Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Incumbent: GEN Martin Dempsey since: October 1, 2011
First	Omar Bradley
Formation	August 19, 1949
Website	Official Website

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer in the United States Armed Forces,^[1] and is the principal military adviser to the President of the United States, the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council^[2] and the Secretary of Defense.^[2][3] While the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff outranks all other officers, he does not have operational command authority over the Armed Forces; however, the Chairman does assist the President and the Secretary of Defense in exercising their command functions.^[1]

The Chairman convenes the meetings and coordinates the efforts of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), an advisory body comprising the Chairman, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the chiefs of staff of the United States Army and United States Air Force, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the Chief of the National Guard Bureau.^[2] The Joint Staff is under the exclusive direction of the Chairman.

Background[link]

Authority[link]

Although the office of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is considered very important and highly prestigious, neither the Chairman, the Vice Chairman, nor the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a body has any command authority over combatant forces. The Goldwater-Nichols Act places the chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands.^[4] However the chiefs do have authority over personnel assignments and oversight over resources and personnel allocated to the combatant commands within their respective services. The Chairman may also transmit communications to the combatant commanders from the President and Secretary of Defense^[5] as well as allocate additional funding to the combatant commanders if necessary.^[6] He also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U.S.C. § 153 or allocates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in the joint staff under his name.

Assistants[link]

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is assisted by the Director of the Joint Staff, a three-star officer who assists the Chairman with the management of the Joint Staff, an organization composed of approximately equal numbers of officers contributed by the Army, the Navy and Marine Corps, and the Air Force, who have been assigned to assist the Chairman with the unified strategic direction, operation, and integration of the combatant land, naval, and air forces.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is also advised on enlisted personnel matters by the Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman who served as a communication conduit between the Chairman and the senior enlisted advisors (sergeants major, command master chief petty officers, and command chief master sergeants) of the combatant commands.

Historical[link]

Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN, served as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy (July 20, 1942–March 21, 1949). He presided over meetings of what was called the Joint Chiefs of Staff,^[7] and Leahy's office was the precursor to the post of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Appointment and rank[link]

The Chairman is nominated by the President for appointment and must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate.^[1] The Chairman and Vice Chairman may not be members of the same armed force service branch.^[8] However, the President may waive that restriction for a limited period of time in order to provide for the orderly transition of officers appointed to serve in those positions.^[8] The Chairman serves a two-year term of office at the pleasure of the President,^[1] but can be reappointed to serve two additional terms for a total of six years.^[1] In a time of war or national emergency, there is no limit to how many times an officer can be reappointed to serve as Chairman.^[1] Historically, the Chairman has served two terms. By statute, the Chairman is appointed as a four-star general or admiral while holding office^[1] and assumes office on October 1st of odd-numbered years.^[1]

Although the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Omar Bradley, was eventually awarded a fifth star, the CJCS does not receive one by right, and Bradley's award was politically motivated so as to not allow his subordinate, Douglas MacArthur, to outrank him.^[9][10]

In the 1990s, there were proposals in U.S. Department of Defense academic circles to bestow on the office of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff a five-star rank.^[11][12][13]

According to the 2012 Military Pay Table effective 1 January 2012, While serving as Chairman, Joint Chief of Staff/Vice Chairman, Joint Chief of Staff, Chief of Navy Operations, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Army/Air Force Chief of Staff, Commander of a unified or specified combatant command, basic pay is $20,587.80 a month plus additional allowances/pay.

List of Chairmen[link]

Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief (historical predecessor office)[link]

No.	Image	Name	Term of Office			Secretaries serving under:	President appointed by:
			Began	Ended	Days of Service
1.		Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN	July 20, 1942	March 21, 1949	2436	James Forrestal	Franklin D. Roosevelt

Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff[link]

