Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC)
Atlantic Coast Conference logo
Established	1953
Association	NCAA
Division	Division I FBS
Members	12 (+2 joining)
Sports fielded	25[1] (men's: 12; women's: 13)
Region	South Atlantic (10 schools) New England (1 school) Mid-Atlantic (1 currently, 3 schools in 2014)
Headquarters	Greensboro, North Carolina
Commissioner	John Swofford (since 1997)
Website	www.theacc.com
Locations

The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is a collegiate athletic league in the United States. Founded in 1953 in Greensboro, North Carolina, the ACC sanctions competition in twenty-five sports in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association for its twelve member universities. In 2011, the conference announced it was adding Syracuse and Pittsburgh to expand to fourteen members. Football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), the higher of two levels of Division I college football.

The ACC is considered one of the six "power conferences," and the ACC football champion receives an automatic bid to one of the Bowl Championship Series games each season.

History[link]

Seven universities were charter members of the ACC: Clemson, Duke, Maryland, North Carolina, North Carolina State, South Carolina, and Wake Forest. Previously members of the Southern Conference, they left partially due to that league's ban on post-season play. After drafting a set of bylaws for the creation of a new league, the seven withdrew from the Southern Conference at the spring meeting on the morning of May 8, 1953. The bylaws were ratified on June 14, 1953, and the ACC was created. On December 4, 1953, officials convened in Greensboro, North Carolina, and admitted Virginia into the conference.^[2]

In 1971, South Carolina left the ACC to become an independent. The ACC operated with seven members until the addition of Georgia Tech from the Metro Conference on April 3, 1978. The total number of member schools reached nine with the addition of Florida State, also formerly from the Metro Conference, on July 1, 1991.

The ACC added three members from the Big East Conference during the 2005 cycle of conference realignment: Miami and Virginia Tech joined on July 1, 2004, and Boston College joined on July 1, 2005, as the league's twelfth member and the first and only one from New England. The expansion was not without controversy, since Connecticut, Rutgers, Pittsburgh, and West Virginia (and, initially, Virginia Tech) filed lawsuits against the ACC, Miami, and Boston College for conspiring to weaken the Big East Conference.

The ACC Hall of Champions opened on March 2, 2011, next to the Greensboro Coliseum arena, making the ACC the second college sports conference to have a hall of fame.^[3][4]

On September 17, 2011, Big East Conference members Syracuse University and the University of Pittsburgh both tendered a formal written application to the ACC to join its ranks.^[5] The two schools were accepted into the conference the following day.^[6] Because the Big East intends to hold Pitt and Syracuse to the 27-month notice period required by league bylaws, the most likely entry date into the ACC (barring negotiations) is July 1, 2014.^[7]

Commissioners[link]

Members[link]

The twelve ACC schools cover seven states, each having coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. With the addition of Pitt and Syracuse, there will be fourteen ACC schools covering nine states.

^a As of December 11, 2011. In Division I FBS, football is the only sport for which the NCAA does not sponsor a championship. National championships sponsored by various third parties, such as the Bowl Championship Series and Associated Press are not included in the table (but conference football championships are). Championships in women's sports sponsored by the AIAW are also not included.

Future members[link]

Former member[link]

Membership timeline[link]

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Period = from:1953 till:2022

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         id:line     value:black

         id:bg       value:white

         id:Full value:rgb(0.742,0.727,0.852) # Use this color to denote a team that is a member in all sports
         id:FullxF value:rgb(0.551,0.824,0.777) # Use this color to denote a team that is a member in all sports except for football
         id:AssocF value:rgb(0.98,0.5,0.445) # Use this color to denote a team that is a member for football only
         id:AssocOS value:rgb(0.5,0.691,0.824) # Use this color to denote a team that is a member in some sports, but not all (consider identifying in legend or a footnote)
         id:OtherC1 value:rgb(0.996,0.996,0.699) # Use this color to denote a team that has moved to another conference
         id:OtherC2 value:rgb(0.988,0.703,0.383) # Use this color to denote a team that has moved to another conference where OtherC1 has already been used, to distinguish the two

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  bar:1  color:Full from:1953 till:end text:Clemson  (1953–)

