Look up Appendix:Proto-Semitic *šalām- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Shin-Lamedh-Mem

• Aramaic: ܫܠܡ‎ Š-L-M
• Arabic: س ل م‎ S-L-M
• Hebrew: שלם‎ Š-L-M
• Maltese: S-L-M

Is the triconsonantal root of many Semitic words, and many of those words are used as names. The root itself translates as "whole, safe, intact".

Salam "Peace"[link]

Arabic salām (سَلاَم‎), Maltese Sliem, Hebrew Shalom (שָׁלוֹם), Ge'ez salām (ሰላም), Syriac šlama (ܫܠܡܐ) are cognate Semitic terms for "peace", deriving from a Proto-Semitic *šalām-.

The word salām is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Arabic and Islamic speech and writing. Al-Salam is one of the 99 names of God in Islam, and also a male given name in conjunction with ʿabd. Abd Al-Salam translates to "Slave of Al-Salaam" (i.e. Slave of Allah the All-Peaceable.)

In Hebrew, the equivalent of the word is Shalom. It is also the root word of the names Solomon (Süleyman), Selim, Salem, Selma, Salma, Salmah, Selimah, Salimah, Salome etc.

The Koine Greek New Testament text uses eirēnē (εἰρήνη) for 'peace',^[1] which perhaps^{[citation needed]} represents Jesus saying šlama; this Greek form became the northern feminine name Irene. In the Epistles, it often occurs alongside the usual Greek greeting chairein (χαίρειν) in the phrase 'grace and peace'. However, comparison of the Greek Septuagint and Hebrew Masoretic Old Testament texts shows some instances where shalom was translated instead as soteria (σωτηρια, meaning "salvation").

Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew and Aramaic have cognate expressions meaning "peace be upon you" used as a greeting:

• Arabic as-salāmu ʿalaykum (السلام عليكم) is used to greet others and is an Arabic equivalent of "hello". The appropriate response to such a greeting is "and upon you be peace" (wa `alaykum as-salām).
• Hebrew שלום עליכם, shalom aleichem, is the equivalent of the Arabic expression, the response being עליכם שלום, aléichem shalóm, "upon you be peace".
• Maltese sliem għalikhom.
• Neo-Aramaic ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܘܟ šlama 'loukh, classically ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ, šlāmâ ‘laik.

Examples[link]

"Shalom" (in blue) and "Salām" (in green) mean "peace" in Hebrew and Arabic respectively and often represent a peace symbol and is also the cover of an Israeli rap group single called "Shalom, Salam, Peace".

"Salaam"

"Shalom"

"Shlama/Shlomo in (top) Madnkhaya, (middle) Serto, and (bottom) Estrangela script."

In Arabic:

• سلام‎ salām "Peace"
• السلام عليكم‎ as-salāmu ʿalaykum "Peace be upon you"
• إسلام‎ ʾIslām "submission, entrusting one's wholeness to another"
• مسلم‎ muslim "One who submits"
• تسليم‎ taslīm — "receiving SLM" — to receive a salutation or becoming submitted
• مستسلم‎ mustaslim — "wanting to receive SLM" — no longer seeking opposition/conflict, the one who is submitted
• سالم‎ sālim — "subject of SLM" — its SLM, "the vase is SLM", "the vase is whole/unbroken"
• مُسَلَّم‎ musāllam — "undisputed"
• Christianity: in the rosary: السلام عليك يا مريم‎ as-salām ʿalayki yā Maryam "Hail Mary".

In Hebrew:

• Shalom
• Mushlam (מושלם) — Perfect
• Shalem (שלם) — whole, complete
• Lehashlim (להשלים) — to complete, fill in
• Leshallem (לשלם) — to pay
• Tashlum (תשלום) — payment
• Shillumim (שילומים) — reparations
• Lehishtallem (להשתלם) — to be worth it, to "pay"
• Absalom (אבשלום) — a personal name, literally means "Father [of] Peace".

