G4 countries.

The G4 is an alliance among Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan for the purpose of supporting each other’s bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Unlike the G8 (formerly known as G7), where the common denominator is the economy and long-term political motives, the G4's primary aim is the permanent member seats on the UN Security Council. However, the G4's bid is often opposed by certain countries (see below).^[1]

Background[link]

The UN currently has five permanent members with veto powers in the Security Council: the People's Republic of China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The G4 nations are regularly elected on the basis of two-year terms on the Security Council by their respective groups: in the 24-year period from 1987 to 2010, Japan was elected for five terms, Brazil for five terms, Germany for four terms and India for two terms.^[2]

According to the IMF, by 2015 all nine economies with the highest GDP in the world will be either members of G4 or the UN Permanent Council. Taking in account the calculation of GDP by Purchasing Power Parity, this scenario was already achieved.

Opposition[link]

There has been discontent among the present permanent members regarding the inclusion of controversial nations or countries not supported by them. For instance, Japan's bid is heavily opposed by the People's Republic of China, who believes that Japan needs to atone further for its war crimes in World War II. At the same time Japan finds strong support from the United States^[3] and the United Kingdom.^[4]

Countries that strongly oppose the G4 countries' bids have formed the Uniting for Consensus movement, or the Coffee Club, composed mainly of local powers that oppose the rise of neighboring countries to permanent member status. The leaders of this group are Italy, South Korea, Mexico, Argentina and Pakistan.^[5] In East Asia, both China and South Korea heavily oppose Japan's bid. In Latin America, Argentina, Colombia and Mexico are opposing a seat for Brazil. In South Asia, Pakistan is opposing India's bid.

Activity[link]

The G4 suggested that two African nations, in addition to themselves, be included in the enlarged UNSC. In several conferences during the summer of 2005, the African Union was unable to agree on two nominees: Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa all lay claim to a permanent African UNSC seat.^[6][7]

A UN General Assembly in September 2005 marked the 60th anniversary of the UN and the members were to decide on a number of necessary reforms—including the enlarged SC. However the unwillingness to find a negotiable position stopped even the most urgent reforms; the September 2005 General Assembly was a setback for the UN.^{[citation needed]}

The G4 retain their goal of permanent UNSC membership for all four nations (plus two African nations). In January 2006, Japan announced it would not support putting the G4 resolution back on the table, not to interfere with any effort by the African Union to unite behind a single plan. And meanwhile, Japan's continuing relations with the G4 were not mutually exclusive.^[8][9]

G4 issued joint statement in February 12, 2011, in which their foreign ministers agreed to seek concrete outcome in the current session of the UN General Assembly.^[10]

References[link]

See also[link]

• Reform of the United Nations Security Council
• Uniting for Consensus

Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767), hand-colored aquatint by Valentin Daniel Preisler, after a lost painting by Louis Michael Schneider, 1750.

Georg Philipp Telemann (14 March 1681 – 25 June 1767) was a German Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist. Almost completely self-taught in music, he became a composer against his family's wishes. After studying in Magdeburg, Zellerfeld, and Hildesheim, Telemann entered the University of Leipzig to study law, but eventually settled on a career in music. He held important positions in Leipzig, Żary, Eisenach, and Frankfurt before settling in Hamburg in 1721, where he became musical director of the city's five main churches. While Telemann's career prospered, his personal life was always troubled: his first wife died only a few months after their marriage, and his second wife had extramarital affairs and accumulated a large gambling debt before leaving Telemann.

Telemann's signature (1714 and 1757).

Telemann was one of the most prolific composers in history^[1] (at least in terms of surviving oeuvre)^[2] and was considered by his contemporaries to be one of the leading German composers of the time—he was compared favorably both to his friend Johann Sebastian Bach, who made Telemann the Godfather and namesake of his son Carl Philipp Emanuel, and to George Frideric Handel, whom Telemann also knew personally. Telemann's music incorporates several national styles: French, Italian, and Polish. He remained at the forefront of all new musical tendencies and his music is an important link between the late Baroque and early Classical styles.