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  bar:3  color:Full from:1953 till:end text:Maryland (1953–)

  bar:4  color:Full from:1953 till:end text:North Carolina (1953–)

  bar:5  color:Full from:1953 till:end text:North Carolina State (1953–)

  bar:6  color:Full from:1953 till:1971 text:South Carolina  (1953–1971)

  bar:7  color:Full from:1953 till:end text:Virginia (1953–)

  bar:8  color:Full from:1953 till:end text:Wake  Forest (1953–)

  bar:9  color:Full from:1978 till:end text:Georgia Tech (1978–)

  bar:10 color:Full from:1991 till:end text:Florida  State (1991–)

  bar:11 color:Full from:2004 till:end text:Miami  (2004–)

  bar:12 color:Full from:2004 till:end text:Virginia Tech (2004–)

  bar:13 color:Full from:2005 till:end text:Boston College  (2005–)

  bar:14 color:Full from:2014 till:end text:Pittsburgh* (2014–)

  bar:15 color:Full from:2014 till:end text:Syracuse*  (2014–)

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1. > If the chart uses more than one bar color, add a legend by selecting the appropriate fields from the following six options (use only the colors that are used in the graphic.) Leave a blank line after the end of the timeline, then add a line with the selected values from the list, separated by a space. Full members Full members (non-football) Assoc. members (football only) Assoc. member (list sports) Other Conference Other Conference <# </timeline>

*Note: Due to their contractual commitments to the Big East Conference, the exact date of Pittsburgh and Syracuse joining the Atlantic Coast Conference has yet to be determined, but the join date is expected to be no later than 2014.^[9][10]

Facilities[link]

Future members[link]

Sports[link]

Member universities compete in the following sports:

Outside of the ACC, Boston College plays ice hockey as a member of Hockey East; and Maryland, North Carolina, and NC State are members of the East Atlantic Gymnastics League for women's gymnastics.

Current champions[link]

Baseball[link]

Wake Forest won the ACC's only national championship in 1955. Miami won its four national championships (1982, 1985, 1999, 2001) prior to joining the ACC.

^† The count of College World Series appearances includes those made by the school prior to joining the ACC:

• Boston College: 4 appearances
• Florida State: 11 appearances
• Miami: 21 appearances

Basketball[link]

History[link]

Locations of Atlantic Coast Conference member institutions, with the addition of future member institutions Syracuse and Pittsburgh

Historically, the ACC has been considered one of the most successful conferences in men's basketball. The early roots of ACC basketball began primarily thanks to two men: Everett Case and Frank McGuire.

The North Carolina State coach Everett Case had been a successful high school coach in Indiana who accepted the Wolfpack's head coaching job at a time that the school's athletic department had decided to focus on competing in football on a level with Duke, then a national power in college football. Case's North Carolina State teams dominated the early years of the ACC with a modern, fast-paced style of play. He became the fastest college basketball coach to reach many "games won" milestones.

Case eventually became known as The Father of ACC Basketball. Despite his success on the court, he may have been even a better promoter off-the-court. Case realized the need to sell his program and university. That is why he organized the funding and construction of Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, North Carolina, as the new home court for his team. At the time, the Reynolds Coliseum was the largest on-campus arena in America, and it was therefore used as the host site for many Southern Conference Tournaments, ACC Tournaments, and the Dixie Classic, an annual event involving the four ACC teams from North Carolina as well as four other prominent programs from across the nation. The Dixie Classic brought in large revenues for all schools involved and soon became one of the premier sporting events in the South.

Possibly Case's most lasting contribution was the ACC tournament, which was created when the league started in 1954. The conference was unique in that until multiple bids to the NCAA tournament were granted to conferences following the 1975 season, its sole representative was the tournament champion rather than the regular season champion. In 1961, the conference altered its bylaws to reflect this, declaring that from then on, the tournament champion would be the sole champion of the ACC, eliminating the conference's regular season title. Fans and media do occasionally claim a school has won a conference title when it finishes first in the regular season, but the conference does not recognize these titles as official. The bylaw declaring the tournament champion the sole champion remains in place to this day, making the ACC the only Division I college basketball conference that does not officially crown a regular season champion.

At North Carolina, Frank McGuire was hired as the men's basketball coach to counter Case's personality, as well as the dominant success of his program. McGuire began recruiting in his home area of New York. McGuire knew that basketball was the major high school athletic event of the region, unlike football in the South. Case and McGuire literally invented a rivalry. Both men realized the benefits created through a rivalry between them. It brought more national attention to both of their programs and increased fan support on both sides. For this reason, they often exchanged verbal jabs at each other in public, while maintaining a secret working relationship in private.

