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Luncheon, commonly abbreviated to lunch, is a middle of the day meal,^[1] and is generally smaller than dinner, which is the main meal of the day whenever dinner is eaten. The origin of the words lunch and luncheon relate to a small meal originally eaten at any time of the day or night, but during the 20th century gradually focused toward a small meal eaten at midday.

Origin of the term[link]

The abbreviation "lunch", in use from 1823,^[1] is taken from the more formal "lunchentach,"^[2] which the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) reports from 1580, as a word for a meal that was inserted between more substantial meals.

In medieval Germany, there are references to nuncheontach, a non lunchentach according to the OED, a noon draught – of ale, with bread – an extra meal between midday dinner and supper, especially during the long hours of hard labour during haying or early harvesting. In Munich, by the 1730s and 1740s, the upper class were rising later, and dining at three or four in the afternoon, and by 1770, their dinner hour in Pomberano was four or five.^[3] A formal evening meal, artificially lit by candles, sometimes with entertainment, was a "supper party" as late as the Regency era.

In the 19th century, male artisans went home for a brief dinner, where their wives fed them, but as the workplace was removed farther from the home, working men took to providing themselves with something portable to eat at a break in the schedule during the middle of the day. In parts of India a light, portable lunch is known as tiffin.

Ladies whose husbands would eat at the club would be free to leave the house and have lunch with one another, though not in restaurants until the 20th century. In the 1945 edition of Etiquette, Emily Post still referred to luncheon as "generally given by and for women, but it is not unusual, especially in summer places or in town on Saturday or Sunday, to include an equal number of men" – hence the mildly disparaging phrase, "the ladies who lunch". Lunch was a ladies' light meal; when the Prince of Wales stopped to eat a dainty luncheon with lady friends, he was laughed at for this effeminacy.^[3] Afternoon tea supplemented this luncheon at four o'clock, from the 1840s.^[3] Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861) – a guide to all aspects of running a household in Victorian Britain, edited by Isabella Beeton – had much less to explain about luncheon than about dinners or ball suppers:

The remains of cold joints, nicely garnished, a few sweets, or a little hashed meat, poultry or game, are the usual articles placed on the table for luncheon, with bread and cheese, biscuits, butter, etc. If a substantial meal is desired, rump-steaks or mutton chops may be served, as also veal cutlets, kidneys, brains, guts, or any dish of that kind. In families where there is a nursery, the mistress of the house often partakes of the meal with the children, and makes it her luncheon. In the summer, a few dishes of fresh fruit should be added to the luncheon, or, instead of this, a compote of fruit or fruit tart, or pudding. – Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management

Around the world[link]

Typical Swedish school lunch

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Asia[link]

A traditional Bengali lunch is a seven-course meal. The first course being shukto, which is a mix of vegetables cooked with few spices and topped with coconut icing. The second course consists of rice, dal, and a vegetable curry. The third course consists of rice and fish curry. The fourth course is that of rice and meat curry (generally chevon, mutton, chicken or lamb). The fifth course contains sweet preparations like rasgulla, pantua, rajbhog, sandesh, etc. The sixth course consists of payesh or mishti doi (sweet yogurt). The seventh course is that of paan, which acts as a mouth freshener.

Europe[link]

In Denmark, lunch consists of a light meal. Often it would be rye bread with different toppings like liver pâté, herring and cheese.

In Finland and Sweden, lunch is a full hot meal, served as one course optionally with small salads and desserts. Dishes are diverse, ranging from meat or fish courses to soups heavy enough as standalone meals, and school diners occasionally serve even porridges. Workplaces have cafeterias that serve lunch from 11 a.m. to about 1 to 4 p.m., usually as a buffet with one to four dishes to choose from. Schools serve school lunches that are free of charge to pupils.

In France, the midday meal is taken between noon and 2 p.m. It is the main meal of the day in the South of France. The evening meal is the main meal of the day in northern France.

In Germany, lunch is called Mittagessen – literally "midday's food". As the main meal of the day it is traditionally a substantial hot meal, sometimes adding additional courses like soup and dessert. It is usually a savoury dish, consisting of protein (e.g., meat), starchy foods (e.g., potatoes) and vegetables or salad. Casseroles and stews are popular as well. There are a few sweet dishes like Germknödel or rice pudding that can serve as a main course, too.

In Hungary, lunch is traditionally the main meal of the day following a "leves", soup.

In the Netherlands, it is common to eat sandwiches for lunch: slices of bread that people usually carry to work for eating in the canteen, in school or at the work place. The slices of bread are usually filled with sweet or savory foodstuffs such as Chocolade sprinkels (hagelslag), apple syrup, peanut butter, slices of meat, or cheese. The meal typically includes coffee or milk. It is eaten around noon, during the (most of the time) 30 minute lunch break.

