were teased at school that "papa" was a "fascist". In 1976, Marine survived a bomb attack on the family as they slept in their beds.[15] She was eight when a bomb meant for her father exploded in the stairwell outside the family's apartment. The blast ripped a hole into the outside wall of the building. Marine, her two older sisters and their parents were unharmed.[16]
She was a student at the lycée Florent Schmitt at Saint-Cloud. Her parents publicly divorced in 1987.[17][18]
Legal studies and work[link]
She studied law in the Pantheon-Assas Paris II University, graduating with a Master of Laws in 1991 and a Master of Advanced Studies (DEA) in criminal law in 1992.[8] Registered at the Paris bar association, she worked as a lawyer for six years (1992–1998).[8] Part of her legal work involved representing illegal immigrants. In France, when a defendant cannot afford a lawyer, one is chosen to represent him or her. She often fulfilled this role. In 1992, she received the certificate as a lawyer (CAPA) and became a lawyer practicing in Paris. She then argues regularly before the criminal chamber of the 23rd District Court of Paris which judges immediate appearances. She reported that she was brought in this context, to defend illegal aliens. She is member of the Bar of Paris until 1998, when she joined the legal department of the National Front.
Private life[link]
She was married in 1995 to Frank Chauffroy, a business executive who worked for the National Front, she has three children (Joan, Louis and Mathilde) [17]. Divorced in 1999, she remarried Eric Lorio, former national secretary of the National Front and a former adviser to the Regional election in Nord-Pas de Calais, which she also divorced. Since 2009, she is in a relationship with Louis Aliot, at this time the general secretary from 2005 to 2010, then the vice president of the National Front in charge of the Project.[19] She currently reside in Saint-Cloud. She also have an appartment in Henin-Beaumont, and bought in 2010 with Louis Aliot a house in Millas[20]
Political career and media[link]
First steps and rise within the FN (1986–2010)[link]
In 1986, at the age of 18, Marine Le Pen joined the FN. In 2000, she became president of Generations Le Pen, a loose association close to the party aimed at "de-demonizing the Front National".[17] In 1998, she joined the FN's juridical branch, which she led until 2003.
In 2000, she joined the FN Executive Committee (bureau politique). In 2003, she became vice-president of the FN.[17] In 2006, Jean-Marie Le Pen entrusted her with the management of his 2007 presidential campaign. In 2007, she became one of the two executive vice-presidents of the FN and was in charge of training, communication and publicity.[8]
In 1998, she acquired her first political mandate when she was elected regional councillor in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais. From 2002, she began to establish her parliamentary base in the former coal mining area of the Pas-de-Calais.[17]
Her aim is to expand the political influence of the FN and transform it into a "big popular party that addresses itself not only to the electorate on the right but to all the French people".[3] She has frequently stated that she rules out any political alliance with the Union for a Popular Movement.[21][22]
She has at numerous times distanced herself from some of Jean-Marie Le Pen's controversial statements,[23] notably those relating to war-crimes. The media point to her attempts to improve the party's image.[24]
Internal campaign for the FN leadership (2010–2011)[link]
Her candidature was endorsed by an overwhelming majority of senior executives[25] and notably by Jean-Marie Le Pen, founder of the FN.[26][27]
She spent four months campaigning for the FN leadership, holding meetings with FN members in 51 departments to explain in detail her political views and projects for the party.[28] All the other departments were visited by one of her official supporters.[25]
On 3 September 2010, she launched her internal campaign at Cuers, Var.[29] During a meeting in Paris on 14 November 2010, she claimed: "My project is not to assemble our political family, or rather is not only to assemble our political family. It consists of shaping the Front National as the center of grouping of the whole French people". She also explained why the FN leadership and the candidature for the presidential election must not be dissociated: thus the next FN leader will run in the 2012 presidential election.[30] During her final meeting at Hénin-Beaumont on 19 December 2010, she claimed that the FN presents the real debates of the next presidential campaign.[31][32] Most of her campaign tours throughout France were reported in local newspapers and regional television programmes.
In December 2010 and early January 2011, FN members voted by post to elect their new president and the hundred members of the Central Committee. The party held its congress at Tours for two days (15–16 January 2011).[33] On 16 January 2011, Marine Le Pen was officially elected with 67.65% (11,546 votes) as the new president of the Front National[8][34] and Jean-Marie Le Pen became de facto its honorary chairman. Her challenger Bruno Gollnisch polled 32.35% (5,522 votes).
Controversy[link]
Marine Le Pen stirred up controversy during the internal campaign. During a speech to the party faithful in Lyon on 10 December 2010, she said that the weekly illegal blocking of public streets and squares throughout France (notably the rue Myrha in the 18th arrondissement of Paris) for Muslim prayers is comparable with an occupation of parts of French territory. The fact that she had mentioned World War II[35] brought claims from the media and politicians that she had drawn a controversial parallel with the German occupation of France (May 1940 – December 1944).
The whole political and media class strongly criticised her statement,[36][37] which was widely commented on by different political analysts.[38][39][40][41] Whereas the CRIF,[42] the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM)[43] and the LICRA[44] denounced her statement, other groups like the MRAP[45] and the LDH[46] declared their intention of lodging a formal complaint. The imam of the Great Mosque of Paris and former president of the CFCM, Dalil Boubakeur, claimed that though her parallel was questionable and condemnable, she had asked a valid question.[47]
A member of the FN's Executive Committee, Louis Aliot, denounced "the attempted manipulation of opinion by communitarian groups and those really responsible for the current situation in France".[48] On 13 December 2010, she confirmed her statement during a press conference held in the FN's headquarters in Nanterre.[49][50][51] After Jean-François Kahn's comments on BFM TV on 13 December 2010, she denounced "state manipulation" mounted from the Elysée with the intention of demonizing her in public opinion.[52][53]
President of the FN (2011–present)[link]
As a president of the Front National, Marine Le Pen currently sits as an ex-officio member among the FN Executive Office (8 members),[54] the Executive Committee (42 members)[55] and the Central Committee (3 ex-officio members, 100 elected members, 20 co-opted members).[56]
During her opening speech in Tours on 16 January 2011, she advocated to "restore the political framework of the national community" and to implement the direct democracy which enables the "civic responsibility and the collective tie" thanks to the participation of public-spirited citizens for the decisions. The predominant political theme was the uncompromising defence of a protective and efficient State, which favours secularism, prosperity and liberties. She also denounced the "Europe of Bruxelles" which "everywhere imposed the destructive principles of ultra-liberalism and Free trade, at the expense of public utilities, employment, social equity and even our economic growth which became within twenty years the weakest of the world.[57]
After the traditional Joan of Arc and Labor Day march in Paris on 1 May 2011, she gave her first speech in front of 3.000 supporters.[58][59] On 11 August 2011, she held an exceptional press conference about the current systemic crisis.[60]
On 10 and 11 September 2011, she made her political comeback with the title "the voice of people, the spirit of France" in the convention center of Acropolis in Nice.[61] During her closing speech on 11 September 2011, she tackled the audience about immigration, insecurity, the economic and social situation, reindustrialization and 'strong state'.[62]
During a demonstration held in front of the Senate on 8 December 2011, she expressed during a speech her "firm and absolute opposition" to the right of foreigners to vote.[63]
She regularly holds thematic press conferences[64] and interventions[65] on varied issues in French, European and international politics.
Media rise (2002–2011)[link]
Her various appearances on television and radio have played an important role in her political rise at national and local levels. Her political personality regularly attracts the attention of the French media[66][67][68][69][70] as well as the European,[18][71][72][73][74] the Middle Eastern[75][76] and the US press.[77][78][79]
On 5 May 2002, after the run-off in the 2002 presidential election, she took part in a televised debate on France 3. Political analysts compared her appearance to a "media baptism" and claim that her political emergence has its roots in this debate.
During the programme Mots croisés (Crossed Words) on France 2 on 5 October 2009,[80] Marine Le Pen quoted sections of Frédéric Mitterrand's autobiographical novel The Bad Life, accusing him of having sex with underage boys and engaging in "sex tourism", demanding his resignation as a Minister of Culture.[81][82][83][84] According to French political commentator Jérôme Fourquet, during the Mitterrand case she broke through and gained a media ascendancy over the party.[85]
Hosted on France 2 by journalist and commentator Arlette Chabot, À vous de juger (You Be The Judge) was one of France's foremost political programmes. For her first appearance as a guest debater on 14 January 2010, Marine Le Pen opposed Éric Besson, then Minister of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Mutually Supportive Development.[86] For her first appearance as a main guest on 9 December 2010, she was successively questioned on economic, societal and immigration matters by Arlette Chabot and political commentator Alain Duhamel, then debated with the socialist mayor of Évry Manuel Valls and finally was matched against Rachida Dati, former Minister of Justice.[87] Her appearance attracted 3,356,000 viewers (14.6% of the televised audience),[88] which represented the highest viewing figures for 2010 and the fourth best since the start of the series in September 2005.[89]
In December 2010, French journalist Guillaume Tabard described her as the "revelation of the year". He further described her as "first an electoral phenomenon" and "a media phenomenon after".[90]
Hosted on France 2 by journalist and anchorman David Pujadas, Des paroles et des actes (Words and Acts) replaced À vous de juger. For her first appearance as a main guest on 23 June 2011, Le Pen opposed Cécile Duflot, national secretary of the Greens.[91][92] Her appearance attracted 3,582,000 viewers which represented 15.1% of the televised audience.[93][94]
Hosted on TF1 by anchorwoman Laurence Ferrari and political commentator François Bachy, Parole directe (Direct Speech) is one of France's foremost political programmes. For her first appearance as a sole guest on 15 September 2011, Le Pen attracted an average of 6 million viewers (23.3% of the televised audience) with a peak of 7.3 million in the second half of the programme.[95][96]
International media[link]
At an international level, she was invited by the Québec web-radio Rockik in December 2008,[97] the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Canada) in May 2010[98] and the Israeli radio 90FM in March 2011.[99] In March 2011, she appeared on the front cover page of The Weekly Standard magazine with the heading "The Future of the European Right?".[100] During a press conference organized on 13 January 2012 by the European American Press Club, she spoke in front of international journalists about various topical and thematic issues.[101]
On 4 April 2011, she appeared for the first time as a candidate in the 2011 Time 100 Poll.[102] On 21 April, she was listed in the 2011 Time 100.[9] Vladimir Zhirinovsky, leader of the right-wing Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and vice chairman of the State Duma, wrote a commentary about her political destiny.[103]
Ideology[link]
She is described as far more democratic and republican than her nationalist father; She wants to considerably reduce immigration although her father wants to abolish it. She also wants to establish a referendum. However she also opposes same-sex marriage, euthanasia, and abortion.