In 1957, when McGuire's North Carolina team won the national championship, an entrepreneur from Greensboro named Castleman D. Chesley noticed the popularity that it generated. He developed a five-station television network which began broadcasting regular season ACC games the following season. From that point on, ACC basketball gained large popularity.

The ACC has been the home of many prominent basketball coaches, including Terry Holland, Everett Case, Frank McGuire, Vic Bubas, Press Maravich, Dean Smith, Norm Sloan, Bones McKinney, Lefty Driesell, Jim Valvano, Mike Krzyzewski, Bobby Cremins, Gary Williams, and Roy Williams.

Present-day schedule[link]

With the expansion to 12 teams by the 2005–2006 season, the ACC schedule could no longer accommodate a home-and-away series between every pair of teams each season. In the new scheduling format that was agreed to, each team is assigned two permanent partners and nine rotating partners over a three-year period. Teams play their permanent partners in a home-and-away series each year. The rotating partners are split into three groups: three teams who are played in a home-and-away series, three teams who are played at home, and three teams who are played on the road. The rotating partner groups are rotated so that a team will play each permanent partner six times, and each rotating partner four times, over a three-year period. Beginning in the 2012–2013 season, the in-conference schedule will expand to 18 games regardless of whether Syracuse and Pittsburgh have joined the ACC in time for that season. As of February 7, 2012, the ACC had not specified how the 18-game schedule would be arranged in the absence of Syracuse and Pittsburgh. When those two schools do join the ACC, however, a new scheduling format will see each team paired with one "primary partner. The scheduling model will be based on a three-year cycle during which teams will play every league opponent at least once every season. "Primary partners" will play home and away every season, while the other 12 opponents will rotate in groups of four: one year both home and away; one year at home only; and one year away only. Over the course of the three-year cycle "primary partners" will play a total of six times and all other conference opponents will play four times.^[11]

The table below lists each school's two permanent scheduling partners until Syracuse and Pittsburgh join the ACC, followed by the post-expansion pairings.

National championships[link]

Over the course of its existence, ACC schools have captured 12 NCAA men's basketball championships. North Carolina has won five, Duke has won four, NC State has won two, and Maryland has won one. In addition, 8 of the 12 members have advanced to the Final Four at least once. (note: UNC also claims a 1924 national championship awarded by the selection panel of the Helms Athletic Foundation. The NCAA did not begin declaring a basketball champion until 1939.)

In women's basketball, the ACC has won two national championships, North Carolina in 1994 and Maryland in 2006. In 2006, Duke, Maryland, and North Carolina all advanced to the Final Four, the first time a conference placed three teams in the women's Final Four. Both finalists were from the ACC, with Maryland defeating Duke for the title.

Field hockey[link]

The ACC has won 17 of the 31 NCAA Championships in field hockey.

Football[link]

Divisions[link]

In 2005, the ACC began divisional play in football. Division leaders compete in a playoff game to determine the ACC championship. The inaugural Championship Game was played on December 3, 2005, in Jacksonville, Florida, at the stadium then known as Alltel Stadium, in which Florida State defeated Virginia Tech to capture its 12th championship since it joined the league in 1992. The 2011 ACC Championship Game was played at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina with Clemson defeating Virginia Tech 38–10.

The ACC was the only NCAA Division I conference whose divisions were not divided geographically (North/South, East/West)^[12] until the Big Ten announced its division names after the 2010 regular season.^[13]

The existing division structure leads to each team playing the following games:

• Five games within its division (one against each opponent)
• One game against a designated permanent rival from the other division (not necessarily the school's closest traditional rival, even within the conference); this is similar to the SEC setup
• Two rotating games (one home, one away) against teams in the other division
• Four out-of-conference games.

On February 3, 2012, the ACC announced a new regular-season scheduling format which added Syracuse to the Atlantic division and Pittsburgh to the Coastal division. These new teams will be cross-divisional rivals. This change will take effect once Pitt and Syracuse officially enter the conference at an undetermined future date. The new division structure will lead to each team playing one additional game within their division, and one fewer out-of-conference game.^[14]

In the table below, each column represents one division. Each team's designated permanent rival is listed in the same row in the opposing column.^[15]

Bowl games[link]

Within the Bowl Championship Series, the Orange Bowl serves as the home of the ACC champion against another BCS at-large selection unless the conference's champion is selected for the national championship game.