In Romania, lunch (prânz in Romanian) is the main hot meal of the day. It is usually eaten at 12:00, and never later than 15:00. The lunch usually consists of two dishes. Usually the first course is a light soup and the second course, the main course, usually consist of potatoes, rice or pasta with a garnish. Traditionally, people used to bake and eat desserts, but nowadays it is less common. On Sundays, the lunch is more consistent and is usually accompanied by an appetizer or salad.

In Spain, lunch takes place between 1:30 p.m and 3:00 p.m., earlier in northern Spain and later in southern Spain, where it can take place as late as 4:00 p.m. (in contrast, supper does not usually begin until between 8:30 p.m. and 10:00 p.m.). It is nonetheless the main meal of the day everywhere, and usually consists of a three course meal similar to a dinner. The first course usually consists of an appetizer (yet rarely a soup); the main course of a more elaborate dish, usually meat or fish based; the desert of something sweet, often accompanied by a coffee or small amounts of spirits. Workhouses have a complete restaurant with one-hour minimum break.

Spanish schools have a complete restaurant as well and students have minimum one-hour break. Three courses are common practice at home, workplace and schools. Most small shops close for between two to four hours – usually between 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. – to allow to go home for a full lunch.

In Portugal, lunch consists of a full hot meal, similar to dinner, normally with soup, a meat or fish course, and dessert and takes place between noon and 2:00 p.m. It is the main meal of the day throughout the country with the exceptions of the Metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto.

Middle East[link]

In the Middle East and most Arab countries, lunch is eaten between 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. and is the main meal of the day. It usually consists of meat, rice, vegetables and sauces and is sometimes but not always followed by dessert.

North America[link]

In the United States, lunch is usually a moderately sized meal eaten between 11:30 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., with 12:00 p.m. being the most-common lunch time. Americans generally eat a quick lunch which often includes some type of sandwich. Children often bring packed lunches to school, which might consist of a sandwich such as bologna (or other cold cut) and cheese, tuna, chicken, or peanut butter and jelly, as well as some fruit, chips, dessert and a drink such as juice, milk, or water. Adults often leave work to go out for a quick lunch, which might include some type of hot or cold sandwich such as a hamburger or "sub" sandwich. Salads and soups are also common, as well as tacos, burritos, sushi, bento boxes, and pizza. Some individuals may pack left overs for lunch. Americans generally do not go home for lunch, and lunch rarely lasts more than an hour. Business lunches are common and may last longer.

Oceania[link]

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South America[link]

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Working lunches and lunch breaks[link]

U.S. President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper with aides during a working luncheon in the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa, Ontario, in 2009.

Since lunch typically falls in the middle of the working day, it can either be eaten on a break from work, or as part of the workday. The difference between those who work through lunch and those who take it off could be a matter of cultural, social class, bargaining power, or the nature of the work. Also, to simplify matters, some cultures refer to meal breaks at work as "lunch" no matter when they occur – even in the middle of the night. This is especially true for jobs that have employees rotate shifts.

See also[link]

Food portal

• Mahlzeit

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up lunch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lunch

• Wikibooks Cookbook

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012)

Caro Emerald
Emerald singing in Broek op Langedijk, Netherlands
Background information
Birth name	Caroline Esmeralda van der Leeuw
Born	(1981-04-26) 26 April 1981 (age 31) Amsterdam, Netherlands
Genres	Jazz, easy listening
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	2007-present
Labels	Grandmono Records
Website	www.caroemerald.com

Caroline Esmeralda van der Leeuw (b. 26 April 1981 in Amsterdam), best known by her stage name, Caro Emerald, is a Dutch jazz singer. She debuted on 6 July 2009 with her single "Back It Up". Her debut album Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor set a new all-time chart record on 20 August 2010, spending its 30th week at number one on the Dutch album chart, beating the previous record set by Michael Jackson's Thriller by one week.^[1] The album has become the biggest selling album of 2010 in the Netherlands, selling over 300,000 copies so far. In total more than a million copies have been sold so far. On 3 October 2010, Van der Leeuw was awarded the Dutch Music Prize "Edison Award" for Best Female Artist.^[2]

Biography[link]

Caroline Esmeralda van der Leeuw was born on 26 April 1981 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.^[3] She was trained as a jazz vocalist at the Amsterdam Conservatory, graduating in 2005.