Life[link]

1681–1701: Childhood and early youth[link]

Telemann's birthplace, the city of Magdeburg, in early 18th century. Some 50 years before Telemann's birth the city was sacked and had to be rebuilt.

Telemann was born in Magdeburg, the capital of the Duchy of Magdeburg, Brandenburg-Prussia, into an upper middle class family. His parents were Heinrich Telemann, deacon at the Church of the Holy Spirit (Heilige-Geist-Kirche) in Magdeburg, and Maria Haltmeier, daughter of a clergyman from Regensburg. Many of the family members worked for the church and only a few distant relatives were musicians. The composer himself claimed that he inherited the talent for music from his mother, whose nephew Joachim Friedrich was Kantor at Verden (Telemann would later publish a treatise by Joachim Friedrich's son, who became an organist). On his father's side, only a single relative is known to have been a professional musician: Heinrich Thering, Telemann's great-grandfather, served as Kantor at Halberstadt in the late 16th century. Telemann's brother Heinrich Matthias (1672–1746) eventually became a clergyman.

Heinrich Telemann died in 1685, leaving Maria to raise the children and oversee their education. Telemann studied at the Altstädtisches Gymnasium and at the Domschule, where he was taught the catechism, Latin and Greek. At age 10 he took singing lessons and studied keyboard playing for two weeks with a local organist. This was enough to inspire the boy to teach himself other instruments (recorder, violin and zither) and start composing. His first pieces were arias, motets, and instrumental works, and at age 12 he composed his first opera, Sigismundus. Neither Maria nor her advisers were supportive of these endeavours, however. They confiscated all of the boy's instruments and forbade him any musical activities, yet Telemann continued composing, in secret. In late 1693 or early 1694 his mother sent him to a school in Zellerfeld, hoping that this would convince her son to choose a different career. However, the superintendent of the school, Caspar Calvoer, recognized Telemann's talents and even introduced him to musical theory; Telemann continued composing and playing various instruments, taught himself thoroughbass and regularly supplied music for the church choir and the town musicians.

In 1697 Telemann left for Hildesheim, where he entered the famous Gymnasium Andreanum. Here too his talents were recognized and in demand: the rector himself commissioned music from Telemann. The young composer frequently travelled to courts at Hanover and Brunswick where he could hear and study the latest musical styles. Composers such as Antonio Caldara, Arcangelo Corelli, and Johann Rosenmuller were early influences. Telemann also continued studying various instruments, and eventually became an accomplished multi-instrumentalist: at Hildesheim he taught himself flute, oboe, chalumeau, viola da gamba, double bass, and bass trombone. After graduating from Gymnasium Andreanum (with excellent results, despite his musical activities), Telemann went to Leipzig in late 1701 to become a student at the Leipzig University, where he intended to study law. In his 1718 autobiography Telemann explained that this decision was taken because of his mother's urging. However, some 22 years later, in the 1740 autobiography, he offered a different explanation, claiming that he was motivated by his desire for university education. This was not to come: according to Telemann himself, a setting of Psalm 6 by him inexplicably found its way into his luggage and was found by his roommate at the university. The work was subsequently performed and so impressed those who heard it that the mayor of Leipzig himself approached Telemann and commissioned him to regularly compose works for the city's two main churches (Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche).

1701–1706: Career in Leipzig and Sorau[link]

Once he established himself as a professional musician in Leipzig, Telemann became increasingly active in organizing the city's musical life. From the start, he relied heavily on employing students: the very first ensemble he founded was a student collegium musicum that had some 40 members. They gave public concerts and also provided music for the Neukirche. In 1702 Telemann became director of the opera house Opernhaus auf dem Brühl, where too he employed student performers. Finally, when Telemann got the post of organist and music director at the Neukirche, he only played the organ once, and assigned the organist's duties to his students. Between 1702 and 1705 Telemann composed at least eight operas, four of which went to the Leipzig operahouse and four to the Weissenfels court. During his time at Leipzig, he was continually influenced by the music of Handel, whom he met earlier, in 1701. He also studied the works of Johann Kuhnau, Kantor of the Thomaskirche and city director of music in Leipzig; in his later years, Telemann recounted how much he learned about counterpoint from Kuhnau's work.