The other bowls pick ACC teams in the order set by agreements between the conference and the bowls. The ACC Championship Game runner-up is guaranteed to fall no lower than the Sun Bowl, the 4th pick, in the conference bowl hierarchy.^[16] Previously the ACC Championship Game runner-up had been guaranteed the Music City Bowl with usually then the 5th pick.^[17] The other rule change that will be in effect for the next four years is that the ACC has eliminated the clause in the contract that states if a bowl team has already selected the runner-up, it doesn't have to choose it again.^[16]

Moreover, a bowl game can bypass a team in the selection process only if the two teams in question are within one game of each other in the overall ACC standings. This rule was instituted in response to concerns over the 2005 bowl season, in which Atlantic Division co-champion Boston College fell to the ACC's then-last remaining bowl slot, the MPC Computers Bowl in Boise, Idaho.

* Unless the ACC champion is ranked #1 or #2 in the BCS poll, in which case the ACC champion will play in the national championship game, and the Orange Bowl will select one of the other BCS teams.

** The Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl has a conditional arrangement with the ACC: if its primary partners are not bowl eligible, and if the ACC has nine bowl-eligible teams, then the bowl takes the ninth selection of ACC teams.^[18]

National championships[link]

Although the NCAA does not determine an official national champion for Division I FBS football, several ACC members claim national championships awarded by various "major selectors" of national championships as recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.^[19] Since 1936 and 1950 respectively, these include what are now the most pervasive and influential selectors, the Associated Press poll and Coaches Poll. In addition, since 1998 the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) has used a mathematical formula to match the top two teams at the end of the season. The winner of the BCS is contractually awarded the Coaches' Poll national championship and its AFCA National Championship Trophy as well as the MacArthur Trophy from the National Football Foundation.

* denotes championships won before the school joined the ACC.

Golf[link]

• Italics denote championships won before the school joined the ACC.

Lacrosse[link]

Since 1971, when the first men's national champion was determined by the NCAA, the ACC has won 12 national championships, more than any other conference in college lacrosse, including at least one by every team currently playing in the ACC. Virginia has won five national championships, North Carolina has won four national championships, Maryland has won two national championships and Duke has won one national championship . In addition, prior to the establishment of the NCAA tournament, Maryland had won nine national championships while Virginia won two.

On September 17, 2011, Big East Conference members Syracuse University and the University of Pittsburgh both tendered a formal written application to the ACC to join its ranks.^[20] The two schools were accepted into the conference the following day.^[21] The expected date of arrival for Syracuse lacrosse is July 1, 2013.

Women's lacrosse has only awarded a national championship since 1982, and the ACC has won more titles than any other conference. In all, the ACC has won 13 women's national championships: Maryland has won ten and Virginia has won three.

Italics denotes championships before it was part of the ACC.
* An asterisk indicates that Syracuse had to vacate their 1990 Championship due to NCAA sanctions.

Soccer[link]

In men's soccer, the ACC has won 14 national championships, including 13 in the 26 seasons between 1984 and 2009. Six have been won by Virginia - including 2009 against the previously undefeated Akron Zips. The remaining eight have been won by Maryland (3 times), Clemson (twice), Duke, North Carolina, and Wake Forest. During the 2007 season, Virginia Tech and Wake Forest advanced to the College Cup, the final four of men's soccer. The 2008 season saw two ACC teams, Maryland and North Carolina, meet in the championship game with Maryland winning by a score of 1-0.

In women's soccer, North Carolina has won 20 of the 27 NCAA titles since the NCAA crowned its first champion, as well as the only Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) soccer championship in 1981. The Tar Heels have also won 18 of the 21 ACC tournaments, losing to North Carolina State in 1988 and Virginia in 2004, both times by penalty kicks. In 2010 for the first time they failed to make the championship game, falling to eventual champion Wake Forest in the semi-finals.

• Italics denote championships before the sport was part of the ACC.

See also[link]

• ACC Athlete of the Year
• ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year
• List of Atlantic Coast Conference football champions
• List of Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball regular season champions
• List of Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball tournament champions
• List of Atlantic Coast Conference women's basketball regular season champions
• List of Atlantic Coast Conference women's basketball tournament champions
• List of current ACC football announcers
• List of current ACC basketball announcers
• Atlantic Coast Rugby League

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• ACC Hall of Champions

The Atlantic Ocean, not including Arctic and Antarctic regions

Earth's oceans (World Ocean)
Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean

This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the ISS. The pass starts from just north-east of the Island of Newfoundland over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over South Sudan.