Economy[link]
Marine Le Pen claims that the FN's immigration programme is better known among the voters; she thus concentrates on the party's economic and social programme.[104][105]
Opposed to free trade and autarky, she advocates protectionism as a median way. In her view, if one considers the economy to be a raging river, then free trade is like allowing the torrent to rush along unchecked; autarky equates to the erection of a dam whereas protectionism is to install a sluice gate. "Protectionism is not autarky ! ... Our position is not extreme – as our opponents would have it believed – but one which favours the middle way".[30]
In 2010, she vigorously criticized the pension plan drawn up by Nicolas Sarkozy and his liberal-conservative government.[106][107]
She paid tribute to the economist Maurice Allais, who died on 9 October 2010.[108] The sole French laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economics (1988), Allais had expressed concerns about the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the single European currency, free trade and Globalization and the 2004 European Constitution.[109][110]
She favours the repeal of the 1973 Pompidou-Giscard Law, which makes it illegal for France to borrow at zero or a low rate of interest from the Banque de France and forces the country to borrow at higher rate on the international financial markets. In her view, the national debt has grown steeply because of this law. She claimed that in 2010 France had already refunded 1.355 trillion euros of accrued interest on loans at a time when the national debt represented around 1.650 trillion euros.[105][111]
She claims to be attached to the French public utilities, the civil servants and the general interest.[112][113] She thus opposes the programmed privatization of the French Post Office (La Poste) : in her view, "the privatization, with the aim of only making profitable, will result in the removal of post offices in the rural areas where the relinquishment of the state is already high". In October 2009, she claimed that three post offices had already disappeared each day in France since 1 January 2009.[114][115] She said that the liberalization of the French public utilities had been ratified by the former Prime Minister Lionel Jospin during the Barcelona summit on 15 and 16 March 2002.[116][117] She had also warned that the UMP government planned a "progressive privatization of the French Social Security system from 2011" – a condition imposed by the financial markets.[118]
During a press conference in June 2011, she advocated to reintroduce the Havana Charter and implement an "International Trade Organization" (in place of World Trade Organization), in order to reorganize the world trade exchanges.[119] Signed by 53 countries and rejected by the US in 1951, this Charter was a trade agreement that would have established an international currency known as the bancor.[120] She claimed that the "Havana Charters's proposals perfectly fit into her economic philosophy"[119] and that "its first article conciliates international trade and employment".[121]
During her speech at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. in November 2011, she proposed "three essential solutions to stop the current world systemic crisis and turn the world towards a greater justice and greater prosperity": reintroduction of a "polymetallic standard" in the International monetary systems as a world standard of reference and exchanges in order to establish a "free monetary system" and struggle against speculation; the ratification of the modernized Havana Charter by the 1948 signatory nations and incoming emerging countries, in order to favour a "reasonable protectionism that encourages cooperation in trade among nations through the end of 'unbridled free trade'"; application of the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act, which legally separated investment banking and commercial banking, to “the banking system of each country”.[120][121] In her view, these solutions will be able to bring a global support for employment thanks to the integration of "full employment" appearing as one of the main targets of the Havana Charter and for industry thanks to the authorization of state aids appearing in the Charter's article 13.[121]
In October 2011, she advocated to implement a drastic regulation of the banking sector separating by law the deposit banks from the merchant banks. She claimed that "the deposit banks should be rescued by a temporary and partial nationalization". In her view, "the balance sheet of the banks should be the object of a transparency operation".[122]
In October 2011, she pledged to "cut immediately seven expenses as harmful as expensive" in order to preserve in the short term France's AAA credit rating and save €30 billion a year.[123]
A president of the Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF), Laurence Parisot regularly levels strong criticism at the FN's economic and social programme.[124] She replied that "the FN is not the friend of the CAC 40 and is fighting the social regression brought about by the MEDEF and inflicted on the French people by the allies of the UMP and the PS".[125] After Parisot's new criticism, she claims that "the philosophy of the FN's economic project comes down to some words: construction of a strong, protective and strategist state, reasoned protections at the boundaries, support to the small and medium enterprises, and get back the monetary sovereignty, only able to assure France's recovery".[126] She also replied that "Laurence Parisot, this is the exact opposite of her democratic and republican project, a project of hope which puts back man and nation in the center of politics".[127] After the publication of Parisot's critical book relating to the FN economic project, she suggested a "direct and public debate" with the president of the MEDEF.[128]
Agriculture and environment[link]
In her view, "the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2013 will be unable to protect our farmers from speculators and savage global competition, or to compensate for the excesses of the multinationals of the food processing industry and large-scale distributors. The CAP after 2013 will remain wedged between the ultraliberal and internationalist market logic of the European Commission and a future ‘green’ CAP, in reality serving the neo-capitalists of ecological business".[129]
During her first visit at the Paris International Agricultural Show on 25 February 2011,[130] Marine Le Pen denounced the CAP as an "unbearable bureaucracy" and advocated to substitute it for a "French agricultural policy". She also claimed that "leaving the EU, we could allocate 15 billions of euros to our agriculture".[131][132][133]
She claims that 'internationalist organisations' such as the EU, FAO, United Nations and G-20 are directly responsible for the food crises throughout the world. She advocates France's food independence with regard to multinationals[134] and "a realignment of the farm aid politics to the third countries in order to favour their food sovereignty in particular by the reintroduction of localized food crops".[135]
She advocates the implementation of the "autarky of big spaces" and an "economy in concentric circles". In her view, it is an "ecological heresy to consume products grown at 20,000 km away and recycle waste thousands km further". She claims that we should "produce to the closest", "distribute on the spot", "consume as a priority products of its region" and then "in the nearby region" if not produced on the spot. She seeks to implement "contracts of cooperation" if necessary goods like coffee are not produced in Europe.[136]
Energy and transport[link]
Marine Le Pen regularly denounces sharp rises in energy prices[137][138] (gas,[139] gasoline,[140][141][142] electricity[143]) which has "harmful consequences on the purchasing power of the working and middle-class families".[140][141][142] In her view, this rise mainly stems from the European liberalization of the energy sector, jointly implemented by right wing and socialist governments since 1996.[137][139][143]
She advocates an immediate reduction of 20% of the domestic tax on oil products (TIPP), a surchage of fantastic profits of the largest gas and oil companies and a struggle against international speculation on basic products such as food and energy.[137][138][140][141][142] She considers that "a strong state has authority to be the guarantor of public utilities, being the exclusive owner of the strategic companies of public utility and the regulator of tariffs".[139]
After a fatal event occurred on 12 September 2011 in the Centraco nuclear installation located on the Marcoule Nuclear Site, she claimed that "this accident illustrated the dangerousness of this energy and the necessity to consider a progressive and well-thought-out exit from nuclear power". In her view, "the State must secure the 58 French nuclear power plants and invest in researches to process nuclear waste". She advocates to "start the energy diversification of France, in particular with an ambitious programme of research into hydrogen".[144]
She favours accompanied combined transport (ferroutage) and public transport.[136]
Taxation[link]
Marine Le Pen denounces the current corporate tax as "a crying injustice". She claims that the main groups of CAC 40 only pay 8% of corporate tax whereas the small offices/home offices, the small and medium entreprises, the craftsmen and the shopkeepers fully pay 33.33%. She advocates to implement a flexible corporate tax according to the use of profits: heavier when the profits benefit the shareholders and lighter when the profits turn towards profit sharing, salaries, employment and productive investment, enabling a relocation of activities.[145]
European Union and globalization[link]
MEP, she holds globalization, intergovernmental organizations, 'euro-mondialism', free trade and ultra-liberalism responsible for the decline of agriculture[146] and the fishing industry,[147] deindustrialization, offshoring and structural unemployment.[148][149][150] Advocating a 'Europe of the nations' like a loose confederation of sovereign nation states, she opposes supranationalism,[151] the euro and the eurozone,[152] the technocracy of Brussels,[153] and the EU's federalism.[154]
She opposes the establishment of a direct European tax, which is favoured by the leaders of the European Parliament and European Commission. She claims that an indirect European tax already exists, since France is a net annual contributor to the EU budget by up to 7 billion euros annually.[155]
She claims that the Treaty of Lisbon is the 'gravedigger of the independence and identity of the European nations' and the 'executioner of public utilities in the name of a cult of profitability and free competition – both mortal enemies of public interest'.[113][115] In her view, the Treaty of Lisbon is an 'exact copy' of the European Constitution which was twice rejected by referendum: first in France by 54.67% of the voters on 29 May 2005[156][157] and then in Netherlands by 61.54% of the voters on 1 June 2005.[158] She thus regretted that the Treaty of Lisbon had been imposed on the French people by parliament in order to avoid another referendum.[159][160] She also criticized its approval by the Socialist Party.[115] She denounces the Treaty's amending implemented by the EU leaders, notably Germany.[161] In her view, the revision is aimed at "solving the euro" and "forever eliminating the budgetary sovereignty of the states to institute a kind of supranational European monetary fund".[162]
Opposed to the accession of Turkey to the European Union, she prefers the option of a "privileged partnership".[163]
Euro and eurozone[link]
She regrets the absence of a public debate in France about the relevance of the single currency and claims that such a debate promoted by economists exists in Germany.[164]
She claims that the implementation of the Euro entailed a rise in prices and its abandonment would lead to an increase in purchasing power.[165] Quoting economic data from Eurostat (annual average growth, unemployment, GDP gap), she notes that "the European countries which did not enter the euro display higher performances than countries in the eurozone for ten years".[165] Interviewed in October 2011 by Adam Boulton on Sky News, she cited the UK's relative stability as an example of how France's economy need not suffer from pulling out of the euro. She noticed that "United Kingdom is not in the eurozone and does not have the least desire to be in it. UK does not tolerate this kind of taking away of its freedom".[73]
In order to recover monetary sovereignty, she advocates that France should gradually leave the euro with a new conversion rate fixed to 1 euro = 1 franc. In her view, France should jointly negotiate a "grouped departure" from the euro and eurozone. This departure should take effect on the same day and include the other European countries (such as Ireland, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium) which are suffering because of the single currency.[166] Since the present government and the whole political class had strongly criticized her economic plan, she submitted a new document detailing how a successful departure of United Kingdom, Spain and Italy from the European Monetary System (EMS) had been achieved from September 1992.[167]
She explains the tenet and the mechanism of a competitive devaluation (J curve),[167] which "will quickly have a positive effect on employment and purchasing power, stimulating industry, international trade and enabling to fight offshorings".[165] Quoting extracts from a book by the French economist Alain Cotta, she claims that a devaluation of the franc will not bring about inflation.[165]
She anticipates a "total economic federalization of the eurozone". In her view, "this option which is favoured by the European technostructure, presents all the features of a totalitarian utopia". She claims that a "monstrous superstructure, already named 'European ministry of Finance', would decide in the opaqueness our policies of education, health and security". In her view, "the federal headlong rush also supposes a massive financial transfer of our countries towards Southern and Eastern Europe, at the detriment of the most vulnerable French people".[164]
About successive bailout plans, she laments that "the contributing countries, France in particular, throw in the hole of the European debt billions which dig their deficits and come them closer to the eye of the cyclone".[164] In her view, "the hundred of billions paid do not product any result, will not settle any problem, will not rescue a eurozone already in bankruptcy and push France into the chasm of excessive debt, whereas the French debt has already exploded under the mandate of Nicolas Sarkozy". Fearing that "France falls into the excessive debt", she refuses "any new assistance plan in order to bail out one after the other the countries suffering because of the single currency".[168]
She asserts that despite the expansion of the abilities of the European Financial Stability Facility, reassuring announcements and new austerity plans, Greece is sinking, social devastation is intensifying and the anger of the people bursts out.[164] On July 2011, she claimed that "after the seventeen billions of the first Greek bailout plan, the fifteen billions of the new assistance plan to Greece will make heavy our own already huge debt".[169][170] During her press conference organized on 6 September 2011 at the Pont de la Concorde in front of the National Assembly, she vigorously denounced the favourable voting by Socialist and UMP-NC MPs of second Greek bailout plan.[171][172][173]
Geopolitics and intergovernmental organizations[link]
She pledged to pull France out of NATO, saying that the National Front has from day one been opposed to NATO membership.[174] Interviewed in October 2011 by Kommersant, she claimed that "she believed in a multipolar world".[74][175]
In her view, France has also to revise its geostrategic relations with the USA.[174] She regularly denounces France's bandwagoning towards the USA. She advocates that France takes its independence towards US and regains the geopolitical independence beloved by Charles de Gaulle.[176]
In May 2011, she claimed that the "old institutions" such as World Trade Organization, World Bank and International Monetary Fund were "expired".