However, Telemann's growing prominence and methods caused a conflict between him and Kuhnau. By employing students Telemann took away a major resource for Kuhnau's choir (and church music in Leipzig in general); Kuhnau was also concerned that students were too frequently performing in operas, leaving them with less time to devote to church music. Denouncing Telemann as an "opera musician", Kuhnau petitioned the city council several times against the younger composer. In the end, however, his efforts proved fruitless, and the only thing the council did was to forbid Telemann to appear on the operatic stage. Kuhnau's rights were never fully restored, not even after Telemann left Leipzig.

The Castle in Pleß, today Pszczyna, where the Promnitz family resided when Telemann worked for them in 1704–1706

In 1704 Telemann received an invitation to become Kapellmeister for the court of Count Erdmann II of Promnitz at Sorau (now Żary, in Poland). Leipzig authorities only granted him resignation in early 1705, however, and he arrived in Sorau in June. This new position allowed him to study contemporary French music, which was particularly popular at the court: the works of Lully and Campra. Also, when the court spent six months in Pleß (now Pszczyna), Telemann had an opportunity to hear and study Polish and Moravian folk music, which fascinated and inspired him. In performing his duties at the court, Telemann was as prolific as in Leipzig, composing at least 200 ouvertures, by his own recollection, and other works. Unfortunately, the Great Northern War put an end to Telemann's career at Sorau. In late January or early February 1706 he was forced to flee from the invading troops of the Swedish King Charles XII. He spent some time in Frankfurt an der Oder before returning to Sorau in the summer.

1707–1721: Eisenach and Frankfurt[link]

The details of how Telemann obtained his next position are unknown. Around 1707–1708 he entered the service of Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Eisenach, becoming Konzertmeister on 24 December 1708 and Secretary and Kapellmeister in August 1709. Thus began one of the most productive periods in Telemann's life: during his tenure at Eisenach he composed a wealth of instrumental music (sonatas and concertos), and numerous sacred works, which included four or five complete annual cycles of church cantatas, 50 German and Italian cantatas, and some 20 serenatas. In 1709 he made a short trip to Sorau to marry Amalie Louise Juliane Eberlin, lady-in-waiting to the Countess of Promnitz and daughter of the musician Daniel Eberlin. They went back to Eisenach, where in January 1711 Amalie Louise gave birth to a daughter. Unfortunately, the mother died soon afterwards; Telemann's marriage lasted only for 15 months. The event had a profound effect on the composer: he later recounted experiencing a religious awakening, and also published "Poetic Thoughts" on the death of his first wife in 1711. By the end of that year he was frustrated with court life and started seeking another appointment. He declined an offer from the Dresden court, since he wanted to work with greater artistic freedom; Telemann wanted a post similar to the one he had in Leipzig. Sometime between late December 1711 and early January 1712 he applied for the newly vacant Frankfurt post of city director of music and Kapellmeister at the Barfüsserkirche. The application was successful and Telemann arrived in Frankfurt on 18 March 1712.

Telemann's new duties were similar to those he had in Leipzig. He provided various music for two churches, Barfüsserkirche and Katharinenkirche (composing, among other pieces, more annual cycles of cantatas), as well as for civic ceremonies; he also revived the city's collegium musicum. After May 1712, Telemann also served as administrator and treasurer of the Haus Braunfels, administrator of a charitable foundation, and organizer of a tobacco collegium. On 28 August 1714 he married his second wife, Maria Catharina Textor, daughter of a council clerk. The couple had nine children (none became musicians), but the marriage would later prove disastrous for Telemann. The following year he began publishing his music; four collections of instrumental pieces appeared within the next three years, and many more publications would follow. On 11 March 1717, Telemann was appointed Kapellmeister von Haus aus at Eisenach: he fulfilled the duties of the position by regularly sending new music from Frankfurt to Eisenach.