In Aramaic:

• Shlama — Peace
• Shalmuta

In Amharic:

• Selam "peace"; also a common greeting
• Selamta "welcome"

In Maltese:

• Sliem — Peace
• Sellem to greet, to salute'

In Akkadian^[2]:

• Salimatu "alliance"
• Salimu "peace, concord"
• Shalamu "to be(come) whole, safe; to recover; to succeed, prosper".
• Shulmu "health, well-being"; also a common greeting

In Turkish (loanword):

• Selam

[edit] Islam "Piety, Faith"

The word إسلام ʾIslām is a verbal noun derived from s-l-m, meaning "submission" (i.e. entrusting one's wholeness to another), which may be interpreted as humility. "One who submits" is signified by the participle مسلم, Muslim (fem. مسلمة, muslimah).^[3]

The word is given a number of meanings in the Qur'an. In some verses (ʾāyāt), the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam."^[4] Other verses connect islām and dīn (usually translated as "religion"): "Today, I have perfected your religion (dīn) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion."^[5] Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith.^[6]

History in 2nd millennium BCE[link]

An example of the Amarna letters in cuneiform

In the 2nd millennium BCE, besides the Akkadian language usage of s-l-m, and Babylonian usage, there was a specific form of "shulmani" in the Amarna letters. A small number of the 382-letter corpus of the letters discussed the exchange of "peace gifts", namely greeting-gifts (Shulmani) between the Pharaoh and the other ruler involving the letter. The examples are Zita (Hittite prince), and Tushratta of Mitanni. Also, Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon, (Karduniaš of the letters).

Šalām, (shalamu) is also used in letter introductions, stating the authors health: an example letter EA19, from Tushratta to Pharaoh states:

"...the king of Mittani, your brother. For me all goes well. For you may all go well."--(lines 2-4) (an 85-line letter)^[7]

Given names[link]

• Salam (Arabic: سلام‎ Salām)
• Salman (Arabic: سلمان‎ Salmān)
• Selim (Arabic: سليم‎, originally: Salīm)
• Shlomi (Hebrew: שלומי‎ or שלמי)
• Solomon, Shlomo (Hebrew: שלמה‎)
• Shlomit (Hebrew: שלומית‎), Salome
• Suleiman (Arabic: سليمان‎ Sulaymān)

Notes[link]

French Montana (born November 9, 1984) is an American rapper and singer of Moroccan^[2][3] and Somali^[2][4] descent. He is the founder and CEO of Cocaine City Records, and in 2012, signed a joint venture recording deal with Maybach Music Group and Bad Boy Records. He is known for his frequent collaborations with Max B, and more recently with Rick Ross and with his group Coke Boys.

Early life[link]

French Montana was born Karim Kharbouch in 1984 in Rabat, Morocco,^[1][4] where he lived for the first 13 years of his life. Growing up in Rabat, he was consumed by playing soccer and rapping, describing them as his two favorite childhood hobbies.^[5] In 1996, French emigrated with his parents and two younger brothers to the Bronx in New York City.^[6] His father left the family when French was 17, and so he began to provide for his mother and younger brothers.

Music career[link]

Cocaine City[link]

In 2002, along with his friend Camz he created a series of street-flavoured DVD documentaries called 'Cocaine City' after drawing inspiration from the 'Smack' DVD series. Under the name Young French he used the DVDs as a means of showcasing his talent as an underground artist. To gain a broader fan base, French incorporated interviews with major artists, as well as some up and comers. The first edition in the series included Pee Wee Kirkland and Remy Ma alongside French himself among others. What started out as simply a medium for developing an audience quickly grew into one of the top-selling "street DVDs".^[3][6][7] The series ran for 8 years between 2002 and 2010, with a total of 14 editions being released.^[8]

2009-2010[link]

In 2009, French signed a deal with Akon's Konvict Muzik record label, but later left the label in 2011 due to album delays.^[9] Montana was subsequently reportedly close to signing a deal with Rick Ross's Maybach Music Group (MMG).^[10] There were also reports that he would join Kanye West's GOOD Music label.^[11]

Bad Boy Records/ Maybach Music Group[link]