In 2011, she advocated the "replacement of WTO by an 'International Trade Organization', founded on the sane principles of protection, interest of people and support to small and medium entreprises, the 'humbles' faced with the 'powerful' and cartels".[119][121]
In her view, IMF which "has become an infernal machine at the service of the ultraliberal ideology, is in its current form an extremely harmful institution". She claims that "the structural adjustment plans that IMF imposes on countries where it operates, systematically result in privatization of public utilities, dismantling of the state, drop in salaries and pensions, and removal of protections at boundaries". In her view, "peoples are always the first victims of IMF like in Argentina in 2001 and today in Greece". She claims that "the in-depth results of IMF are disastrous : rise in debts and sharp increase in rhythm of financial crises for two decades". She consequently advocates the abolition of IMF.[177] On 28 July 2011, she reacted after the publication of the IMF yearly report on France. In a letter addressed to the managing director of IMF Christine Lagarde, she explained in detail the "four pillars to get out France of the debt and straighten out our public accounts".[178]
Immigration[link]
Illegal immigration[link]
Marine Le Pen advocates to "vote for the abolition of the law enabling the regularization of the illegal immigrants". In her view, "this measure corresponds with the interest of France, the respect of its authority and the most elementary justice".[62]
In July 2011, she wrote an open letter to policemen, gendarmes and customs officers concerning the policy of the fight against illegal immigration.[179] She criticized the "passivity and inactivity of the UMP government faced with the collapse of expulsions of illegal immigrants" as well as its "blind submissiveness to very questionable European injunctions". Denouncing a "sharp fall in deportations since the beginning of 2011 after a decrease of near 5% in 2010", she claimed that "most of the detention centres are almost empty in 2011". Advocating the "return of any foreigner illegally entered to France towards his/her country of origin", she claims that she "refuses to give up the fight against illegal immigration".[179]
She favours a "radical change of politics in order to drastically reduce upstream the influx of illegal immigrants towards France". In her view, this policy requires to "cut the 'suction pumps' of illegal immigration while France is in this field one of the most incentive countries in the world".[179] Implemented in 2000 by Lionel Jospin's government, the aide médicale d'Ėtat (AME) grants free medical care to illegal immigrants. Denouncing a "state scandal" and an "increasing financial black hole for the French social security system", she "pledges to repeal the AME as soon as she will come to power".[118][179] She claims that, in the wake of selected immigration and then endured immigration, Nicolas Sarkozy is imposing health-care immigration on the French people.[118]
In February 2011, she claimed that in the wake of the Arab Spring, Europe and particularly France would be confronted with a surge in illegal immigration. She denounced "the EU's tragic helplessness to respond to this new migratory challenge" and "the EU's disability to face these emergency situations and to control effectively the migratory flows".[180]
Accompanied by the vice-president of the FN Louis Aliot and Mario Borghezio MEP (Lega Nord), she travelled to Lampedusa on 14 March 2011.[181] She met the island's mayor Bernardino De Rubeis (Movement for Autonomies) and visited a housing center for illegal immigrants. She said that "Europe can't welcome everyone... We would be pleased to take them all in our boat, but it's not big enough. We'll all go to the bottom. We would be adding one misery to another" and "I also want to offer my support to the inhabitants of Lampedusa who have had the feeling of being completely abandoned". Around 9,000 migrants had already reached Lampedusa by boat since mid-January 2011 when protests in Tunisia unleashed a revolution across the Arab world.[182][183][184][185] During an international press conference held in Rome on 15 March 2011, she explained the situation of illegal immigration in Lampedusa, emphasized "the helplessness of EU" and how "each nation is more efficient to deal with the issue", and proposed solutions to settle this issue.[186]
In order to curb the illegal immigration influx from Tunisia and Libya, she has enjoined Nicolas Sarkozy to announce France's immediate and definitive withdrawal from Schengen Area and to reinstate urgently customs controls in all the borders of the country. She claimed that the UMP government's deceptive announcements about Schengen issue aimed at concealing its political inactivity and attempting to cheat public opinion.[187][188] In her view, the announcement of a technical adjustment of Schengen Agreement proposed by Nicolas Sarkozy and Silvio Berlusconi during the 26 April 2011 French-Italian summit "will not settle strictly anything". Reminding that United Kingdom and Ireland have refused the Agreement, she claims that only the withdrawal from Schengen Area will enable France to re-establish necessary customs controls and stop immigration.[189] She claims that "traffics and networks of smugglers thrive when a country does not control its borders".[179]
Legal immigration[link]
Marine Le Pen seeks to establish a moratorium on legal immigration.[190][191] During a press conference on 21 February 2011, she unveiled "the 2010 real figures of immigration" based on data transmitted by highrankers of the Minister of the Interior, detailed the welfare benefits to which the legal and illegal immigrants are entitled, and proposed concrete solutions based on working models in the UK and the Netherlands.[192] In July 2011, she claims that "with 203,000 residence permits allocated in 2010 versus 114,000 in 2000 under Lionel Jospin, the UMP power promotes a laxer than ever policy of legal immigration".[179]
On 28 November 2010, 52.9% of the Swiss voters and 15 5/2 cantons approved the popular iniative "for the deportation of criminal foreigners" while the governmental counterproposal was rejected by 54.2% of voters and all the 20 6/2 cantons. She praised "the great victory of the Swiss people against the ruling elite".[193] Afterwards, she took part in debates on Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) with the SVP national councillor Oskar Freysinger[194] and then on Radio Cité Genève.[195]
Interviewed by The Daily Telegraph, she praised David Cameron's pledge to cut net annual immigration to UK from around 200,000 to "tens of thousands".[196] In February 2011, David Cameron expressed a rejection of multiculturalism during a speech at Munich security conference.[197] Afterwards, she congratulated him, for what she claimed was an endorsement of the FN's views on the failure of multiculturalism and immigration.[198]
Citizenship and nationality[link]
In her view, citizenship is indivisible from nationality and rests on the equality of all people before the law; the latter should preclude preferential treatment based on the membership of a social, ethnic or religious category.[199] As a result, she favours the repeal of affirmative action[199][200] and the restoration of the "republican meritocracy".[200][201]
She claims that filiation should be the normal route to French nationality, with naturalization the exception:[199] "nationality is inherited or merited".[190] In her view, naturalization can only be obtained after a check on the ability of assimilation to republican principles.[199] In order to settle the immigration issue, she advocates a reform of the nationality regulations so as to remove dual citizenship and the automatic acquisition of French nationality.[191] On 30 May 2011, she wrote a letter to the Members of Parliament about dual citizenship: she claimed that "in the dual citizenship lie one of the main ferments of breach of the republican cohesion that France needs more than ever and a potent brake on the assimilation of French people from immigration".[202][203]
She favours an enforcement of the law regarding loss of nationality.[190] In her view, a foreigner who does not respect the law in France should be deprived of French nationality; equally any foreigner committing serious crimes and offences in France should be returned to his or her country of origin.[190]
She favours a 'French first' policy with regard to employment, welfare and accommodation.[190][191]
Communitarianism and secularism[link]
Advocating that the FN remains a non-denominational party, Marine Le Pen regularly states her attachment to secularism (laïcité) in French society.[204] She vigorously defends the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, stipulating that the French republic does not recognise, grant a salary or subsidise any form of religious worship.[199][204][205]
She favours a ban on any communitarian or religious demands in schools, and seeks an amendment to the Constitution stating that the French republic does not recognize any community (denominations and ethnic groups).[190][205] Opposed to the financing of mosques from public funds, she further seeks to deny their financing from foreign assets.[190][204][205] In her view, the construction, maintenance and financing of places of worship should be a matter for groups of worshippers operating within a regulated framework.[190][199] She advocates to implement "the separation of the mosque and the state" and opposes the training of Imams by the French republic.[205]
On 29 November 2009, 57.5% of Swiss voters and 19 ½ cantons approved the popular initiative "for a ban on the construction of new minarets" (without retroactive effect on the four minarets already built in Switzerland). She congratulated the Swiss people on the overwhelming approval of the ban and denounced the ruling elite for its contempt of direct democracy.[206][207][208][209]
In February 2010, the fast food chain Quick announced that eight of its franchises would offer exclusively halal meals. This decision immediately triggered a controversy among the French political class from the Socialist Party, the UMP (Lionnel Luca MP) and the FN.[210] The controversy was particularly sharp in Roubaix (Nord) : the socialist mayor René Vandierendonck even threatened a lawsuit and she wrote two official statements about the matter.[210][211] Denouncing an "accelerated policy of Islamisation" and a "breach of the constitutional principle of secularism", she claimed that Quick had been owned by the French state since October 2006 and that the UMP state is the owner of Quick through the Caisse des dépôts et consignations (Qualium Investissement subsidiary), which holds 99.63% of its capital.[210][211]
Interviewed by Radio 1 in June 2011, she said that unlike the leader of the PVV Geert Wilders, she is “not waging war against Islam” and "is fighting the Islamisation of French society". Emphasizing her divergence with the Dutch MP, she claimed : “That’s the difference between Geert Wilders and me. He reads the Qur’an literally: you can’t interpret the Qur’an – or indeed the Bible – literally. I resist fundamentalists who want to impose their will and law on France. Sharia Law is not compatible with our principles, our values or democracy.”[212]
Societal issues[link]
Marine Le Pen is opposed to the repeal of the 1975 Veil Law (Loi Veil) which framed abortion in a restrictive legislative provision. She claims that an unfavorable socio-economical background is a determining factor for the majority of women who have undergone an abortion. Consequently, she advocates a strongly pro-family policy more conducive to the nurturing and raising of children. Favourable to a policy aimed at increasing the birth rate, she explains her views on abortion in her autobiography À contre flots.[213]