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi),^[1] it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas".

The oldest known mention of "Atlantic" is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: Sea of Atlas); see also: Atlas Mountains. The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic ocean as late as the mid-19th century.^[2] Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term "ocean" itself was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that we now know as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.

The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south. (Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica.) The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.

Geography[link]

The Atlantic Ocean as seen from the western coast of Portugal

The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe; the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea –one of its marginal seas– and, in turn, the Black Sea) and Africa.

In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. Some authorities show it extending south to Antarctica, while others show it bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean.^[3]

In the southwest, the Drake Passage connects it to the Pacific Ocean. The man-made Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific. Besides those mentioned, other large bodies of water adjacent to the Atlantic are the Caribbean Sea; the Gulf of Mexico; Hudson Bay; the Arctic Ocean; the Mediterranean Sea; the North Sea; the Baltic Sea and the Celtic Sea.

Covering approximately 22% of Earth's surface, the Atlantic is second in size to the Pacific. With its adjacent seas, it occupies an area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi);^[1] without them, it has an area of 82,400,000 square kilometres (31,800,000 sq mi). The land that drains into the Atlantic covers four times that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans. The volume of the Atlantic with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000 cubic kilometers (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them 323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).

The average depth of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is 3,339 metres (1,826 fathoms; 10,950 ft); without them it is 3,926 metres (2,147 fathoms; 12,880 ft). The greatest depth, Milwaukee Deep with 8,380 metres (4,580 fathoms; 27,500 ft), is in the Puerto Rico Trench. The Atlantic's width varies from 1,538 nautical miles (2,848 km; 1,770 mi) between Brazil and Sierra Leone to over 3,450 nautical miles (6,400 km; 4,000 mi) in the south.^{[citation needed]}

Cultural significance[link]

This section requires expansion.

Transatlantic travel played a major role in the expansion of Western civilization into the Americas. It is the Atlantic that separates the "Old World" from the "New World". In modern times, some idioms refer to the ocean in a humorously diminutive way as the Pond, describing both the geographical and cultural divide between North America and Europe, in particular between the English-speaking nations of both continents. Many British people refer to the United States and Canada as "across the pond", and vice versa.^[4]

Ocean bottom[link]

Map that uses color to show ocean depth

The principal feature of the bathymetry (bottom topography) is a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.^[5] It extends from Iceland in the north to approximately 58° South latitude, reaching a maximum width of about 860 nautical miles (1,590 km; 990 mi). A great rift valley also extends along the ridge over most of its length. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 metres (1,500 fathoms; 8,900 ft) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep. Several peaks rise above the water and form islands.^[6] The South Atlantic Ocean has an additional submarine ridge, the Walvis Ridge.^[7]

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the Atlantic Ocean into two large troughs with depths from 3,700–5,500 metres (2,000–3,000 fathoms; 12,000–18,000 ft). Transverse ridges running between the continents and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge divide the ocean floor into numerous basins. Some of the larger basins are the Blake, Guiana, North American, Cape Verde, and Canaries basins in the North Atlantic. The largest South Atlantic basins are the Angola, Cape, Argentina, and Brazil basins.

The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps, abyssal plains, trenches, seamounts, basins, plateaus, canyons, and some guyots. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise.

Ocean floor trenches and seamounts:

• Puerto Rico Trench, in the North Atlantic, is the deepest trench at 8,605 metres (4,705 fathoms; 28,230 ft)^[8]
• Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada
• South Sandwich Trench reaches a depth of 8,428 metres (4,608 fathoms; 27,650 ft)
• Romanche Trench is located near the equator and reaches a depth of about 7,454 metres (4,076 fathoms; 24,460 ft).

Ocean sediments are composed of:

• Terrigenous deposits with land origins, consisting of sand, mud, and rock particles formed by erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity on land washed to sea. These materials are found mostly on the continental shelves and are thickest near large river mouths or off desert coasts.
• Pelagic deposits, which contain the remains of organisms that sink to the ocean floor, include red clays and Globigerina, pteropod, and siliceous oozes. Covering most of the ocean floor and ranging in thickness from 60–3,300 metres (33–1,800 fathoms; 200–11,000 ft) they are thickest in the convergence belts, notably at the Hamilton Ridge and in upwelling zones.
• Authigenic deposits consist of such materials as manganese nodules. They occur where sedimentation proceeds slowly or where currents sort the deposits, such as in the Hewett Curve.