No.	Image	Name	Term of Office			Secretaries serving under:	President appointed by:
			Began	Ended	Days of Service
1.		General of the Army Omar Bradley, USA	August 19, 1949	August 15, 1953	1457	Louis A. Johnson George C. Marshall Robert A. Lovett Charles Erwin Wilson	Harry S. Truman
2.		Admiral Arthur W. Radford, USN	August 15, 1953	August 15, 1957	1461	Charles Erwin Wilson	Dwight D. Eisenhower
3.		General Nathan F. Twining, USAF	August 15, 1957	September 30, 1960	1142	Charles Erwin Wilson Neil H. McElroy Thomas S. Gates	Dwight D. Eisenhower
4.		General Lyman Lemnitzer, USA	October 1, 1960	September 30, 1962	729	Thomas S. Gates Robert S. McNamara	Dwight D. Eisenhower
5.		General Maxwell D. Taylor, USA	October 1, 1962	July 1, 1964	639	Robert S. McNamara	John F. Kennedy
6.		General Earle Wheeler, USA	July 3, 1964	July 2, 1970	2190	Robert S. McNamara Clark M. Clifford Melvin R. Laird	Lyndon B. Johnson
7.		Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, USN	July 2, 1970	July 1, 1974	1460	Melvin R. Laird Elliot Richardson James R. Schlesinger	Richard Nixon
8.		General George S. Brown, USAF	July 1, 1974	June 20, 1978	1450	James R. Schlesinger Donald Rumsfeld Harold Brown	Richard Nixon
9.		General David C. Jones, USAF	June 21, 1978	June 18, 1982	1458	Harold Brown Caspar Weinberger	Jimmy Carter
10.		General John W. Vessey Jr., USA	June 18, 1982	September 30, 1985	1200	Caspar Weinberger	Ronald Reagan
11.		Admiral William J. Crowe, Jr., USN	October 1, 1985	September 30, 1989	1460	Caspar Weinberger Frank Carlucci Dick Cheney	Ronald Reagan
12.		General Colin Powell, USA	October 1, 1989	September 30, 1993	1460	Dick Cheney Les Aspin	George H.W. Bush Bill Clinton
(acting)		Admiral David E. Jeremiah, USN	October 1, 1993	October 24, 1993	23	Les Aspin	Bill Clinton
13.		General John Shalikashvili, USA	October 25, 1993	September 30, 1997	1436	Les Aspin William J. Perry William S. Cohen	Bill Clinton
14.		General Hugh Shelton, USA	October 1, 1997	September 30, 2001	1460	William S. Cohen Donald Rumsfeld	Bill Clinton
15.		General Richard B. Myers, USAF	October 1, 2001	September 30, 2005	1460	Donald Rumsfeld	George W. Bush
16.		General Peter Pace, USMC	October 1, 2005	September 30, 2007	729	Donald Rumsfeld Robert M. Gates	George W. Bush
17.		Admiral Michael Mullen, USN	October 1, 2007	September 30, 2011	1460	Robert M. Gates Leon Panetta	George W. Bush
18.		General Martin Dempsey, USA	October 1, 2011	Incumbent	269	Leon Panetta	Barack Obama

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by Branch of Service[link]

• Air Force - 4
• Army - 9
• Marine Corps - 1
• Navy - 4

Note: This list does not include Chief of Staff to the CINC FADM Leahy and acting Chairman ADM Jeremiah.

See also[link]

• Chief of Defence
  • Chief of the Defence Force
  • Chief of the Defence Staff
  • Chief of the General Staff
• Joint Requirements Oversight Council
• List of United States Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by time in office
• National Command Authority
• National Military Strategy (United States)
• Single Integrated Operational Plan
• Unified Command Plan

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

• Official Joint Chiefs of Staff site

v t e Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Bradley Radford Twining Lemnitzer Taylor Wheeler Moorer Brown Jones Vessey Crowe Powell Jeremiah (acting) Shalikashvili Shelton Myers Pace Mullen Dempsey

v t e United States Joint Chiefs of Staff Dempsey (Chairman) Winnefeld (Vice Chairman) Odierno (Army) Amos (Marine Corps) Greenert (Navy) Schwartz (Air Force) McKinley (National Guard) Battaglia (Senior Enlisted Advisor)

v t e Senior Officials in the United States Department of Defense Secretary of Defense: Leon Panetta Deputy Secretary of Defense: Dr. Ashton Carter Secretaries of the Military Departments: Secretary of the Army: John McHugh • Secretary of the Navy: Ray Mabus • Secretary of the Air Force: Michael Donley Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: General Martin Dempsey, USA Under Secretaries of Defense for: Acquisition, Technology and Logistics: Frank Kendall III (Acting) • Policy: Dr. James N. Miller • Comptroller/Chief Financial Officer: Robert Hale • Personnel and Readiness: Jo Ann Rooney (Acting) • Intelligence: Michael Vickers Deputy Chief Management Officer: Elizabeth McGrath Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Admiral James Winnefeld, USN Chiefs of the Military Services: Chief of Staff of the Army: Raymond Odierno • Commandant of the Marine Corps: James Amos • Chief of Naval Operations: Jonathan Greenert Chief of Staff of the Air Force: Norton Schwartz • Chief of the National Guard Bureau: Craig McKinley