She is strictly opposed to any softening of the law against euthanasia.[214]
She supports a referendum on whether to reinstate the capital punishment in France, which was abolished in 1981.[215] The electorate would have the choice between restoring the death penalty and introduce a 'real' life imprisonment (without parole). Currently, French lifers are eligible for parole after serving 18 to 22 years, except in small number of cases.[216]
National politics and overseas[link]
On the 70th anniversary of the Appeal of 18 June, Marine Le Pen held a press conference at the FN's headquarters. Drawing a parallel with the fall of France in June 1940, she denounced the weakening of the nation state, German domination within the EU and subservience to Atlanticism. Her goal was to "become the personification of national ambition and to return to France a spirit of greatness and an awareness of its place in history".[217]
She remains committed to France's territorial sovereignty, including the Overseas departments and territories. During a debate on Radio Cité Genève with Éric Bertinat, an SVP member of the Grand Council of Geneva, she vigorously opposed his proposal that the French departments of Ain and Haute-Savoie be incorporated into Switzerland.[218]
During her opening speech, she reminded that France is present in three oceans and possesses the second-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering 11 million km2[57][219] During her opening speech, she also emphasized the importance of the French language and Francophonie. She claimed that "our national language is spreading through the five continents, privilege that it shares only with English" and that "the Francophonie has to vibrate in the lands of Asia, Americas, Europe and Africa again".[57]
In April 2011, she wrote a letter to all the prefects of France.[220] She denounced "the weakening of the state", "the discouragement of its personnels" and "the ineffectiveness of its governance". She claimed that the history of France shows us that as soon as there is a gap of the state, the local baronies reconstruct. She proposed a politic of re-establishment of the state which will lean on the high-ranking and devoted civil servants.[221]
Mayotte[link]
In a referendum on becoming an overseas department held on 29 March 2009, 95.22% of the Mahoran voters approved the change of status. An overseas collectivity from 2003, Mayotte became France's 101 department on 31 March 2011. A third of the population of Mayotte are illegal migrants, mostly from the nearby islands of the archipelago which make up the independent Comoran state.[222] In her view, the accession of Mayotte to an overseas department will create a new in-draught for illegal immigration, which constitutes a threat for the stability of the island. She claims that the departmental status of the island requires the relinquishment of the jus soli wished in 2005 by François Baroin, then Minister of Overseas and the implementation of the 'French first' policy in the granting of welfare aids.[223]
New Caledonia[link]
Reasserting her indefectible attachment to the French Caledonia, she stated that "New Caledonia is in France and must stay there". In her view, "the creation of a citizenship and an acknowledgment of a 'Kanak identity' organize a true dismemberment of the sovereignty and a breach of the unity of the French republic". In June 2010, she claimed that "the official acknowledgment of the flag of the separatists of FNLKS as emblem of New Caledonia would constitute an affront to France and would show the true will of the UMP government to get rid of this French territory".[224] She stated that "the only flag of New Caledonia, a French territory, is the French flag in accordance with the article 2 of the French constitution". In February 2011, she again claimed that "the controversial solution of the two flags, contrary to the Nouméa Accord, which was supported by the Prime Minister François Fillon, is an additional proof of the will of the government and Nicolas Sarkozy to want to get rid of a part of France".[225]
International politics[link]
Europe[link]
She advocates forging a privileged partnership with Russia. She claims that a French-Russian partnership is necessitated by "obvious civilization and geostrategic factors" as well as France's "energy security interests". In her view, "France's interests are in Europe, but in Great Europe, especially including its partnership with Russia".[174] Interviewed by Kommersant, she claimed that "the process of demonization of Russia is taking place at the level of the EU leadership and at the wishes of the US, which is trying to create a unipolar world." Interviewed about democracy in Russia and Vladimir Putin, she replied: "We also do not have an ideal democracy in France and, therefore, do not have the right to give Russia lessons in democracy. But I openly admit that, to some extent, I admire Vladimir Putin. He makes mistakes, but who doesn’t? The situation in Russia is complicated, and one cannot expect all the problems stemming from the collapse of the Soviet Union to be quickly resolved – they require time. I think that Vladimir Putin has principles and a vision of the future that is necessary to ensure Russia’s prosperity, which it deserves.[74][175]
She claims that the Front National is a "patriotic" party with more in common with the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and its "opposition to the totalitarian character of the EU and its desire to remove people's sovereignty" than the British National Party (BNP).[196]
On 8 June 2011, Marine Le Pen and the leader of the Freedom Party of Austria Heinz-Christian Strache held in the European Parliament a joint press conference about "globalization, migration and economic threats in the UE".[226] Both are aiming at strengthening the ties between their two respective movements and also with other eurosceptic parties.[227]
In a statement written on 20 July 2011, she wrote that "If Belgium is going to split, if Flanders pronounces its independence, which seems more and more credible a possibility, the French republic would do well to welcome Wallonia to its heart." She said that "on this eve of the Belgian National Day, it is nevertheless the responsibility of France and the French to extend a hand to the Walloons". She claimed that "the historic and fraternal links that unite our two people are too strong for France to abandon the Walloons". She suggested any such plan to become part of France should be agreed by a referendum in both countries.[228][229][230]
In a statement about the 2011 Norway attacks, she reiterated her condolences to the Norwegian people and recalled her determination to fight mercilessly against all forms of violence and barbarity. In reply to a MRAP's statement, she claimed that "the Norwegian slaughter was the work of a lone lunatic who must be ruthlessly punished".[231]
In October 2011, after her resignation from the Alliance of European National Movements (AENM), she joined the European Alliance for Freedom (EAF), a Pan-European sovereignist platform created in late 2010.[232]
Middle East and Asia[link]
In October 2011, she denounced a "violence wave" in Tunisia and "numerous deadly attacks" perpetrated against the Copt minority in Egypt. She claimed that "the revolutions in Maghreb, which have been led in the name of freedom and human rights, turned into a democratic fiasco and the eruption of violent islamist movements". In her view, "these violent attacks illustrate the extreme fragility of the democratic processes in countries faced with the growing influence of radical islamist movements and the threats that hang over individual freedom". She also "expressed deepest concern faced with the possibility of seeing to surge islamist dictatorships on Europe's doorstep".[233]
About the situation in Libya, she claimed that the confrontations pertained to a civil war in which France's interest was not to interfere. She regretted the haste of the French diplomacy which had "prematurely recognized the National Transitional Council which spoke in the name of the Libyan rebels". She claimed that the transfer of the US command towards NATO increased the submissiveness of the French Armed Forces. Denouncing "the US supremacy" in the military intervention, she "refused the idea that France slavishly followed the USA in this new stalemate".[234] One month after the launching of hostilities, she claimed that "France mired into the 'vote-catching war' of Sarkozy". She noticed that "the United Nations' mandate had largely been overstepped", that "the war dragged on" and that "the deaths of civilians increased". Denouncing the planned dispatch of British, French and Italian military advisers, she lamented the decision of French authorities to compromise further France in "a new Afghanistan".[235][236]
Interviewed by the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz about the fact that some of her European senior colleagues had formed alliances with, and visited, some Israeli settlers and groups, Marine Le Pen said : "The shared concern about radical Islam explains the relationship ... but it is possible that behind it is also the need of the visitors from Europe to change their image in their countries ... As far as their partners in Israel are concerned, I myself don't understand the idea of continuing to develop the settlements. I consider it a political mistake and would like to make it clear in this context that we must have the right to criticize the policy of the State of Israel – just as we are allowed to criticize any sovereign country – without it being considered anti-Semitism. After all, the National Front has always been Zionistic and always defended Israel's right to exist". She also opposed the immigration of French Jews to Israel in response to radical Islam, explaining: "The Jews of France are Frenchmen, they're at home here, and they must stay here and not emigrate. The country is obligated to provide solutions to the development of radical Islam in the problematic regions".[75]
In a statement about the death of Osama bin Laden, she welcomed his "salutary elimination" and claimed that his execution was "a right and appropriate answer to the death of the victims in the 2011 Marrakech bombing".[237]
She regularly claims that France should promptly withdraw its troops from Afghanistan.[176]
Africa[link]
Marine Le Pen claims that "with the help or the protection of western major powers (including unfortunately France in front row), Africa became for the decolonization a privileged ground of all the lobbies which maintain on its territory unacceptable, criminal and 'neo-colonialist' networks of corruption". She also claims that "whereas Africa struggles to find the ways of growth and thus future prosperity, whereas starvation or disease decimate millions of innocent souls, whereas skillfully maintained conflicts discourage the most dynamic and talented African elites, French-African relations are marred by an unforgivable misdemeanour: corruption". She advocates to "have a dialogue with Africa in line with our common history and our mutual interests" and "implement a real partnership which enables a harmonious development of the African continent". In her view, "the only reasonable way lies in a close relationship between the European and African continents, because the development of the African continent will break the migratory stranglehold which threats us and enable the two continents to live their own identities in peace, security and prosperity".[238]
She claimed that only diplomacy, negotiation and consultation were able to settle the tangle of the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, which had begun in the aftermath of the run-off of the 2010 presidential election, when both Laurent Gbagbo and Alassane Ouattara have claimed victory and taken the presidential oath of office.[239][240][241]