Water characteristics[link]

Path of the thermohaline circulation. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.

Map of the five major ocean gyres

On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3 – 3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about 25° north and south, in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7–8 °C (12–15 °F).

The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and South Atlantic central waters make up the surface. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 metres (550 fathoms; 3,300 ft). The North Atlantic Deep Water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 metres (2,200 fathoms; 13,000 ft). The Antarctic Bottom Water occupies ocean basins at depths greater than 4,000 metres.

Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate the Sargasso Sea, a large elongated body of water, with above average salinity. The Sargasso Sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for both the European eel and the American eel.

The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.

Climate[link]

Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean—areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind—create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.

Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.

The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.

The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and north-western Europe and influences weather and climate as far south as the northern Mediterranean. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area) and Africa's north-western coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. More local particular weather examples could be found in examples such as the; Azores High , Benguela Current, Nor'easter.

History[link]

Animation of showing the separation of Pangaea, which formed the Atlantic Ocean known today

The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the five oceans. It did not exist prior to 130 million years ago, when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral super continent Pangaea were drifting apart from seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements along its shores.

The Vikings, the Portuguese, and the Spaniards were the most famous among early explorers. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established.

As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Scientific explorations include the Challenger expedition, the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.

Notable crossings[link]

Ra II, a ship built from papyrus, was successfully sailed across the Atlantic by Thor Heyerdahl proving that it was possible to cross the Atlantic from Africa using such boats in early epochs of history.

• Around 980 – 982, Eric the Red discovered Greenland, geographically and geologically a part of the Americas.
• In 985 or 986, Bjarni Herjólfsson was the first European to sight the Americas. He did not go ashore, though.
• In the year 1000, the Icelander Leif Ericson was the first European to set foot on North American soil, corresponding to today's Eastern coast of Canada, i. e. the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, including the area of land named "Vinland" by Ericson. The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L'Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.
• Around 1010, Thorfinnr Karlsefni led an attempted Viking settlement in North America with 160 settlers, but was later driven off by the natives. His son Snorri Thorfinnsson was the first American born (somewhere between 1010 and 1013) to European (Icelandic) immigrant parents.
• In 1419 and 1427, Portuguese navigators reached Madeira and Azores, respectively.
• From 1415 to 1488, Portuguese navigators sailed along the Western African coast, reaching the Cape of Good Hope.
• In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in The Bahamas.
• In 1497, John Cabot landed at Bonavista Newfoundland and Labrador.
• In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil.
• In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered the United States of America's east coast.
• In 1534, Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and reached the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.
• In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for the English Crown.
• In 1764 William Harrison (the son of John Harrison) sailed aboard the HMS Tartar, with the H-4 time piece. The voyage became the basis for the invention of the global system of Longitude.
• In 1858, Cyrus West Field laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable (it quickly failed).
• In 1865 Brunel's ship the SS Great Eastern laid the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable .
• In 1870 the small City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became the first small Lifeboat to cross the Atlantic from Cork to Boston with two men crew, John Charles Buckley and Nikola Primorac (di Costa), only.^[9]
• In 1896 Frank Samuelsen and George Harbo from Norway became the first people to ever row across the Atlantic Ocean.
• On April 15, 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg with a loss of more than 1,500 lives.^[10]
• 1914–1918, the First Battle of the Atlantic took place.
• In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first seaplane to cross the Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands and the sea along the way, and taxied several hundred miles).
• Later in 1919, a British aeroplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
• In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an airship.
• In 1922, Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho were the first to cross the South Atlantic in an airship.
• In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an aircraft (between New York City and Paris).
• In 1931, Bert Hinkler made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight across the South Atlantic in an aircraft.
• In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first female to make a solo flight across the Atlantic
• 1939–1945, the Second Battle of the Atlantic. Nearly 3,700 Allied ships were sunk at a cost of 783 German U-boats.^[11]
• In 1952, Ann Davison was the first woman to single-handedly sail the Atlantic Ocean.
• In 1965, Robert Manry crossed the Atlantic from the U.S. to England non-stop in a 13.5 foot (4.05 meters) sailboat named "Tinkerbell".^[12] Several others also crossed the Atlantic in very small sailboats in the 1960s, none of them non-stop, though.
• In 1969 and 1970 Thor Heyerdahl launched expeditions to cross the Atlantic in boats built from papyrus. He succeeded in crossing the Atlantic from Morocco to Barbados after a two-month voyage of 6,100 km with Ra II in 1970, thus conclusively proving that boats such as the Ra could have sailed with the Canary Current across the Atlantic in prehistoric times.^[13]
• In 1975, Fons Oerlemans crossed the Atlantic in 82 days, starting from Safi (Morocco) to Trinidad and Tobago, on a selfmade raft.
• In 1980, Gérard d'Aboville was the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean rowing.
• In 1984, Five Argentines sail in a 10-meter-long raft made from tree trunks named Atlantis from Canary Islands and after 52 days 3,000 miles (4,800 km) journey arrived to Venezuela in an attempt to prove travelers from Africa may have crossed the Atlantic before Christopher Columbus.^[14][15]
• In 1994, Guy Delage was the first man to allegedly swim across the Atlantic Ocean (with the help of a kick board, from Cape Verde to Barbados).
• In 1998, Benoît Lecomte was the first man to swim across the northern Atlantic Ocean without a kick board, stopping for only one week in the Azores.
• In 1999, after rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), Tori Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.