1721–1736: Early years in Hamburg[link]

Georg Philipp Telemann. Engraving by Georg Lichtensteger, c. 1745.

On 10 July 1721 Telemann was invited to work in Hamburg as Kantor of the Johanneum Lateinschule and musical director of the city's five largest churches, succeeding Joachim Gerstenbüttel. The composer accepted; he remained in Hamburg for the rest of his life. The years spent in the city were the most productive period of his life. Once again he was required to compose numerous cantatas, not only for the churches but also for civic ceremonies; he also gave public concerts, led another collegium musicum, and assumed the directorship of the opera house Gänsemarktoper. Initially, however, Telemann encountered a number of problems: some church officials found opera and collegium musicum performances to be objectionable (for "inciting lasciviousness"), and the city printer was displeased with Telemann publishing printed texts for his yearly Passions. The former matter was resolved quickly, but Telemann's exclusive right to publish his own work was only recognized in full in 1757. Telemann's opera productions were not particularly popular, and eventually the opera house had to be closed down in 1738.

It is probably these difficulties that prompted Telemann to apply, already in 1722, for the post of Thomaskantor in Leipzig (Kuhnau died on 5 June that year). Of the six musicians who applied, he was the favored candidate, even winning the approval of the city's council. Telemann declined the position, but only after using the offer as leverage to secure a pay raise for his position in Hamburg. When Telemann declined the job, it was offered to Christoph Graupner, who also declined it—though chiefly because he could not secure a dismissal from his employer the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. This paved the way for J.S. Bach, who went on to occupy the position for the rest of his life.^[3] Telemann returned to Hamburg, but would still supplement his income by taking up additional jobs: in 1723–1726 he served as Kapellmeister von Haus aus to the Bayreuth court, and between 1725 and 1730 he acted as corresponding agent to the court at Eisenach, supplying news from northern Europe.

In Hamburg Telemann started publishing his literary works: poems, texts for vocal music, sonnets, poems on the deaths of friends and colleagues. From 1725 he actively published his music as well, engraving and advertising the editions himself. More than 40 volumes of music appeared between 1725 and 1740 and these were widely distributed across Europe, owing to Telemann's numerous contacts in various countries. All this publishing activity, however, was in part driven by the need for money. Telemann's wife Maria Catherina amassed a very large gambling debt, 4400 Reichsthaler, which amounted to more than Telemann's annual income. The marriage was already in trouble by the early 1720s, as Maria Catherina was publicly rumored to be having an affair with a Swedish military officer. Telemann's friends in Hamburg organized a collection to save the composer's finances, and eventually he was saved from bankruptcy; by 1736 Maria had left Telemann's home. She outlived her husband by some eight years and died in 1775 at a convent in Frankfurt.

1736–1767: Later years in Hamburg[link]

Plan and view of Hamburg in 1730, from an 18th century Covens & Mortier atlas

In late September or early October 1737 Telemann took an extended leave from Hamburg and went to Paris. There he countered various unauthorized publications of his music by obtaining his own publishing privilege. He immediately published several works, most importantly the Nouveaux quatuors, which were revised and expanded versions of the early composition stolen from him. The Nouveaux quatuors were enthusiastically received by the court and the city musicians. Telemann returned to Hamburg by the end of May 1738. Around 1740 his musical output fell sharply, even though he continued fulfilling his duties as Hamburg music director. He became more interested in music theory and completed a treatise on the subject, Neues musicalisches System (1742/3, published 1752). He also took up gardening and cultivating rare plants, a popular Hamburg hobby which was shared by Handel. Telemann still followed European musical life, however: throughout the 1740s and the 1750s he exchanged letters and compositions with younger composers such as C.P.E. Bach, Franz Benda, Johann Friedrich Agricola, and others.