Interviewed in January 2011 by the monthly panafrican magazine Première Ligne, she denounced the interference of France and the international community in internal politics of Côte d'Ivoire and criticized Nicolas Sarkozy's support for Alassane Ouattara as a "political mistake". Denouncing a "double standards diplomacy", she claimed that the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is not legitimate to decide a military intervention in Côte d'Ivoire since it had not intervened in Niger after the coup d'état led by Salou Djibo on 18 February 2010.[239][240]
In parliamentary questions addressed to the European Commission,[242] she denounced the violation of the article 5 of the fourth complementary agreement to Ouagadougou Political Agreement, which had planned the completion of disarmament and reunification of Côte d'Ivoire before the organization of elections.[241]
On 12 September 2011, she strongly criticised that the Rwandan president Paul Kagame be received by Nicolas Sarkozy. She claimed that "welcoming Kagame whose regime is accused in a United Nations report of 'crimes against humanity' against civilian populations in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sarkozy once more demonstrated his contempt for law and justice". She also claimed, that "accepting to receive Kagame in Paris, he sullied the reputation of the French army outrageously accused by Kigali of having taken part in the Rwandan Genocide.[243]
Elections (1993–2012)[link]
2012 presidential election[link]
Main article: French presidential election, 2012
Main article: Marine Le Pen presidential campaign, 2012
Marine Le Pen stood in the 2012 French presidential election. On 16 May 2011, her presidential candidacy was unanimously validated by the FN Executive Committee.[244] On 10 and 11 September 2011, her political comeback in Nice prefigured the launching of her presidential campaign.[62] During a press conference on 6 October 2011, she officially unveiled the line-up of her presidential campaign team.[245]
On 19 November 2011, she presented in Paris the main thematic issues of her presidential project: sovereign people and democracy, Europe, reindustrialization and strong state, family and education, immigration and assimilation versus communitarianism, geopolitics and international politics.[246][247][248] During a press conference held on 12 January 2012,[249] she presented in detail the assessment of her presidential project[250] and a plan of debt paydown of France.[251] During a press conference held on 1 February 2012, she presented an outline of her presidential project for the overseas departments and territories of France.[252]
On 11 December 2011, she held her first presidential meeting in Metz.[253][254] From early January to mid April 2012, she held weekly meetings in the major French cities. On 17 April 2012, between 6,000 and 7,000 people took part in her final meeting organized at the Zenith in Paris.[255][256]
On 13 March 2012, she publicly announced that she had the 500 necessary signatures to take part in the presidential election.[257][258] On 19 March 2012, the Constitutional Council officially validated her candidature and the one of nine others competitors.[10]
On 22 April 2012, she polled 17.90% (6,421,426 votes) in the first round and finished in third position behind François Hollande and incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy.[11][12][13] Her national result was higher in percentage and votes than those of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the 2002 presidential election (16.86%, 4,804,772 votes in the first round; 17.79%, 5,525,034 votes in the run-off).[259]
She was in the lead in Gard (25.51%, 106,646 votes) whereas Sarkozy and Hollande respectively polled 24.86% (103,927 votes) and 24.11% (100,778 votes).[260][12] She came first in her municipal stronghold of Hénin-Beaumont (35.48%, 4,924 votes) whereas Hollande and Sarkozy respectively polled 26,82% (3,723 votes) and 15,76% (2,187 votes).[261] She globally achieved her highest results east of a line from Le Havre in the north to Perpignan in the south.[262] In contrast, she globally polled less in western France, especially big cities such as Paris, overseas and among the French citizens living abroad (5.95%, 23,995 votes).[263] However, she got significative results in two rural departments in western France such as Orne (20.00%, 34,757 votes)[264] and Sarthe (19.17%, 62,516 votes).[265]
She achieved her highest regional result in Picardy (25.03%, 266,041 votes),[266] her highest departmental result in Vaucluse (27.03%, 84,585 votes),[267] her highest overseas result in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (15.81%, 416 votes).[268]
In addition to Picardy, she also polled over 20% in ten other regions : Corsica (24.39%, 39,209 votes),[269] Champagne-Ardenne (23.91%, 172,632 votes),[270] Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (23.87%, 650,336 votes),[271] Lorraine (23.66%, 308,392 votes),[272] Languedoc-Roussillon (23.45%, 363,880 votes),[273] Nord-Pas-de-Calais (23.29%, 517,115 votes),[274] Alsace (22.12%, 219,252 votes),[275] Franche-Comté (21.29%, 141,972 votes),[276] Burgundy (20.36%, 191,148 votes),[277] Upper Normandy (20.15%, 207,520 votes).[278] In addition to Vaucluse, she also polled over 25% in nine other departments : Aisne (26.33%, 78,452 votes),[279] Meuse (25.82%, 29,038 votes),[280] Corse-du-Sud (25.71%, 19,081 votes),[281] Pas-de-Calais (25.53%, 216,753 votes),[282] Gard (25.51%, 106,646 votes),[260] Haute-Marne (25.26%, 27,624 votes),[283] Aube (25.12%, 40,740 votes),[284] Haute-Saône (25.12%, 36,807 votes),[285] Oise (25.08%, 109,339 votes).[286] In addition to Saint Pierre and Miquelon, she also polled over 10% in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (12.51%, 665 votes),[287] in New Caledonia (11.66%, 10,409 votes),[288] in Saint Barthélemy (11.41%, 310 votes),[289] in French Guiana (10.48%, 3,920 votes)[290] and in Réunion (10.31%, 37,549 votes).[291]
.svg)
She achieved her lowest regional result in Île-de-France (12.28%, 655,926 votes),[292] her lowest departmental result in Paris (6.20%, 61,503 votes),[293] her lowest overseas result in Wallis and Futuna (2.37%, 152 votes).[294]
In addition to Île-de-France, she polled less 15% in Brittany (13.24%, 262,095 votes)[295] and in Pays de la Loire (14.39%, 308,806 votes).[296] In addition to Paris, she polled less 10% in Hauts-de-Seine (8.51%, 62,447 votes).[297] In addition to Wallis and Futuna, she polled less 5% in Mayotte (2.77%, 996 votes)[298] and in Martinique (4.76%, 6,960 votes).[299]
A French sociologist, Sylvain Crépon who analysed the social and occupational groups of the FN voters in 2012, explained : "The FN vote is made up of the victims of globalisation. It is the small shopkeepers who are going under because of the economic crisis and competition from the out-of-town hypermarkets; it is low-paid workers from the private sector; the unemployed. The FN scores well among people living in poverty, who have a real fear about how to make ends meet."[262] Crépon also analysed the increase of the FN vote in "rural" areas and the recent sociological changes in these areas made up of small provincial towns and new housing-estate commuter belts built on the distant outskirts of the cities : "The rural underclass is no longer agricultural. It is people who have fled the big cities and the inner suburbs because they can no longer afford to live there. Many of these people will have had recent experience of living in the banlieues (high immigration suburbs) - and have had contact with the problems of insecurity."[262] Commentators also pointed that there are more young people and women voting for the party in 2012.[262]
During a speech delivered in Paris on 1 May 2012 after the traditional Joan of Arc and Labor Day march, she has refused to back either incumbent president Sarkozy or socialist Hollande in the run-off on 6 May. Addressing the party's annual rally at Place de l'Opéra, she vowed to cast a blank ballot and told her supporters to vote with their conscience, saying : "Hollande and Sarkozy - neither of them will save you. On Sunday I will cast a blank protest vote. I have made my choice. Each of you will make yours." Accusing both candidates of surrendering to Europe and financial markets, she asked : "Who between Francois Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy will impose the austerity plan in the most servile way? Who will submit the best to the instructions of the IMF, the ECB or the European Commission?"[300]
European elections[link]
North-West France in 2009[link]
Main article: European Parliament election, 2009 (France)
In the 2009 election, Marine Le Pen led the FN list in the North-West France's constituency.
Attaining the best result among the seven FN European lists, her list polled 10.18% (253,009 votes)[301] and only won one of the ten seats of MEP.[302]
Her list achieved its highest regional result in Picardy (12.57%, 63,624 votes),[303] its highest departmental result in Aisne (13.40%, 19,125 votes),[304] its highest municipal results in Pas-de-Calais : Hénin-Beaumont (27.92%, 1,799 votes),[305] Courcelles-lès-Lens (26.57%),[306] Noyelles-Godault (24.72%).[307] Her list also polled over 10% in Nord-Pas-de-Calais (10.90%, 115,350 votes)[308] and in four other departments : Pas-de-Calais (12.88%, 52,671 votes),[309] Oise (12.46%, 24,997 votes),[310] Somme (11.99%, 19,502 votes),[311] Eure (10.06%, 15,793 votes).[312]
Île-de-France in 2004[link]
Main article: European Parliament election, 2004 (France)
In the 2004 election, she led the FN list in the Île-de-France's constituency. Her list polled 8.58% (234,893 votes) and only won one of the fourteen seats of MEP.[313]
Parliamentary elections[link]
Paris in 1993[link]
Main article: French legislative election, 1993
At the age of 24, she was for the first time a parliamentary candidate in the Paris' 16th constituency (17th arrondissement of Paris). Whereas Bernard Pons was re-elected as MP with 63.14% (22,545 votes) in the first round, she arrived in third position with 11.10% (3,963 votes) behind the socialist candidate (11.85%, 4,233 votes).[314]
Lens in 2002[link]
Main article: French legislative election, 2002
In the 2002 election, she was a candidate at Lens in the Pas-de-Calais' 13th constituency. There are many workers and unemployed people in this economically deprived constituency, one of the socialist strongholds in northern France.
She polled 24.24% (10,228 votes) in the first round and achieved 32.30% (12,266 votes) in the run-off whereas her socialist challenger Jean-Claude Bois polled 38.20% (16,120 votes) in the first round and was re-elected as MP with 67.70% (27,510 votes) in the run-off.[315]
Hénin-Beaumont in 2007[link]
Main article: French legislative election, 2007
In the 2007 election, Marine Le Pen and her substitute Steeve Briois, who emphasise the importance of local politics, represented the FN at Hénin-Beaumont in the Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency.
Located in the former coal mining area, this constituency is characterized by a higher level of unemployment than the national average, a significant number of citizens in recipient of welfare such as the Revenu minimum d'insertion (RMI) and the closure of important factories like Metaleurop North with the loss of 870 jobs. A few months previously, Steeve Briois had asked her to contest this constituency, one of the socialist strongholds in northern France. Explaining the choice of this area, she declared that the constituency was symbolic, with unemployment, offshoring and insecurity representing the major problems of France.[316] Asserting his disappointment with the incumbent socialist MP Albert Facon, Daniel Janssens, who had been a socialist activist for thirty years and a first deputy mayor of Leforest for 24 years, led her support committee during the electoral campaign.
