The "Mask of Agamemnon" which was discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at Mycenae (whether it represents an individual, and if so, whom, remains unknown)

In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (Ancient Greek: Ἀγαμέμνων; modern Greek: Αγαμέμνονας, "very steadfast") was the son of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae, the brother of Menelaus, the husband of Clytemnestra, and the father of Electra and Orestes. Mythical legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. When Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was abducted by Paris of Troy, Agamemnon commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War.

On Agamemnon's return from Troy he was murdered (according to the fullest version of the oldest surviving account, Odyssey Book 11, l.409f.) by Aegisthus, the lover of his wife Clytemnestra. In old versions of the story: "The scene of the murder, when it is specified, is usually the house of Aegisthus, who has not taken up residence in Agamemnon's palace, and it involves an ambush and the deaths of Agamemnon's followers too".^[1] In some later versions Clytemnestra herself does the killing, or they do it together, in his own home.

Historical prototype[link]

Hittite sources mention ^URUAkagamunaš, ruler of ^URUAhhiyawa (land of Achaeans) in the 14th century BC.^[2][3] This is a possible prototype of the Agamemnon of mythology.

Early life[link]

Atreus, Agamemnon's father, murdered the children of his twin brother Thyestes and fed them to him after discovering Thyestes' adultery with his wife Aerope. Thyestes fathered Aegisthus with his own daughter, Pelopia, and this son vowed gruesome revenge on Atreus' children. Aegisthus successfully murdered Atreus and restored his father to the throne. Aegisthus took possession of the throne of Mycenae and ruled jointly with Thyestes. During this period Agamemnon and his brother, Menelaus, took refuge with Tyndareus, King of Sparta. There they respectively married Tyndareus' daughters Clytemnestra and Helen. Agamemnon and Clytemnestra had four children: one son, Orestes, and three daughters, Iphigenia, Electra and Chrysothemis. Menelaus succeeded Tyndareus in Sparta, while Agamemnon, with his brother's assistance, drove out Aegisthus and Thyestes to recover his father's kingdom. He extended his dominion by conquest and became the most powerful prince in Greece.

Agamemnon's family history had been marred by rape, murder, incest, and treachery, consequences of the heinous crime perpetrated by his ancestor, Tantalus, and then of a curse placed upon Pelops, son of Tantalus, by Myrtilus, whom he had murdered. Thus misfortune hounded successive generations of the House of Atreus, until atoned by Orestes in a court of justice held jointly by humans and gods.

Trojan War[link]

Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. Preparing to depart from Aulis, which was a port in Boeotia, Agamemnon's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis. There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath: in Aeschylus' play Agamemnon, Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles' Electra, Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis' equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and a lack of wind, prevented the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia. Classical dramatisations differ on how willing either father or daughter were to this fate, some include such trickery as claiming she was to be married to Achilles, but Agamemnon did eventually sacrifice Iphigenia. Her death appeased Artemis, and the Greek army set out for Troy. Several alternatives to the human sacrifice have been presented in Greek mythology. Other sources, such as Iphigenia at Aulis, claim that Agamemnon was prepared to kill his daughter, but that Artemis accepted a deer in her place, and whisked her away to Taurus in Crimea. Hesiod said she became the goddess Hecate.

Agamemnon was the commander-in-chief of the Greeks during the Trojan War. During the fighting, Agamemnon killed Antiphus and 15 other Trojan soldiers.^[4] Agamemnon's teamster, Halaesus, later fought with Aeneas in Italy. The Iliad tells the story of the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles in the final year of the war. Agamemnon took an attractive slave, Briseis, one of the spoils of war, from Achilles. Achilles, the greatest warrior of the age, withdrew from battle in revenge and nearly cost the Greek armies the war.

Although not the equal of Achilles in bravery, Agamemnon was a representative of kingly authority. As commander-in-chief, he summoned the princes to the council and led the army in battle. He took the field himself, and performed many heroic deeds until he was wounded and forced to withdraw to his tent. His chief fault was his overwhelming haughtiness; an over-exalted opinion of his position that led him to insult Chryses and Achilles, thereby bringing great disaster upon the Greeks.