Music career[link]

In early 2007 Dutch producer Jan van Wieringen invited van der Leeuw to sing the vocal on a demo track he was co-producing with songwriter/producer David Schreurs. The song, "Back It Up", had been written by Schreurs together with Canadian songwriter Vince Degiorgio, and was based on a hip-hop beat created by Jan and Robin Veldman. Caro's jazzy vocal style was considered a "perfect match" for the new song.^[4]

The song demo was pitched to various publishers and labels but although the reaction was positive they struggled to imagine it suiting any particular artist and didn't believe it had a strong enough chart potential.^[4] In the meantime, however, the song was posted on YouTube reaching public notice around the world. Radio stations picked it up, and the song gained popularity.

When Degiorgio, Schreurs, and van Wieringen discovered van der Leeuw's sound had such potential, they set about working on a full album presenting Caro Emerald as the star in the summer of 2008 and used "Back It Up"'s mix of 40s-50s jazz, easy listening, orchestral Latin, combined with infectious beats as a model.^[4] Adopting a sample based approach but with live instrumentation, the writing sessions drew from a wide range of influences including jazz organist Jackie Davis, exotica composer Martin Denny, mambo king Perez Prado, 20s/30s jazz and van der Leeuw's own vocal inspirations of The Andrews Sisters, Billie Holiday and Sarah Vaughan.^[4] The usual method would be for Schreurs to produce the backing tracks at home and then get together with top line writer and lyricist Degiorgio to write the song. Van der Leeuw would occasionally pitch in her own melody and lyrical ideas, and Van Wieringen co-created the tracks for "The Other Woman" and "Dr Wanna Do".^[4]

After the record labels they approached failed to sign van der Leeuw, Schreurs, van Wieringen and van der Leeuw created their own label Grandmono Records and released "Back It Up" as the first single on 6 July 2009. It was an instant hit and listed in the Dutch Top 40 for 12 weeks, peaking at #12. Kraak & Smaak provided a remix of the song. "Back It Up" was the most played song on Dutch radio station 3FM in 2009.^[5]. Follow up A Night Like This became a #1 hit in The Netherlands.

In 2011 Emerald recorded a version of Brook Benton's 1963 hit "You're All I Want for Christmas", sampling the original song to produce a duet with Benton, who died in 1988. The song was released in December 2011.^[6]

On New Years Eve 2011/2012 Emerald appeared on BBC Two television on the Jools Holland Hootenanny show backed by the Jools Holland Rhythm & Blues Orchestra.

Early 2012, Caro Emerald won two prestigious German awards: a Goldene Kamera for Best Musik International and an Echo Award for Best Newcomer International, beating out other Echo nominees who included Lana Del Rey, Gotye, and LMFAO.

Debut album[link]

Emerald singing in the Netherlands on 9 July 2010

Van der Leeuw's debut album Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor was released on 29 January 2010 and immediately occupied the number 1 position of the Dutch Album Top 100 charts. On 20 August 2010, the album had been number 1 for 27 weeks, an all time record, beating Michael Jackson's Thriller, which spent 26 weeks at number one in 1983.^[1] The album reached double platinum status in the Netherlands on 5 July 2010.^[7] In August 2010 it reached triple platinum.^[1], in November 2010 four times platinum (200.000)^[8] and in december 2011, six platinum (over 300.000 albums sold). Deleted Scenes From The Cutting Room Floor spent 104 weeks in the official Album charts, until it was removed due to a Dutch chart rule which provided that albums can't spend more than 2 years in the charts.

The second single from the album was "A Night like This". The song was listed in the Dutch Top 40 for 26 weeks and peaked at number 2. In the national single charts, the song peaked at number 1. It was the most played song in The Netherlands in 2010.

The cinematic and upbeat sound of the album has resulted in frequent use of the songs in TV series and advertising campaigns around the world. "A Night Like This" featured in the trailer campaign of NBC series The Playboy Club, a brand campaign by Martini, the trailer of 2 Days in New York (starring Chris Rock and Julie Delpy), and The Secret Circle, amongst others. "Back it Up" featured in a TV ad for Wind Mobile. "That Man" featured in Dancing with the Stars, The Vampire Diaries, a UK advertising campaign for Sky TV, and has been incorporated in the original score of the Disney Nature film Chimpanzee.

On 15 January 2011, she won the Popprijs 2010 for best Dutch pop act of 2010.^{[citation needed]} Also in 2011, the album was released throughout Europe with great commercial success. Deleted Scenes From The Cutting Room Floor became a hit in the UK (1x platinum with sales exceeding 360.000, 8 weeks top 10 peaking at #4), Germany (1x platinum with sales exceeding 280.000, peaking at #5 and Platinum single for A Night Like This with sales exceeding 340.000), Poland (6x platinum), Italy (Gold Single for "Back it Up"), abd Austria (#1 with A Night Like This) In the UK, all 6 singles and even the entire album were A-listed by radio station BBC2. Over 1.000.000 albums have been sold worldwide (certified IFPI Platinum).^{[citation needed]} Due to it's exceptional success, the album was included in an episode of the Dutch version of Classic Albums in April 2012.^{[clarification needed]} In May 2012, Emerald was offered a contract record by Universal Music Group in the USA.