After Telemann's eldest son Andreas died in 1755, he assumed the responsibility of raising Andreas' son Georg Michael Telemann, who eventually became a composer. In his later years, Telemann's eyesight began to deteriorate, and he was increasingly troubled by health problems. This led to a further decline in his output around 1762, however, he was still capable of composing music of highest quality, and continued to write until his death on the evening of 25 June 1767. The cause of death was a "chest ailment"; he was buried on 29 June in the Johannisfriedhof. He was succeeded at his Hamburg post by Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach.

Legacy[link]

Telemann was the most prolific composer of his time: his oeuvre comprises more than 3000 pieces. The first accurate estimate of the number of his works were provided by musicologists only during the 1980s and the 1990s, when extensive thematic catalogues were published. During his lifetime and the later half of the 18th century Telemann was very highly regarded by colleagues and critics alike. Numerous theorists (Marpurg, Mattheson, Quantz, and Scheibe, among others) cited his works as models, and major composers such as J.S. Bach and Handel bought and studied his published works. He was immensely popular not only in Germany but in the rest of Europe as well: orders for editions of Telemann's music came from France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, Switzerland, and Spain. It was only in early 19th century that his popularity came to a sudden halt. Most lexicographers started dismissing him as a "polygraph" who composed too many works, a Vielschreiber for whom quantity came before quality. Such views were influenced by an account of Telemann's music by Christoph Daniel Ebeling, a late 18th century critic who in fact praised Telemann's music and only made passing critical remarks of his productivity. After the Bach revival, Telemann's works were judged as inferior to Bach's and lacking in religious fervour.^{[citation needed]} Particularly striking examples of such unfair judgements were produced by noted Bach biographers Philipp Spitta and Albert Schweitzer, who criticized Telemann's cantatas and then praised works they thought were composed by Bach—but which were, in fact, composed by Telemann, as was shown by later research. The last performance of a substantial work by Telemann (Der Tod Jesu) occurred in 1832, and it was not until the 20th century that his music started being performed again. The revival of interest in Telemann began in the first decades of the 20th century and culminated in the Bärenreiter critical edition of the 1950s. Today each of Telemann's works is usually given a TWV number. TWV stands for Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis (Telemann Work Catalogue).

Telemann's music was one of the driving forces behind the late Baroque and the early Classical styles. Starting in the 1710s he became one of the creators and the foremost exponents of the so-called German mixed style, an amalgam of German, French, Italian and Polish styles. Over the years, his music gradually changed and started incorporating more and more elements of the galant style, but he never completely adopted the ideals of the nascent Classical era: Telemann's style remained contrapuntally and harmonically complex, and already in 1751 he dismissed much contemporary music as too simplistic. Composers he influenced musically included pupils of J.S. Bach in Leipzig, such as Wilhelm Friedmann Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach and Johann Friedrich Agricola, as well as those composers who performed under his direction in Leipzig (Christoph Graupner, Johann David Heinichen and Johann Georg Pisendel), composers of the Berlin lieder school, and finally, his numerous pupils, none of whom, however, became major composers.

Equally important for the history of music were Telemann's publishing activities. By pursuing exclusive publication rights for his own works, he set one of the most important early precedents for regarding music as the intellectual property of the composer. The same attitude informed his public concerts, where Telemann would frequently perform music originally composed for ceremonies attended only by a select few members of the upper class.

Partial list of works[link]

Operas[link]

See List of operas by Telemann

Passions[link]

• Georg Philipp Telemann's Passions

Cantatas[link]

• Cantata Cycle 1716-1717
• Die Donner-Ode ("The Ode of Thunder") TWV 6:3a-b
• Du bleibest dennoch unser Gott (Erstausgabe 1730)
• Ihr Völker, hört
• Ino (1765)
• Der Schulmeister ("The Schoolmaster"), probably spurious
• Sei tausendmal willkommen (Erstausgabe 1730)
• Die Tageszeiten ("The Times of the Day") (1764)
• Gott, man lobet dich, Cantata for the Peace of Paris, 1763, for 5-part chorus, flute, 2 oboes, bassoon, 3 trumpets, 2 horns, strings & continuo, TWV 14:12