Symbol of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States of America

The Joint Chiefs of Staff and several Commanders in Chief, 1 July 1983

The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the United States Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and the President on military matters. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (VCJCS), and the Military Service Chiefs from the Army, Navy, Air Force, the Marine Corps, and the Chief of the National Guard Bureau,^[1] all appointed by the President following Senate confirmation.^[2] Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs, outside of their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations, works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned, i.e. Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force.^[3][4][5][6]

Following the Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1986 the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority, neither individually nor collectively, as the chain of command goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense, and from the Secretary of Defense to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands.^[7] Goldwater-Nichols also created the office of Vice Chairman, and the Chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and to the President.^[8]

The Joint Staff (JS) is a headquarters staff in the Pentagon, composed of personnel from each of the four Department of Defense armed services, that assists the Chairman and the Vice Chairman in discharging their responsibilities and is managed by the Director of the Joint Staff (DJS) who is a Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral.^[9]

History[link]

Joint Board[link]

As the military of the United States grew in size following the American Civil War, joint military action between the Army and Navy became increasingly difficult. The joint Army and Navy cooperation were unsupportive at either the planning or operational level and were constrained over disagreements during the Spanish-American War in the Caribbean campaigns.^[10] The Joint Army and Navy Board was established in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt, comprising representatives from the military heads and chief planners of both the Navy's General Board and the Army's General Staff. The Joint Board acting as an "advisory committee" was created to plan joint operations and resolve problems of common rivalry between the two services.^[10]

Yet, the Joint Board accomplished little as its charter gave it no authority to enforce its decisions. The Joint Board also lacked the ability to originate its own opinions and was thus limited to commenting only on the problems submitted to it by the Secretaries of War and Navy. As a result, the Joint Board had little to no impact on the manner the United States conducted World War I.

After World War I, in 1919 the two Secretaries agreed to reestablish and revitalize the Joint Board. The mission of the General staff was to develop plans for mobilization for the next war; the US was always designated "Blue" and potential enemies were assigned various other colors.^[11]

This time, the Joint Board’s membership would include the Chiefs of Staff, their deputies, and the Chief of War Plans Division for the Army and Director of Plans Division for the Navy. Under the Joint Board would be a staff called the Joint Planning Committee to serve the Board. Along with new membership, the Joint Board could initiate recommendations on its own initiative. However, the Joint Board still did not possess the legal authority to enforce its decisions.

World War II[link]

In 1942, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill established the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States' entrance into World War II with discussions during the Arcadia Conference with its charter approved by President Roosevelt 21 April 1942.^[12] The CCS would serve as the supreme military body for strategic direction of the US-British Empire war effort. While the UK had the Chiefs of Staff Committee, the United States had no equivalent agency with which to provide the CCS with American services.

Though the Joint Board did exist, its authority and services were of little use to the CCS. Although its 1935 publication, Joint Action of the Army and Navy, gave some guidance for the joint operations during World War II, the Joint Board held little influence in that war. Following the end of WWII, the Joint Board was officially disbanded in 1947. The Joint Chiefs of Staff was created, in part to present a common front to the British Chiefs of Staff, in early 1942 holding its first formal meeting on 9 February to coordinate U.S. military operations between War and Navy Departments.^[12][13]

To fill the need for a coordinated effort and to provide coordinated staff work, Admiral William D. Leahy proposed a concept of a "unified high command" in what would be called the Joint Chiefs of Staff. On 20 July 1942, Admiral Leahy became the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ("Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States" being the military title of the U.S. President, per Article II, § 2, of the Constitution), and created a staff of the chiefs of staff of the services to serve under him.

While serving as Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chief of Staff of the Army, Chief of Naval Operations, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Commandant of the Marine Corps, or Commandant of the Coast Guard, the salary is $20,263.50 a month, regardless of cumulative years of service computed under section 205 of title 37, United States Code.3.