Among the fourteen candidates running in the first round, she came second with 24.47% (10,593 votes) whereas Facon came top with 28.24% (12,221 votes).[317] In order to take part in the run-off, a parliamentary candidate must cross the minimal threshold of 12.50% of the registered voters. Throughout France, she thus was the only FN candidate able to compete in a run-off.[318] Between the first round and the run-off, she received the support of historic figures of Gaullism like Alain Griotteray, Michel Caldagués and the souverainiste MEP Paul-Marie Coûteaux.[319]
In the run-off, she achieved 41.65% (17,107 votes) winning 17.18% and 6,514 votes within a week whereas Albert Facon was re-elected as MP with 58.35% (23,965 votes).[317] She attained her highest results in three municipalities: Courcelles-lès-Lens (48.71%),[320] Noyelles-Godault (47.85%),[321] Hénin-Beaumont (44.54%, 4,729 votes).[322] Her results in the first round and the run-off are higher than those of Steeve Briois in 2002 (20.06%, 8,768 votes; 32.08%, 12,129 votes) whereas Facon lost 9.57% and 1,718 votes within five years (67.92%, 25,683 votes).[323]
According to political analysts, she confirmed her political presence in this economically deprived area achieving a very high percentage of votes thanks to economic and social matters like deindustrialization, unemployment and a feeling of abandonment rather than issues such as immigration and insecurity.[318]
Hénin-Beaumont in 2012[link]
Main article: French legislative election, 2012
Marine Le Pen represented as the FN leader at Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, where the new constition regrouped Henin-Beaumont, had her best score in the presidential election.[324] She will be opposed to Philippe Kemel and Jean-Luc Mélenchon.[325]
Regional elections[link]
Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 2010[link]
Main article: French regional elections, 2010
In the 2010 elections, Marine Le Pen led the FN regional list in Nord-Pas-de-Calais and the departmental list in Pas-de-Calais whereas Steeve Briois figured in second position.[326] Largely spread during the electoral campaign, her regional programme included several topics about social, economic, political and cultural issues.[327]
In the first round, her list polled 18.31% (224.871 votes) and arrived in third position in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[328] In Pas-de-Calais, her list polled 19.81% (96,556 votes) overtaking the one of the UMP (15.91%, 77,550 votes)[329] and largely came top in Hénin-Beaumont (39.08%, 2,949 votes).[330] Whereas Jean-Marie Le Pen's FN list attained 20.30% (296,283 votes) in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur,[331] she nationally achieved the second highest result among the FN regional lists. In Pas-de-Calais, her result was higher in percentage than the one of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first round of the 2002 presidential election (18.41%, 135,330 votes).[332] In order to take part in the run-off, a regional list must cross the minimal threshold of 10% of the valid votes.
In the run-off, her list polled 22.20% (301,190 votes) and arrived in third position in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[328] Eighteen FN councillors were elected among the 113 of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais' regional council.[333] Whereas Jean-Marie Le Pen's list attained 22.87% (387,374 votes) with 21 councillors elected,[331] she nationally achieved the second highest result among the FN regional lists. In Pas-de-Calais, her list polled 24.37% (130,720 votes) overtaking the one of the UMP (22.63%, 121,365 votes)[329] and achieved its highest municipal results in Hénin-Beaumont (44.23%, 3,829 votes)[330] and Courcelles-lès-Lens (40.60%).[334] Her list nationally realized the second highest departmental FN result behind Vaucluse (26.54%).[335] Her regional result and the one in Pas-de-Calais were higher in percentage than those of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the run-off of the 2002 presidential election (21.89%, 445,357 votes;[336] 22.17%, 170,967 votes).[332]
Thanks to her political success, she confirmed her regional presence and reinforced her internal position within the FN. As a member of the standing committee and a president of the regional group (Front National/Gathering for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais), she led a resolute opposition facing the left-wing regional executive managed by Daniel Percheron.
Île-de-France in 2004[link]
Main article: French regional elections, 2004
In the 2004 elections, she led the FN regional list in Île-de-France and the departmental list in Hauts-de-Seine.
Her list polled 12.26% (448,983 votes) in the first round and achieved 10.11% (395,565 votes) with fifteen councillors elected in the run-off.[337][338]
She exercised the leadership of her regional group for five years and left it in February 2009 since she preferred to devote her energy to the European election campaign in the North-West France's constituency.[339] A member of the standing committee, she led a strong opposition facing the left-wing regional executive managed by Jean-Paul Huchon.
Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 1998[link]
Main article: French regional elections, 1998
In the 1998 elections, she figured on the FN list in Nord-Pas-de-Calais and was a regional councillor for six years (1998–2004).[17]
Municipal elections[link]
Hénin-Beaumont in 2008[link]
Main article: French municipal elections, 2008
Since 2001, Gérard Dalongeville has been the mayor of Hénin-Beaumont, an economically deprived town in the former coal mining area.
A municipal councillor since 1995,[340] Steeve Briois led the FN list while Marine Le Pen was in second position. The FN list came second with 28.53% (3,650 votes) in the first round and achieved 28.83% (3,630 votes) with five councillors elected in the run-off.[341][342] In order to take part in the run-off, a municipal list must cross the minimal threshold of 10% of the votes cast.
Despite their electoral failure, Steeve Briois and Marine Le Pen led a sharp opposition against the re-elected mayor Gérard Dalongeville, his first vice-mayor Marie-Noëlle Lienemann and their left-wing team.
2009 Hénin-Beaumont by-election[link]
A municipal by-election was held in Hénin-Beaumont on 28 June and 5 July 2009. Like in 2008, Steeve Briois was the FN top candidate whereas she figured in second position.
The FN list was largely in the lead with 39.33% (4,485 votes) in the first round and achieved 47.62% (5,504 votes) with eight councillors elected in the run-off.[343] Despite a weekly increase of 1,019 votes, the FN again failed its attempt to win the municipality.[344]
Steeve Briois, Marine Le Pen and the six other FN councillors led the sole political opposition against the new mayor Daniel Duquenne and his successor Eugène Binaisse.
On 24 February 2011, she resigned as a municipal councillor because of the law on the accumulation of mandates ("cumul des mandats").[345] In a letter entitled "I stay in Hénin-Beaumont !", she explained that her political action is more efficient for the city at regional and European levels than in the municipal council.[346]
Political mandates[link]
Local mandates[link]
- Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais : (15 March 1998 – 28 March 2004); since 26 March 2010: member of the standing committee, leader of the FN group.
- Regional councillor of Île-de-France (28 March 2004 – 21 March 2010) : member of the standing committee, leader of the FN group until February 2009.
- Municipal councillor of Hénin-Beaumont (23 March 2008 – 24 February 2011).
European mandates[link]
Member of the European Parliament in the Île-de-France constituency (20 July 2004 – 13 July 2009) : Non-Inscrits (20 July 2004–14 January 2007/14 November 2007–13 July 2009) ; Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty (15 January 2007 – 13 November 2007).
- Member : Committee on Culture and Education (21 July 2004–14 January 2007/15 January 2007–30 January 2007), Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (31 January 2007 – 13 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Israel (15 September 2004–13 March 2007/14 March 2007–13 July 2009)
- Substitute : Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (21 July 2004–14 January 2007/31 January 2007–13 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand (15 March 2007 – 13 July 2009)[347]
Member of the European Parliament in the North-West France constituency : Non-Inscrits (since 14 July 2009)
- Member : Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (since 16 July 2009), Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly (since 16 September 2009)
- Substitute : Committee on International Trade (since 16 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Canada (16 September 2009 – 14 November 2010)[347][348]
Bibliography[link]
- À contre flots, Jacques Grancher, 2006 ISBN 2-7339-0957-6 (autobiography)
(French) Welcome to a ruthless world (extract from À contre-flots chapter one, p. 9 to p. 22).
- Pour que vive la France, Jacques Grancher, 2012, 260 pages
(French) [349]
References[link]
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- ^ Robert Marquand (25 June 2010). "France's National Front : will Marine Le Pen take the reins ?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0625/France-s-National-Front-Will-Marine-Le-Pen-take-the-reins. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
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- ^ Articles 132–23, 221–3 and 221–4 of the French criminal code, and article 720–4 of the French code of criminal procedure; currently Michel Fourniret and Pierre Bodein are the only two French lifers sentenced to spend at least thirty years behind bars.
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- ^ (French)"2002 French presidential election: national results (first round and run-off)". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2002/FE.html. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ a b (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Gard". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/091/030/index.html. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Hénin-Beaumont". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/031/062/062427.html. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d Hugh Schofield (24 April 2012). "What next for Marine Le Pen's National Front?". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17824436. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results among the French citizens living abroad". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/000/099/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Orne". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/025/061/index.html. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Sarthe". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/052/072/index.html. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Picardy". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/022/022.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Vaucluse". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/093/084/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Saint Pierre and Miquelon". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/000/975/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Corsica". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/094/094.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Champagne-Ardenne". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/021/021.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/093/093.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Lorraine". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/041/041.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Languedoc-Roussillon". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/091/091.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/031/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Alsace". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/042/042.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Franche-Comté". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/043/043.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Burgundy". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/026/026.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Upper Normandy". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/023/023.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Aisne". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/022/002/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Meuse". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/041/055/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Corse-du-Sud". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/094/02A/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/031/062/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Haute-Marne". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/021/052/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Aube". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/021/010/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Haute-Saône". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/043/070/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Oise". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/022/060/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in the Collectivity of Saint Martin". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/000/977/977801.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in New Caledonia". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/000/988/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Saint Barthélemy". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/000/977/977701.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in French Guiana". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/003/973/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Réunion". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/004/974/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Île-de-France". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/011/011.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Paris". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/011/075/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Wallis and Futuna". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/000/986/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Brittany". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/053/053.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Pays de la Loire". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/052/052.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Hauts-de-Seine". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/011/092/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Mayotte". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/006/976/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ (French)"2012 French presidential election : first round results in Martinique". Minister of the Interior. http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/PR2012/002/972/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ "France election: Le Pen 'to cast blank vote' in run-off". BBC News. 1 May 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17906203. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
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- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Aisne". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/022/002/002.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