In December 2011, Montana signed a record deal with P. Diddy's Bad Boy Records^[12] and Interscope Records.^[13] According to French, of the many major labels that were courting him, Maybach Music Group would have been his second choice had he not signed with Bad Boy.^[14] However on January 2, 2012 while in the studio with Rick Ross Montana announced that he had signed a joint venture deal with Bad Boy Records and Maybach Music Group with Rick Ross and Diddy set to executive produce his debut album.^[15] It was announced that his debut album Excuse My French would be released July 17, 2012. French was featured on XXL's Freshman Class of 2012 alongside Future, Kid Ink, Danny Brown, Macklemore, Don Trip, Hopsin, Iggy Azalea, Roscoe Dash and labelmate Machine Gun Kelly (rapper).^[16][17] However, he later revealed to Sway Calloway on RapFix Live that he almost turned down the cover opportunity, feeling he "deserved it two years ago" and that he had surpassed the current crop of rap rookies.^[18][7]

Influences[link]

According to French, the rappers Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg, The Notorious B.I.G. and Wu-Tang Clan were among the hip hop artists that he listened to while growing up. He also considers himself a general music lover.^[19]

Personal life[link]

Between 2003 and 2004, French was shot in the head as he was exiting a recording studio in New York. He was rushed to the hospital after the incident and survived. Describing the shooting as a possible assassination attempt, the artist was subsequently involved in a murder trial in which he was eventually found not guilty. Rumors began to swirl that he had received settlement money from the case, which he then used to start his rap career. However, French later dismissed these claims as false in an interview.^[20]

Religion[link]

French Montana is Sunni Muslim, having been raised in Morocco under the Maliki madhab, or school of thought. In an interview for Vlad TV which took place on the first day of the Islamic holy month Ramadan, French revealed that he participates in fasting during the month.^[21]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• Excuse My French (July 17, 2012)

Mixtapes[link]

• French Revolution Vol. 1 (Hosted by Cutmaster C) (2007)^[22]
• Live From Africa (Hosted by Cocaine City) (2008)^[23]
• Coke Wave (with Max B; Hosted by DJ Whoo Kid) (2008)^[24]
• Coke Wave 2 (with Max B; Hosted by Evil Empire) (2009)^[25]
• The Laundry Man (Hosted by Evil Empire & Big Mike) (2009)^[26]
• Mac Wit Da Cheese (Hosted by Big Mike) (2009)^[27]
• The Laundry Man 2 (Hosted by Evil Empire) (2009)^[28]
• Cocaine Konvicts: Gangsta Grillz (Hosted by DJ Drama) (2009)^[29]
• Mac & Cheese 2 (Hosted by Evil Empire, Self & Big Mike) (2010)^[30]
• Coke Boys (with Coke Boys; Hosted by DJ Lust, DJ Drama & DJ Diggz) (2010)^[31]
• Mister 16 (Casino Life) (Hosted by DJ Holiday) (2011)^[32]
• Coke Boys 2 (with Coke Boys) (Hosted by Evil Empire) (2011)^[33]
• Coke Boys Run NY (with Chinx Drugz; Hosted by ItsBizkit, Trapemasters Inc & Evil Empire) (2011)^[34]
• Lock Out (with Waka Flocka Flame; Presented by DJ Drama & DJ Green Lantern) (2011)^[35]
• Cocaine Mafia (with Juicy J and Project Pat; Hosted by Evil Empire) (2011)^[36]
• Coke Boys 3 (2012)^[37]
• Mac & Cheese 3 (Hosted by Evil Empire, Self & Big Mike) (TBA)

Other mixtapes

• Cocaine & Caviar (2010)
• Cocaine & Caviar 2 (2011)

Album appearances[link]

Singles[link]

As featured performer

Videography[link]

2008

• "Why So Serious"
• "Do It Right"
• "Smoking"
• "We Run New York"
• "Why So Serious"

2009

• "Im So Special"
• "New York Minute"
• "Playing In The Wind"
• "Henny & My 44"
• "Lay Down"
• "Stick up Boys"

2010

• "Them Girls"
• "Go Hard"
• "Whatcha Know About It"
• "Im On It"
• "Heartache & Pain"

2011

• "Tryna Breathe"
• "Choppa Choppa Down"
• "Choppa Choppa Down (Remix)"
• "Shot Caller"
• "We Mobb"
• "Stay Schemin'"

2012

• "Weed & Drinks"
• "Everything's a Go"

References[link]

External links[link]

• French Montana - Breakthrough Artist 2009/2010
• French Montana - Last.fm
• XXL magazine - French Montana
• CHAMP Magazine
• [3]
• [4]
• [5]
• [6]