The first members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were:^[14]

*Arnold was later appointed to the grade of General of the Air Force. His rank while serving as Chief of the Army Air Forces was General of the Army.

National Security Act of 1947[link]

US Joint Chiefs of Staff, November 1989

With the end of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established under the National Security Act of 1947. Per the National Security Act, the JCS consisted of a Chairman, the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (which was established as a separate service by the same Act), and the Chief of Naval Operations. The Commandant of the Marine Corps was to be consulted on matters concerning the Corps, but was not a regular member; General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., Commandant in 1952–55, was the first to sit as an occasional member. The law was amended during the term of General Louis H. Wilson, Jr. (1975–79), making the Commandant a full-time JCS member in parity with the other three DoD services.

The position of Vice Chairman was created by the Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986 to complement the CJCS, as well as to delegate some of the Chairman's responsibilities, particularly resource allocation through the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC).

General Colin L. Powell (1989–93) was the first and, as of 2011, the only African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. General Peter Pace (Vice Chairman 2001–05; Chairman, 2005–07) was the first Marine to serve in either position. No woman has ever served on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

National Defense Authorization Act of 2012[link]

A provision in the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act added the Chief of the National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Guard historians called it the "most significant development" for the National Guard since the Militia Act of 1903.^[1]

Roles and responsibilities[link]

The Joint Chiefs of Staff, November 2002.

After the 1986 reorganization of the military undertaken by the Goldwater-Nichols Act, the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not have operational command of U.S. military forces. Responsibility for conducting military operations goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands and thus bypasses the Joint Chiefs of Staff completely.

Today, their primary responsibility is to ensure the personnel readiness, policy, planning and training of their respective military services for the combatant commanders to utilize. The Joint Chiefs of Staff also act in a military advisory capacity for the President of the United States and the Secretary of Defense. In addition, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff acts as the chief military advisor to the President and the Secretary of Defense. In this strictly advisory role, the Joint Chiefs constitute the second-highest deliberatory body for military policy, after the National Security Council, which includes the President and other officials besides the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.

Current Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff[link]

The Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

Uniformed Service Chiefs not Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

Notes:

• The Joint Chiefs do not include the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Robert J. Papp, Jr. The Coast Guard is normally under the Department of Homeland Security, whereas the other four branches are under the Department of Defense. The Coast Guard may operate under the Department of the Navy during wartime.

Leadership[link]

Chairman[link]

The Joint Staff Organization Chart as of January 2012.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by law, the highest ranking military officer of the United States armed forces,^[16] and the principal military adviser to the President of the United States. He leads the meetings and coordinates the efforts of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, comprising the Chairman, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chiefs of Staff of the United States Army and United States Air Force, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps. The Joint Chiefs of Staff have offices in The Pentagon. The Chairman outranks all respective heads of each service branch,^[17] but does not have command authority over them, their service branches or the Unified Combatant Commands.^[17] All combatant commanders receive operational orders directly from the Secretary of Defense^[18]

General Martin E. Dempsey, USA, 18th and current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The current Chairman is General Martin E. Dempsey, USA, who began his term on 1 October 2011.

On 20 July 1942, Navy Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy became the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy (20 July 1942 – 21 March 1949). He was not technically the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Leahy's office was the precursor to the post of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. That post was established and first held by General of the Army Omar Bradley in 1949.

Vice Chairman[link]

Admiral James A. Winnefeld, Jr., USN, 9th and current Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

The position of Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was created by the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. The Vice Chairman is a four-star-general or admiral and, by law, is the second highest ranking member of the U.S. Armed Forces (after the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff). In the absence of the Chairman, the Vice Chairman presides over the meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He may also perform such duties as the Chairman may prescribe. It was not until the National Defense Authorization Act in 1992 that the position was made a full voting member of the JCS.^[19]

The current Vice Chairman is Admiral James A. Winnefeld, Jr., USN.

Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman[link]

Sergeant Major Bryan B. Battaglia, USMC, 2nd and current Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Command Sergeant Major William J. Gainey, USA, was selected to serve as the first Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (SEAC) beginning 1 Oct 2005. It was to be a newly-created position established to advise the Chairman on all matters involving enlisted personnel in a joint environment.

The Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is currently Sergeant Major Bryan B. Battaglia, USMC. Battaglia was sworn in by Joint Chiefs Chairman Gen. Martin Dempsey on 30 September 2011 in a ceremony at Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall, Virginia.^[20] The position had been vacant since CSM Gainey's retirement on 25 April 2008.

As the SEA to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the SEAC is an advisor to the Chairman on all matters concerning joint and combined total force integration, utilization, and development. Additionally, the SEAC helps develop noncommissioned officers (NCOs)-related joint professional education, enhance utilization of senior NCOs on joint battle staffs, and support the Chairman’s responsibilities as directed.

The Joint Staff[link]

The Joint Staff (JS), composed of personnel from all the four services, assists the Chairman and the Vice Chairman in discharging their responsibilities. They work closely with the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the Military Department staffs, and the Combatant Command Staffs.

Director of the Joint Staff[link]

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is assisted by the Director of the Joint Staff, a three-star officer who assists the Chairman with the management of the Joint Staff, an organization composed of approximately equal numbers of officers contributed by the Army, the Navy and Marine Corps, and the Air Force, who have been assigned to assist the Chairman in providing to the Secretary of Defense unified strategic direction, operation, and integration of the combatant land, naval, and air forces.

Directorates of the Joint Staff[link]

The Joint Staff includes the following departments where all the planning, policies, intelligence, manpower, communications and logistics functions are translated into action.^[21]

• DOM – Directorate of Management
• J1 – Personnel and Manpower
• J2 – Intelligence – Rear Admiral Elizabeth L. Train
• J3 – Operations
• J4 – Logistics – Lieutenant General Brooks L. Bash
• J5 – Strategic Plans and Policy
• J6 – Directorate for Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems
• J7 – Operational Plans and Joint Force Development
• J8 – Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment

Joint Chiefs of Staff: Civilian Awards[link]

The Joint Chiefs may recognize private citizens, organizations or career civilian government employees for significant achievements provided to the joint community with one of the following decorations / awards.^[22]

• CJCS Award for Distinguished Public Service (DPS)
• CJCS Award for Outstanding Public Service (OPS)
• CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award
• CJCS Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award
• Joint Civilian Service Commendation Award (JCSCA)
• Joint Civilian Service Achievement Award (JCSAA)

Coast Guard[link]

Although the Coast Guard is one of the five armed services of the United States, the Commandant of the Coast Guard is not a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He is, however, entitled to the same supplemental pay as the Joint Chiefs, per 37 U.S.C. § 414(a)(5) ($4,000 per annum in 2009), and is accorded privilege of the floor under Senate Rule XXIII(1) as a de facto JCS member during Presidential addresses. In contrast to the Joint Chiefs—who are not in the military's operational chain of command—the Commandant of the Coast Guard commands his service. Coast Guard officers are legally eligible to be appointed as CJCS and VCJCS, per 10 U.S.C. 152(a)(1) & 154(a)(1) respectively—which use the collective term "armed forces" rather than listing the eligible services – but none has been appointed to either position as of 2012.

See also[link]

Military of the United States portal

• Armed Forces Council (Canada)
• Chiefs of Staff Committee (United Kingdom)
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (Republic of Korea)
• Staff (military)—see Modern United States military usage for organization of Joint Staff (J1 through J8)

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

• Gillespie, Robert M. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Escalation of the Vietnam Conflict, 1964–1965. Masters Thesis, Clemson University, 1994.
• Joint Chiefs of Staff, Organizational Development of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1987. Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1988.
• McMaster, H.R. Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam. New York: Harper Collins, 1997.
• Perry, Mark Four Stars: The Inside Story of the Forty-Year Battle Between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and America's Civilian Leaders. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1989, ISBN 0-395-42923-4.
• Rearden, Steven L. History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1984.
• Schnabel, James F. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy 1945–1947. Volume I. Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, The Joint Staff, 1996.
• Taylor, Maxwell D. The Uncertain Trumpet. New York: Harper & Row, 1959.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Joint Chiefs of Staff

• Official site
• Joint Action of the Army and the Navy (1935 Joint Board publication)

v t e United States Joint Chiefs of Staff Dempsey (Chairman) Winnefeld (Vice Chairman) Odierno (Army) Amos (Marine Corps) Greenert (Navy) Schwartz (Air Force) McKinley (National Guard) Battaglia (Senior Enlisted Advisor)

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