After the capture of Troy, Cassandra, doomed prophetess and daughter of Priam, fell to Agamemnon's lot in the distribution of the prizes of war.

Return to Greece[link]

Orestes slaying Aegisthus

After a stormy voyage, Agamemnon and Cassandra either landed in Argolis, or were blown off course and landed in Aegisthus' country. Clytemnestra, Agamemnon's wife, had taken Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, as a lover. When Agamemnon came home he was slain by either Aegisthus (in the oldest versions of the story) or Clytemnestra. According to the accounts given by Pindar and the tragedians, Agamemnon was slain in a bath by his wife alone, a blanket of cloth or a net having first been thrown over him to prevent resistance. Clytemnestra also killed Cassandra. Her jealousy of Cassandra, and her wrath at the sacrifice of Iphigenia and at Agamemnon's having gone to war over Helen of Troy, are said to have been the motives for her crime. Aegisthus and Clytemnestra then ruled Agamemnon's kingdom for a time, Aegisthus claiming his right of revenge for Agamemnon's father Atreus having fed Thyestes his own children (Thyestes then crying out "So perish all the race of Pleisthenes!",^[5] thus explaining Aegisthus' action as justified by his father's curse). Agamemnon's son Orestes later avenged his father's murder, with the help or encouragement of his sister Electra, by murdering Aegisthus and Clytemnestra (his own mother), thereby inciting the wrath of the Erinyes (English: the Furies), winged goddesses who tracked down egregiously impious wrongdoers with their hounds' noses and drove them to insanity.

Genealogy[link]

Genealogy of Agamemnon

Other stories[link]

Athenaeus tells a story of how Agamemnon mourned the loss of his friend Argynnus, when he drowned in the Cephisus river.^[6] He buried him, honored with a tomb and a shrine to Aphrodite Argynnis.^[7] This episode is also found in Clement of Alexandria,^[8] in Stephen of Byzantium (Kopai and Argunnos), and in Propertius, III with minor variations.^[9]

The fortunes of Agamemnon have formed the subject of numerous tragedies, ancient and modern, the most famous being the Oresteia of Aeschylus. In the legends of the Peloponnesus, Agamemnon was regarded as the highest type of a powerful monarch, and in Sparta he was worshipped under the title of Zeus Agamemnon. His tomb was pointed out among the ruins of Mycenae and at Amyclae.

Another account makes him the son of Pleisthenes (the son or father of Atreus), who is said to have been Aerope's first husband.

In works of art there is considerable resemblance between the representations of Zeus, king of the gods, and Agamemnon, king of men. He is generally depicted with a sceptre and diadem, conventional attributes of kings.

Agamemnon's mare was named Aetha. She was also one of two horses driven by Menelaus at the funeral games of Patroclus.^[10][11]

See also[link]

• HMS Agamemnon
• National Archaeological Museum of Athens

References[link]

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Primary sources[link]

• Homer, Iliad;
• Euripides, Electra;
• Sophocles, Electra;
• Seneca, Agamemnon
• Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers;
• Homer, Odyssey I, 28-31; XI, 385-464;
• Aeschylus, Agamemnon
• Apollodorus, Epitome, II, 15-III, 22; VI, 23.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Agamemnon.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2008)

Olivier Py (French pronunciation: [pi]; born July 24, 1965 in Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes) is a French stage director, actor and writer.

In 1997, Py became director of the Centre Dramatique National d'Orléans. In 2007, he became director of the Théâtre de l'Odéon.^[1]

Py describes himself as Catholic and homosexual.^[2] He is known for his emphasis on Catholic and homoerotic themes.

Since the early 2000s, Py has increasingly devoted himself to the opera. His productions of La Damnation de Faust, Tannhäuser and Tristan und Isolde, all in Geneva, have generally been well received. In March 2008, he debuted at the Paris Opéra. On this occasion he stated to a French magazine (Diapason, March 2008) that he "would not be done staging operas until [he] did Wagner's Ring and Parsifal".