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- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Courcelles-lès-Lens". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/062/062249.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Noyelles-Godault". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/062/062624.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/031.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/031/062/062.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Oise". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/022/060/060.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Somme". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/022/080/080.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 European election results: Eure". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/ER2009/01/023/027/027.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2004 European election results: Île-de-France". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/eur2004/007/index.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"1993 French legislative election results: Paris' 16th constituency" (in French). Le Figaro. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://elections.figaro.net/cgi/histo_req1?page=15%26offs=15%26action=L1993%26re=%26dep=75%26Valider=Lancez+la+recherche%26version=figaro&title=R%C3%A9sultats%20%C3%A9lections%20l%C3%A9gislatives%20de%201993%20-%2016%C3%A8me%20circonscription%20de%20Paris%C2%A0%C2%BB. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2002 French legislative election results: Pas-de-Calais' 13th constituency". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2002/062/circons13.html. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Marine Le Pen : Pas-de-Calais in her sights". Reuters (boursier.com). 6 June 2007. http://www.boursier.com/vals/all/marine-le-pen-repart-en-conquete-dans-le-pas-de-calais-feed-25326.htm. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2007 French legislative election results: Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/062/circons14.html. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"Hénin-Beaumont, Marine Le Pen's Vitrolles ?". CEVIPOF. http://www.cevipof.com/bpf/analyses/Fourquet_HeninBeaumont.pdf. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Marine Le Pen: support from two Gaullist stalwarts". Yves Daoudal's website. 13 June 2007. http://yvesdaoudal.hautetfort.com/archive/2007/06/13/deux-gaullistes-historiques-soutiennent-marine.html. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2007 French legislative election results: Courcelles-lès-Lens". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/062/06224914.html. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2007 French legislative election results: Noyelles-Godault". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/062/06262414.html. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2007 French legislative election results: Hénin-Beaumont". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/062/06242714.html. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2002 French legislative election results: Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2002/062/circons14.html. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ (French)"Nord-Pas-de-Calais: list of the FN candidates in 2010". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/C2031L005.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Nord-Pas-de-Calais in force: regional programme (2010–2014)". Front National. 26 February 2010. http://www.frontnational.com/pdf/programme_npdc_regionales2010.pdf. Retrieved 14 November 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/031.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/062/062.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Hénin-Beaumont". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/062/062427.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/093/093.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b (French)"2002 French presidential election results: Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2002/031/062/3162.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Nord-Pas-de-Calais: list of the 18 FN regional councillors (2010–2014)". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/E2031L005.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Courcelles-lès-Lens". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/031/062/062249.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2010 French regional elections results: Vaucluse". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/RG2010/093/084/084.html. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2002 French presidential election results: Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2002/031/031.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2004 French regional elections results: Île-de-France". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/reg2004/011/011.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"Île-de-France: list of the 15 FN regional councillors (2004–2010)". Minister of the Interior. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/reg2004/011/E2011L002.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"Île-de-France: Marine Le Pen has left the presidency of the FN group" (in French). Le Point. 10 February 2009. http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-politique/2009-02-10/marine-le-pen-a-quitte-la-presidence-du-groupe-fn-a-la-region-idf/917/0/315903. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ (French)"Biography of Steeve Briois". Steeve Briois' website. http://briois.ublog.com/about.html. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2008 municipal election results in Hénin-Beaumont : first round and run-off" (in French). Le Figaro. http://elections.lefigaro.fr/resultats/elections-municipales-2008/2eme-tour/pas-de-calais/62110/henin-beaumont/. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Hénin-Beaumont: list of the 5 FN municipal councillors" (in French). Le Figaro. http://elections.lefigaro.fr/resultats/elections-municipales-2008/2eme-tour/pas-de-calais/62110/henin-beaumont/liste-1.php. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"2009 Hénin-Beaumont municipal by-election results : first round and run-off". Minister of the Interior. 7 August 2009. http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/elections/resultats/elections-municipales/2009/henin-beaumont-pas-calais/downloadFile/file/62_Mun_Par_28_juin_5_juillet_09_Henin_Beaumont_T1T2.pdf?nocache=1249634749.32. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
- ^ Steven Erlanger (6 July 2009). "Left Wins French Local Election With Backing of Center-Right". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E0DF153FF935A35754C0A96F9C8B63. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ (French)"Accumulation of mandates : Marine Le Pen leaves the municipal council of Hénin-Beaumont". Le Parisien (AFP). 24 February 2011. http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/cumul-des-mandats-marine-le-pen-quitte-le-conseil-municipal-d-henin-beaumont-24-02-2011-1330084.php. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ (French)"I stay in Hénin-Beaumont !". Nations Presse Info. 24 February 2011. http://www.nationspresse.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Lettre-de-Marine-Le-Pen-aux-habitants-dH%C3%A9nin-Beaumont.pdf. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Marine Le Pen MEP_Archives". European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/archive/alphaOrder/view.do?language=EN&id=28210. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ "Marine Le Pen MEP". European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/public/geoSearch/view.do?country=FR&partNumber=1&zone=Nord-Ouest&language=EN&id=28210. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ Marine Le Pen donne sa vision « alternationaliste » du monde dans un livre à paraître, Abel Mestre, Caroline Monot
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marine Le Pen |
- Official
- Other
- (English) Profile on the European Parliament's official website
- (English) Has Marine Le Pen made France's Front National respectable? RFI English
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jean-Marie Le Pen |
Leader of the National Front 2011–present |
Incumbent |
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Le Pen, Marine |
| Alternative names | Le Pen, Marion Anne Perrine |
| Short description | French politician |
| Date of birth | 5 August 1968 |
| Place of birth | Neuilly-sur-Seine (France) |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Marine_Le_Pen
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- A Dream About You - Keri Noble
- I WON'T - Keri Noble
- Love Is All I Know - Keri Noble
- Look at Me - Keri Noble
- Remember My Name - Keri Noble
- Pages Of My Letters - Keri Noble
- Ooh Oh - Keri Noble
- Hey Lover - Keri Noble
- EMILY - Keri Noble
- (come And) Talk To Me - Keri Noble
- Piece of my Heart - Keri Noble
- Life No.9 - Keri Noble
- Falling - Keri Noble
- If No One Will Listen - Keri Noble
- About Me - Keri Noble
- Let It Rain - Keri Noble
- Bartender - Keri Noble
- Answered Prayer - Keri Noble
I had a dream about you last night
I dreamed that you were dead
When I woke up I wanted to call
And get it out of my head
But we don't talk anymore
I made sure of that
But I'd give anything to hear your voice
I would do better if I could go back
I'm sorry for your tears
I'm sorry I never told you in all of these years
I didn't leave you like I should
I hope you found someone to love you like I tried to
But never could
I always knew that it wasn't right
To get involved with you
But I never thought that you would fall so fast
Got me to thinkin', "what the hell am I gonna do?"
But now you seem like you're fine
Like you've moved on with your life
But I'd give anything to talk to you
And tell you I know I didn't treat you right
You live and you learn
You build and sometimes you just watch it all burn
I had a dream about you last night
We need to talk despite the hour 'cause just like time, this comes too late
You've been tellin' me I need to change or else you'll go away
I've been searching every inch of me to find within myself
A way to give you what you want and not become somebody else
You just want my passion, but you don't want my pain
You don't even really care 'bout what's inside my brain
You think that I don't know what's goin on behind my back
But you seem to underestimate this very simple fact
I won't let you hurt me
I won't beg you to stay
I won't lay down and shut my mouth so you can brag the next day
I won't be a trophy
I won't look the other way
So I guess you got your wish, 'cause babe, I promise
Things are gonna change
The things that brought you to me, now are the very things you hate
It's becoming very clear to me that you're the one whose changed
I used to think that we could make it last; I would love you all my life
But when you tell me I'm not good enough, you know it's just not right
I won't let you hurt me
I won't beg you to stay
I won't lay down and shut my mouth so you can brag the next day
I won't be a trophy
I won't look the other way
So I guess you got your wish, 'cause babe, I promise
*Spanish-speaking*
I won't let you hurt me
I won't beg you to stay
I won't lay down and shut my mouth so you can brag the next day
I won't be a trophy
I won't look the other way
So I guess you got your wish, 'cause babe, I promise
I won't let you hurt me
I won't beg you to stay
I won't lay down and shut my mouth so you can brag the next day
I won't be a trophy
I won't look the other way
I guess you got your wish, 'cause babe, I promise
People want to know what I believe in
They think I should take a stand
Stand up, speak out, tell us about
Jesus, sex, politics, the color of my lipstick (oh man)
I have tried to do the best I can
Living on the right side of the tracks
But shame on myself if I try to tell
Anybody else how to live (oh man, oh man)
All I know is
Love, love, love
Love, love, love
Love, love, love, love
Love is all I know
When did love become old hat
Why must it be any more than that
''cause haven't we already enslaved, killed and maimed
(Verse 1)
Look at me.
Look into my eyes.
Tell me do you see
That I am always by your side?
Or has the world got you down
On your knees?
Come to me.
(Verse 2)
Look at you.
Look into your heart.
Tell me is there room for you
To make a brand new start?
Or has the world gotten to you
And made you dark?
Come to me.
(Chorus)
Cause' when you cry,
All your tears I will wipe away.
When you laugh,
Who do you think got you that way?
When you dream, babe,
And you wake up,
Is it me you wanna see?
(Musical interlude)
(Repeat Chorus)
(Verse 3)
Look at us.
Look around the world.
'Cause all you seem to find
Are unhappy boys - unhappy girls, babe.
Now tell me,
Is that what you want
For you and me?
Dont you want to be happy?
(Repeat chorus)
(Verse 4)
Look at me.
Look into my eyes.
Tell me do you see
That I am always by your side?
Or has the world got you down
On your knees?
You can come to me.
You know you can always
Tell her that she’s beautiful,
see her falling fast,
another round she drinks it down.
Say you want this night to last.
Her friends are going home,
she hears you’re wanting her to stay
She let’s them go, and now you know
this night is gonna go your way.
She says
“If it’s what you want, it’s what you’ll get
and I won’t fight it.
But hurry up and make it quick
before I cry.
You don’t have to lie, I know this game,
I have played.
In the morning you won’t remember my name.”
Her parents never home for long, She found other ways,
she’d make ‘em look, that’s all it took.
then she’d disappear for days.
Now she sees right through them,
they don’t really have to try.
She just can’t stop, he gets on top,
as she tries to believe his lies.
She says
“If it’s what you want, it’s what you’ll get
and I won’t fight it.
But hurry up and make it quick before I cry.
You don’t have to lie, I know this game.
I have played.
In the morning you won’t remember my name.”
they start to blend,
he said he’d call
she never hears from them again.
She can’t say no. She’s got this hole,
that she’s been filling up with them.
Why can’t I stop? Why won’t he stay?
I didn’t love him, anyway.
In the morning, you won’t remember my name.
This is the last time
I’m gonna write this down
I must admit I’ve gotten used to you
not being around
You were always better
In the pages of my letters
I don’t talk to God
the way that I used to
No hard feelings
He’s just got more important things to do
Then hear my broken records
And read it in the pages of my letters
You should know that I don’t blame you
For breaking it
And not following through
Somewhere I know it’s true
That to be with you
Could never measure
To the pages of my letters
Guess that hardest part
Of all of this for me
Is that I was the one
Who built you up to be
Completely better
In the pages of my letters
You should know that I don’t blame you
For breaking it
And not following through
Somewhere I know it’s true
That to be with you
Could never measure
To the pages of my letters
Think you’d want to know
When I didn’t know
Where to go
I would imagine what you’d say
Then I’d try to go along your way
I don’t blame you
For not following through
Somewhere I know it’s true
That to be with you
Could never measure
Ooh oh, ooh oh, ooh oh
Wasn’t it the pain
That brought us together
Wasn’t it the heartache
That brought me to you
Wasn’t it the look
That you saw in my eyes
That told you
I knew what you’d been through
Ooh oh, ooh oh, ooh oh
Wasn’t it the heat
That kept us warm at night
Wasn’t it the hunger
That made us want more
Wasn’t it the hurt
That made it easier
To forget the things
We both left behind
Cause I’ve been hidin’
All my life and
I’ve been tryin
To keep me safe but
I’ve been healin
I’ve been thinkin
I am ready
Finally for something more
Than this
Ooh oh, ooh oh, ooh oh
Wasn’t it the ache
That brought us here
Wasn’t it the fever
That kept us up all night
Didn’t it feel good
To only need each other
Wasn't it our way
To think that this was life
Cause I’ve been hidin’
All my life and
I’ve been tryin
To keep me safe but
I’ve been healin
I’ve been thinkin
I am ready
Finally for something more
Than this
What if it’s just me
I can’t keep it together
What if it’s too much
Too much for me to take
What if I want you
Just to walk away
From all the pain
We have both been through
Cause I’ve been hidin’
All my life and
I’ve been tryin
To keep me safe but
I’ve been healin
I’ve been thinkin
I am ready
Finally for something more
Than this
Ooh oh, ooh oh, ooh oh
Hey lover
I'm so lonely.