Oratorios[link]

• Hamburger Admiralitätsmusik TWV 24:1
• Der Tag des Gerichts ("The Day of Judgement") Hamburgische Kapitänsmusik (various)
• Der Tod Jesu ("The Death of Jesus") TWV 5:6
• Die Auferstehung und Himmelfahrt Jesu" ("The Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus") TWV 6:6, 1716

Orchestral suites[link]

• Grillen-symphonie TWV 50:1
• Ouvertüre Wassermusik (Hamburger Ebb und Fluth) TWV 55:C3
• Ouvertüre des nations anciens et modernes in G TWV 55:G4
• Ouvertüre g-moll in G minor TWV 55:g4
• Suite a-moll für Flöte, Orchester und b.c. TWV 55:a2
• Overture: Alster Echo in F, for 4 horns, 2 oboes, bassoon, strings and continuo, TWV55:F11

Chamber music[link]

• Sinfonia Spirituosa in D Major (2 violins, viola & continuo, trumpet ad libitum) TWV 44:1
• Tafelmusik (1733) ('Tafelmusik' refers to music meant to accompany a meal)
• Der getreue Musikmeister (1728), a musical journal containing 70 small vocal and instrumental compositions
• 6 Paris Quartets, each of which has five to six instruments. TWV 43^[4]
• Harmonischer Gottes-Dienst
• The Twelve Fantasias for Transverse Flute without Bass TWV 40:2-13
• The Twelve Fantasias for Violin without Bass TWV 40:14-25
• 6 Canonical Sonatas TWV 40: 118-123

Concertos[link]

Viola[link]

• Concerto in G Major for Viola and String Orchestra, TWV 51:G9; the first known concerto for viola, still regularly performed today
• Concerto in G Major for Two Violas and String Orchestra, TWV 52:G3

Horn[link]

• "Concerto for Two Horns in D Major TWV 52:D1"
• "Concerto for Two Horns in D Major TWV 52:D2"
• "Horn Concerto in B"
• "Concerto in D for Horn and Orchestra"

Chalumeaux (Predecessor of Clarinet)[link]

• Concerto for Two Chalumeaux and Orchestra

Trumpet[link]

• Trumpet Concerto in D major

Oboe[link]

• "Concerto in F Minor"
• "Concerto in A Major"
• "Concerto in E Minor"
• "Concerto in G Major"
• "Concerto in C Minor"
• "Concerto in D Minor"
• "sonata in G minor"

Flute[link]

• "Concerto in D Major"
• "Concerto in E Minor for recorder & traverso"

Media[link]

See also[link]

• Letters and writings of George Frideric Handel

References[link]

Notes

Sources

• Zohn, Steven. "Georg Philipp Telemann", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed 5 September 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Georg Philipp Telemann

Further information on Telemann and his works[link]

• Detailed biography at baroquemusic.org
• Partial list of Telemann publications and TWV numbers, Robert Poliquin, Université du Québec. (French)
• Telemann as opera composer from 1708-61, OperaGlass, Stanford University.
• Works by or about Georg Philipp Telemann in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Modern editions[link]

• Prima la musica! Commercially available performing editions of Telemann's music, as well as other baroque composers.
• Habsburger Verlag Modern performing editions of Telemann's cantatas edited by Eric Fiedler.
• Edition Musiklandschaften Modern performing editions of Telemann's yearly Passions from 1757 to 1767 edited by Johannes Pausch

Free sheet music[link]

• Free scores by Georg Philipp Telemann at the International Music Score Library Project
• Free scores by Georg Philipp Telemann in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Free scores by Georg Philipp Telemann in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
• Free scores, Cantatas, Archiv der kreuznacher-diakonie-kantorei.
• Free scores of Telemann's Harpsichord Fantasias TWV 33:1-36 at Brightcecilia Classical Music Forums
• The Mutopia Project has compositions by Georg Philipp Telemann