Ethiopic Ocean[link]

The Aethiopian Sea, Ethiopic Ocean or Ethiopian Ocean (Okeanos Aithiopos), is an old name for what is now called the South Atlantic Ocean, which is separated from the North Atlantic Ocean by a narrow region between Natal, Brazil and Monrovia, Liberia. The use of this term illustrates a past trend towards referring to the whole continent of Africa by the name Aethiopia. The modern nation of Ethiopia, in northeast Africa, is nowhere near the Ethiopic Ocean, which would be said to lie off the west coast of Africa. The term Ethiopian Ocean sometimes appeared until the mid-19th century.^{[citation needed]}

Economy[link]

The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves. The Atlantic hosts the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the waters covering the shelves. The major fish are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel.

The most productive areas include Newfoundland's Grand Banks, the Nova Scotia shelf, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales appear in great quantities. Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea.

Terrain[link]

From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea. A clockwise warm-water gyre occupies the northern Atlantic, and a counter-clockwise warm-water gyre appears in the southern Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin, first discovered by the Challenger Expedition dominates the ocean floor. This was formed by the vulcanism that also formed the ocean floor and the islands rising from it.

The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. These include the Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Labrador Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.

Islands include Newfoundland (including hundreds of surrounding islands), Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain (including numerous surrounding islands), Ireland, Rockall, Sable Island, Azores, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Madeira, Bermuda, Canary Islands, Caribbean, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Annobón Province, Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martim Vaz, Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island (Also known as Diego Alvarez), Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia Island, South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island.

Natural resources[link]

The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and precious stones.

Natural hazards[link]

Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean

Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira. Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May. Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September, as can hurricanes north of the equator (May to December).

The United States' southeast coast has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs. The Virginia and North Carolina coasts were particularly dangerous.

The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes, but Coast Guard records do not support this belief.

Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic, but mainly in the northern part of the ocean, rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts. Hurricanes usually form between June 1 and November 30 of every year. The most notable hurricane in the Atlantic would be Hurricane Katrina in the 2005 season.

Current environmental issues[link]

Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing can kill dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes.^[16] Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.

In 2005, there was some concern that warm northern European currents were slowing down, but no scientific consensus formed from that evidence.^[17]

On June 7, 2006, Florida's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature.

Marine pollution[link]

Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.^[18]

Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter.

Bordering countries and territories[link]

The states (territories in italics) with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean (excluding the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas) are:

Europe[link]

Africa[link]

South America[link]

Caribbean[link]

Central and North America[link]

Major ports and harbours[link]

See also[link]

	Environment portal
	Ecology portal
	Geography portal
	Weather portal

• List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
• Ocean Highway
• Seven Seas
• Aethiopian Sea
• Transatlantic crossing
  • Age of Discovery
  • Middle Passage
    • Atlantic slave trade
  • Transatlantic flight
• Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I)
• Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)
• Borders of the oceans#Atlantic Ocean
• Gulf Stream shutdown
• History of the Atlantic Ocean articles
• Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
• Atlantic hurricanes

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2010)

Bibliography[link]

• Simon Winchester. Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories. HarperCollins, 2010. ISBN 978-0-00-734137-5 [Alternative title: Atlantic: The Biography of an Ocean]
• Much of this article originated from the public domain site http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html (dead link)