Theatre[link]

Works written and directed[link]

• 1988: Des oranges et des ongles
• 1990: Gaspacho, un chien mort
• 1991: La femme canon et le bouquet final
• 1992: Les Aventures de Paco Goliard
• 1992: La Nuit au cirque
• 1992: La chèvre
• 1994: La Jeune fille, le diable et le moulin
• 1995: La Servante - histoire sans fin
• 1996: Apologétique
• 1997: Le Visage d'Orphée
• 1998: Requiem pour Srebrenica
• 1999: L'Eau de la vie
• 2000: Le Cabaret de Miss Knife
• 2000: L'apocalypse joyeuse
• 2001: Au monde comme n'y étant pas
• 2001: L'Exaltation du labyrinthe
• 2003: Jeunesse
• 2004: Le Vase de parfums, opera libretto
• 2004: Faust Nocturne
• 2004: Miss Knife chante Olivier Py
• 2005: Les Vainqueurs
• 2006: Illusions Comiques
• 2011: "Romeo et Juliette", the French version at "Theatre de l'Odeon"
• Épître aux jeunes acteurs pour que soit rendue la parole à la parole
• 2011: Die Sonne (Le Soleil), Volksbühne Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Published works[link]

• 1994: La Jeune fille, le diable et le moulin, L'école des loisirs
• 1998: Théâtre, Solitaires Intempestifs
• 2005: Les Vainqueurs, Actes Sud
• 2007: Les Enfants de Saturne

Other productions[link]

• 1989: Mon Père qui fonctionnait par périodes culinaires et autres (Elizabeth Mazev)
• 1996: Miss Knife et sa baraque chantante, Festival d'Avignon
• 1993: Les Drôles (Elizabeth Mazev)
• 1999: Der Freischütz (Carl Maria von Weber), Opéra de Nancy
• 2001: Les Contes d'Hoffmann (Jacques Offenbach), Grand Théâtre de Genève
• 2003: La Damnation de Faust (Hector Berlioz), Geneva
• 2003: Le Soulier de satin (Paul Claudel), Orléans
• 2005: Tristan und Isolde (Richard Wagner, Geneva
• 2005: Tannhäuser (Richard Wagner), Geneva
• 2006: A Cry From Heaven (Vincent Woods)
• 2006: Curlew River (Benjamin Britten)
• 2008: The Rake's Progress (Igor Stravinsky), Opéra National de Paris (Palais Garnier)
• 2008: La Trilogie du Diable: La Damnation de Faust (Hector Berlioz), Der Freischütz (Carl Maria von Weber), Les Contes d'Hoffmann (Jacques Offenbach). Grand Théâtre de Genève

Movies[link]

Actor[link]

• 1989: Dis-moi oui, dis-moi non (short) directed by Noémie Lvovsky
• 1995: Funny Bones directed by Peter Chelsom
• 1995: Au petit Marguery directed by Laurent Bénégui
• 1995: 75 centilitres de prière (short) directed by Jacques Maillot
• 1995: Corps inflammables (short) directed by Jacques Maillot
• 1996: Casse-casse partie (TV) directed by Gérard Renouf
• 1996: Chacun cherche son chat directed by Cédric Klapisch
• 1997: La Divine poursuite directed by Michel Deville
• 1998: Late August, Early September
• 1999: Peut-être directed by Cédric Klapisch
• 1999: Nos vies heureuses directed by Jacques Maillot
• 2000: Les Yeux fermés (TV) directed by Olivier Py

Director[link]

• 2000: Les Yeux fermés (TV)

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Langlais, Pierre (2007). Olivier Py or the religion of the theatre, Label France No. 66.
• Darge, Fabienne; Herzberg, Nathaniel (2006-09-12). "Nomination surprise d'Olivier Py à l'Odéon" (in French) (fee required). Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3246,36-843542,0.html. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
• Solis, René (2007-05-12). "Le théâtre est le lieu du païen", interview with Olivier Py published in Libération. (French)

External links[link]

• Olivier Py at the Internet Movie Database
• Interview(in French) about opera on Odb-opera.com