You ain't touched me for days.
Hey lover,
I'm so weary.
You won't be happy no matter what I say
'cuz I brought you kisses;
all of my finest,
all the best that I had to give
but you threw them a side
‘cuz you wanted better
and it makes me wonder if I’ve got what you want me to give.
Hey mother
I need you to tell me whatever should I do
to keep my lover
here beside me, oh.
I need you to guide me
Oh, what should I do
'cuz I've begged him
got on my knees
made me feel like
some kind of fool
but I’ll do
whatever he wants me
whatever he needs me to do.
Hey father
Don’t go crazy
‘cuz I’m not the baby
you think I am.
Put your gun down,
‘cuz you don’t need it.
You got to believe me
if you think that you can.
No, he don’t mean to
take me for granted,
he just needs to understand.
Maybe he can find another lady,
but I’ll be damned if I can find myself another man.
Hey lover
So tired
‘cuz I’ve been workin’ to please you.
Hey lover
What’s your goddamn problem
that keeps you up cryin’ this whole night through?
Is the life that
I try to give you
is it less than you could give yourself.
Do I, do I mean less than your last lover?
Well maybe you should just go back to them.
No lover
No lover
I didn’t mean it, no
Somebody tell her that she can't carry it all
It's getting hard to pretend we're not watching her fall
Why does she always give more than she's got
She think the world's gonna stop but it's not
She's letting everything in
trouble is that it's gotta come out
Emily, leave it with me
under the stairs in a box
'til your safe an' sound, Emily
Somebody tell her she's just fooling herself
She thinks she's just fighting the shadow of somebody else
Doesn't she notice how much she's lost
It's like she's nailing herself to a cross
Listen to me this is crazy
it's all got to stop
Emily, leave it with me
under the stairs in a box
'til your safe an' sound, Emily
Burning bright you are
like a falling star
Emily, leave it with me
under the stairs in a box
There you are again
I see you all the time
We haven’t really met yet,
But you know, I don’t mind
’Cuz I think today’s the day
I’m gonna go right up and say to you
Would it be alright
If I called you up sometime?
There you go again
I let you get away
At least I’ve got more time
To think of what I might say (like)
“Couldn’t we be good” (or maybe)
“Don’t you think that we should find
Some quiet little place where we’d make love all day?”
Come and talk to me
What are you waiting for
’Cuz I can see you passing every day and I’m always wanting more
Come and talk to me
What are you gonna do
’Cuz I can’t seem to get the nerve to get off my own ass
And come and talk to you
You know I love the type
You look like you’ve been up all night
And yet somehow still look beautiful
You do it all at the same time
Whenever you walk by
You always look me in the eyes
And in that moment I know
the same thing’s on your mind
It always seems to be that I let the good things pass by
Just let ourselves get together right now.
Ball and Chain!
Yeah, I heard that, man. How are you, how, I mean, er, how are you out there? Are you are you
OK? You know that you stand stoned and you got enough water, got a place to sleep and
everything. What does that mean? Huh? Because, you know, because all of us, you know, I don't
mean to be preachy but we ought to remember that in that case it means promoters, too, that music's
for grooving, man, that music's not for putting yourself in bad changes. You know, I mean you
don't have to go take anybody's shit, man, just to like music, you know what I mean? You don't. So
er, so if you're getting more shit than you deserve, you know what to do about it, man. You know,
it's just music. Music's... music's supposed to be different than that.
Hey, come on, come on, come on, come on!
Didn't I make you feel, oh honey, like you were the only man I ever wanted, that I ever needed?
Oh ho, honey, didn't I give you nearly everything that I ever had to give?
Oh, you know I did!
But each time I tell myself that I, I think I've had enough,
Well, I'm gonna show you, baby, that a woman can be tough.
I want you to come on, come on, come on, come on and take it,
Take another little piece of my heart now, baby!
Break another little bit of my heart now, darling, yeah, yeah, yeah.
Have a, have another little piece of my heart now, daddy daddy daddy,
You know you got it if it makes you feel good,
Yes indeed, whoaa.
You're out on the streets, you're looking good,
Honey, deep down inside I know you know it ain't never been right,
Never, never, never, never, never, never, never, never hear me cry at night, oh!
Each time I tell myself that I can't stand the pain,
But when you hold me in your arms, I'll sing it once again.
Say come on, come on, yeah, come on, come on and take it!
Take another little piece of my heart now, baby.
Break another little piece of my heart, darling, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.
Have another little piece of my heart, baby, baby, baby,
You know you got it, if it makes you feel good.
I want you to feel good now, yeah!
Say come on, come on, come on, come on and take it,
Take another little piece of my heart now, baby!
Break another little piece of my heart, darling, yeah yeah yeah yeah.
Have a, have another little piece of my heart, baby, baby, baby.
You know you got it alright!
Say! Whoaa, have another little piece of my heart now, daddy,
Break it, break it, break it, I want you to want it, take out the inside of me,
Have another little piece of my heart now, baby, baby, baby.
You know you got it, if it makes you
I want you to feel good, Lord, alright!
I know it ain’t easy,
I know it ain’t easy,
I know it ain’t easy lovin’ me.
I know it ain’t easy
When it comes to lovin’ me.
Pushed you away too many times, I did,
It’s a wonder you didn’t leave, oh.
I know it ain’t easy
I know it ain’t easy
I know it ain’t easy lovin’ me.
I know it ain’t easy,
Can’t be easy,
I know it ain’t easy lovin’ me.
My mother told me, “Girl,
You’re gonna lose him,
And a good man’s hard to find.
Lately you’ve been living like
Some kind of feline.
Now you’re down to life number nine.”
I know it ain’t easy,
I know it ain’t easy,
I know it ain’t easy lovin’ me, oh.
I know it ain’t easy,
Can’t be easy,
I know it ain’t easy lovin’ me.
You know, you know you don’t have to tell me.
I can see the writing on the wall.
Well, well, well, well, well, well,
Sometimes you know
You gotta go to the mountain top
Just to see how far you might go.
It ain’t easy…
I know it ain’t easy
I know it ain’t easy
I know it ain’t easy lovin’ me.
I know it ain’t easy,
Can’t be easy,
I know it ain’t easy lovin’ me.
I know it ain’t easy,
Can’t be easy,
Standing here outside your door
Not sure if you're home
Wondering if I'm a fool
Maybe I should go
Usually I'm fearless
But I've become undone
A clown without even a disguise
Now everyone will know that I've
Fallen fallen I've fallen in love
And I can't make sense of it
Don't know how this happened
I can't say for sure
But suddenly I'm incomplete
Sustaining on the hope
If you should see me face to face
If you could hear my heart
You might feel this terrifying something rising up and you've
Fallen fallen you've fallen in love
Maybe no one told you there is strength in your tears
And so you fight to keep from pouring out
But what if you unlock the gate that keeps your secret soul
Do you think there's enough that you would drown?
If no one will listen
If you decide to speak
If no one's left standing after the bombs explode
If no one wants to look at you
For what you really are
I will be here still
No one can tell you where you alone must go
There's no telling what you will find there
And, God, I know the fear that eats away at your bones
It's screaming every step, Just stay here
If no one will listen
If you decide to speak
If no one's left standing after the bombs explode
If no one wants to look at you
For what you really are
I will be here still
If you find your fists are raw and red from beating yourself down
If your legs have given out under the weight
If you find you've been settling for a world of gray
So you wouldn't have to face down your own hate
If no one will listen
If you decide to speak
If no one's left standing after the bombs explode
If no one wants to look at you
For what you really are
I will be here still
If no one will listen
If you decide to speak
If no one's left standing after the bombs explode
If no one wants to look at you
For what you really are
I will be here still
After I promise to love you forever
What happens to us if I fail?
I fear that my heart is a wavering thing and
I'm scared that your heart is frail
Do I give up and just let go
Or remain, I don't know
What does this say about me
I want to believe that a love is everlasting
Something that happens still
(but) what if I can't sustain it forever but I
Give you my word that I will
Do I give up and just let go
Or remain, I don't know
What does this say about me
(what if I) give you my vow that I'll love you forever
And then wish that I could be free
These are the things that I don't know is it just me
I didn't know if I would ever feel the same
The way I used to feel before you'd gone
I didn't know if the ache would ever go away
I only knew I had to go on
I know I should've noticed it was coming
But I just wanted to pretend I was blind
I don't know if you ever really loved me
Or maybe you were just passing time
Well I guess you'll never know
But I've finally let you go
And the rain may be falling on my window
But I feel like I'm coming alive
Yesterday I was trying so hard not to cry
But today I feel fine
Let it rain.
I know you always thought I'd stay waiting
Just in case you wanted to come back
But you never thought I'd start healing
Or maybe I just would not want you back
Well I guess you'll never know
But I've finally let you go
And the rain may be falling on my window
But I feel like I'm coming alive
Yesterday I was trying so hard not to cry
But today I feel fine
And I'm not losing my mind
So today I feel fine
Let it rain.
Bartender another
And make it a double
I can't go home
I'm in some kind of trouble
What started so innocently
Turned to sin
And I can't get out
I am too deep in
Have you ever had everything you'd ever wanted
A good life, good friends and a loving companion
Well take a hard look and pay real close attention
I threw it all away with reckless abandon
On a pair of caramel eyes
I found out how quickly I'd learned to lie
Don't judge me til you've walked a mile in my shoes
Things aren't always as they seem
Cause being with him was like falling asleep
Going home was like waking from some kind of dream
The kind that you hope never ends
But real life is not something I can suspend
Bartender another
And make it a double
I can't go home
I'm in some kind of trouble
What started so innocently
Turned to sin
And I can't get out
I am too deep
Too deep
Too deep
You are the answered prayer
That I thought was never heard
But here you are in front of me
And I admit, I'm finding it hard to breathe and I believe
In answered prayer
I put away what I thought was youthful faith
But someone must have heard my silent cry
For here you are before my eyes
Now you know, you are the reason why I believe
In answered prayer
Some may try to convince me
That this is what everyone else feels
But I know that
God and I are the only ones
Who ever heard my appeal
(That's why)
You are the answered prayer
That I thought was never heard
But here you are in front of me
And I admit
I'm finding it hard to breathe
And I believe
In answered prayer