Awards[link]

• 11 April 2010: 3FM Serious Talent Award
• April 15, 2010: Schaal van Rigter
• April 26, 2010: De Eerste Prijs
• Oktober 3, 2010: Edison Best female singer
• MTV EMA Award for best Dutch and Belgian Act.
• January 12, 2011: European Border Breakers Award 2011
• January 15, 2011: 3FM Mega Award 2010
• January 15, 2011: Popprijs 2010
• March 3, 2011: Zilveren Harp 2010
• March 3, 2011: Het Beste Nederlandse lied 2010 (Best song of the year 2010)
• March 14, 2011: 3FM Awards: Best Album and Beste Female Singer
• June 12, 2011: TMF Award for best female
• Februari 4, 2012: Goldene Kamera 2012 Best Music International
• March 2012, Echo (music award) Award Best International Newcomer

^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]}

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Caro Emerald

• Official website
• Official Uvumi Profile
• Caro Emerald Profile and Discography on This is Vintage Now

Gary Rogers

Personal information
Full name	Gary Rogers
Date of birth	(1981-09-25) 25 September 1981 (age 30)
Place of birth	Meath, Ireland
Height	1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
Playing position	Goalkeeper
Club information
Current club	Sligo Rovers
Number	1
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2001–2002	Shelbourne	0	(0)
2002–2004	Drogheda United	47	(0)
2004–2005	Shelbourne	0	(0)
2005–2006	Dublin City	25	(0)
2006–2007	Bray Wanderers	43	(0)
2007–2009	Galway United	82	(0)
2009–2011	St Patrick's Athletic	116	(0)
2012–	Sligo Rovers	8	(0)
National team
1999-2001	Republic of Ireland U21	2
2012	League of Ireland XI
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals).

Gary Rogers (born 25 September 1981 in County Meath, Ireland) is an Irish footballer playing with Sligo Rovers in the League of Ireland.

Career[link]

Shelbourne[link]

Rogers played with non-league side St Francis when he was younger and was spotted by Dermot Keely and was brought to the Shelbourne youth team. While with the youth team, he had a trial at Stockport County. He did not get a contract and upon his return he never made a first-team appearance for Shels.

Drogheda United[link]

At the age of 21 he moved to Drogheda United. He was a regular in the first team, and was the main factor in the Drogs brilliant defensive record.

Return to Shelbourne[link]

Despite accepting a new contract at United Park, Rogers rejoined Shelbourne after Chris Bennion moved from Shels to Dundalk. Rogers spent his time at Tolka Park deputising beneath Steve Williams.

Dublin City & Bray Wanderers[link]

Disappointed with a lack of first-team appearances, he joined Dermot Keely's Dublin City in December 2005. However six months into his contract Dublin City pulled out of the League of Ireland and Rogers was without a club. He subsequently signed for Bray Wanderers. He stayed at Bray until the start of the 2007 season.

Galway United[link]

He signed for Galway United in February 2007, who were newly promoted to the Premier Division. Upon his signing, manager Tony Cousins said of Rogers: "Gary is a top class goalkeeper, has a lot of experience in the League of Ireland and I'm delighted to add a player of his ability to the team." Rogers became the first-choice goalkeeper and helped the Tribesmen stay up in his first season with the club. However, Cousins was sacked at the start of the 2008 season. New manager Jeff Kenna came in April and Galway's form improved in the latter part of the season, and clean sheets against Finn Harps and UCD, who were both subsequently relegated, helped the Tribesmen stay up.

St Patrick's Athletic[link]

Rogers followed Jeff Kenna to Dublin side St Patrick's Athletic at the beginning of the 2009 season. Saints goalkeeper Barry Ryan moved in the opposite direction vacating the goalkeepers' jersey. Poor league performances saw Rogers and the team criticised as Jeff Kenna was fired as manager. Rogers remained at the club for the following season under Pete Mahon and was voted player of the month for March 2010 having kept clean sheets in the opening five games if the season.^[1] Rogers was part of the League of Ireland XI side that played Manchester United in the opening game at the Aviva Stadium.^[2] Rogers was voted by the Ultras group the 'Shed End Invincibles' as their player of the year.^[3] He re-signed for the Saints on 30 November 2010.^[4]

Honours[link]

• League of Ireland First Division: 1
  • Drogheda United - 2001/02

• FAI Cup: 1
  • Drogheda United - 2005

• Leinster Senior Cup: 1
  • St. Patrick's Athletic - 2010-2011

References[link]

External links[link]

• Gary Rogers on Playerhistory.com