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Lund
Coat of arms
Motto: Idéernas stad (Eng: The city of ideas)
Lund
Coordinates: 55°42′N 13°12′E / 55.7°N 13.2°E / 55.7; 13.2Coordinates: 55°42′N 13°12′E / 55.7°N 13.2°E / 55.7; 13.2
Country	Sweden
Province	Scania
County	Skåne County
Municipality	Lund Municipality
Area[1]
• Total	25.75 km2 (9.94 sq mi)
Population (31 December 2010)[1]
• Total	82,800
• Density	3,215/km2 (8,330/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)

Lund (Swedish pronunciation: [lɵnd] ( listen)) is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 82,800 inhabitants in 2010,^[1] out of a municipal total of 110,824. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Skåne County. The city is believed to have been founded around 990, when Scania belonged to Denmark. It soon became a major Christian center of the Baltic Sea region, at a time when the area was still a frontier area for Christian mission, and within Scandinavia and especially Denmark through the Middle Ages. From 1103 it was the seat of an archbishop. At the center of the city stands the towering Lund Cathedral, built ca 1090-1145.

Lund University, established 1666, is today one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research.^[2][3][4]

History[link]

Lund Cathedral

Along with Sigtuna, Lund is the oldest city in present-day Sweden. Lund's origins are unclear. Until the 1980s, the town was thought to have been founded around 1020 by either Sweyn I Forkbeard or his son Canute the Great of Denmark.^[5] The area was then part of the kingdom of Denmark. But, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first settlement dated to circa 990, possibly the relocation of settlers at Uppåkra. The Uppåkra settlement dates back to the first century B.C.^[6] and its remains are at the present site of the village of Uppåkra. King Sweyn I Forkbeard moved Loda to its present location, a distance of some five kilometres. The new location of Lund, on a hill and across a ford, gave the new site considerable defensive advantages in comparison with Uppåkra, situated on the highest point of a large plain.

The city was made a see in 1048 and united with Dalby in 1060,^[7] and in 1103 became the seat of the archbishop for Scandinavia. The diocese of nearby Dalby was absorbed in 1066. Lund Cathedral was similarly founded in or shortly after 1103. In 1152, the Norwegian archdiocese of Nidaros was founded as a separate province of the church, independent of Lund. In 1164 Sweden also acquired an archbishop of its own, although he was nominally subordinate to the archbishop of Lund. It is still, as the diocese of Lund, a diocese in the Church of Sweden.

A street in the old part of the town

Lund Cathedral School (Katedralskolan) was founded in 1085 by the Danish king Canute the Saint. This is the oldest school in Scandinavia and one of the oldest in Northern Europe. Many prominent people were educated there, among them the actor Max von Sydow and several high-ranking politicians.

In 1658, the Scanian lands were ceded by Denmark to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. On December 4, 1676 Lund was defended in the Battle of Lund, one of the bloodiest battles fought in Scandinavia.

Adelgatan Street, Lund

Lund University, established in 1666, is Sweden's largest, with 42,000 full or part-time students, although not all live in Lund. The figure includes Lund Institute of Technology, which is to some extent independent of the old university. As late as the 1940s, Lund was a relatively small city with few large-scale industries, covering only about a fourth of the current urban area, and dominated by the cathedral and the university.^{[citation needed]} Since then, the student population has increased about twelvefold; many industrial companies in the chemical, medical or electronics branches and, from the 1990s within information management, have set up establishments in the city; and the town's population, architecture and energy have been transformed.

Compared with many other Swedish cities, the urban heart of Lund is well preserved. A local law requires archaeological excavation in association with any downtown property planned for demolition and redevelopment.

Geography[link]

Lund is located in Sweden's largest agricultural district, in the southwest of Scania, less than ten kilometres from the sandy shore of the Öresund Strait. From the top of the Sankt Hans Hill it is possible to see Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. It is therefore some distance from other Swedish cities, about 250 kilometres to Gothenburg, 600 to Stockholm and about 1200 to Umeå. The city of Malmö, on the other hand, is only about 15 kilometres away.

Climate[link]

Lund, like the rest of southern Sweden, has an oceanic climate. Despite its northern location, the climate is relatively mild compared to other locations in similar latitude, or even somewhat further south, mainly because of its proximity to the sea. Because of its northerly latitude, daylight lasts as long as 17 hours in midsummer, and only around 7 hours in midwinter.

Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 22 °C (72 °F) and lows of around 14 °C (57 °F), but temperatures do sometimes exceed 25 °C (77 °F) and occasional heat waves are common during the summer. Winters are cold, with temperatures steady between -1 to 3 °C (30 to 37 °F).

Rainfall is light to moderate throughout the year with 169 wet days. Snowfall occurs sparingly, mainly in December through March, but snow cover does not remain for a long time, and some winters tends to be virtually free of snow.

Main sights[link]

During the 12th and 13th centuries, when the town was the seat of the archbishop, many churches and monasteries were built. At its peak, Lund had 27 churches, but most of them were demolished as result of the Reformation in 1536. Several medieval buildings remain, including Lund Cathedral, Liberiet, the restaurant Stäket and parts of the Cathedral School. Timber framing is characteristic of the houses built up to the end of the 19th century, for example the Wickmanska gården.

Most of the central buildings in Lund date from the late 19th century, when small houses were replaced by multi-storey ones. Notable buildings built during this period include the University Library (1902), Grand Hotel (1899) and the University Main Building (1882).

• 

  Skyline

• 

  Lund University main building

• 

  The University Library

• 

  Liberiet

• 

  Grand Hotel

• 

  The Cathedral School

• 

  Wickmanska gården

• 

  Botaniska trädgården

• 

  Facade clock at parking garage close to Högevallsbadet

Transportation[link]

Major roads[link]

Lund has been connected to the motorway network since 1953 when the E22, the first motorway in Sweden, was built round the edge of the town. There are also other connections to most major roads in the area, for example the E6 via Riksväg 16, and the Länsväg 108 which connects to the E65.

Lund train station

Cycling[link]

Lund has been praised for its cycling infrastructure.^[9] There are 5000 bike parking spaces in the town, including a multi-storey facility, 160 km of cyclepaths, and 45% of commuters travel by bicycle. There has been no increase in car usage for the past 10 years.

Railways and public transport[link]

Lund has been on the main railway line between Malmö and Stockholm since 1857. Today there are direct connections to Copenhagen and Elsinore via the Öresund Bridge. This connection is mainly served by the Öresundståg, maintained by DSB, the Danske Statsbaner in Denmark and Skånetrafiken in Scania, as well as by SJ in the rest of Sweden. Local traffic is managed by the two-coach electric multiple units Pågatåg, which provide connections to many destinations in Scania. Because of Lund's central position, it is possible to travel to the three largest cities in Sweden without having to change trains.

Public transport within Lund is overseen by Skånetrafiken^[10] but the actual bus network is licensed to the Bergkvarabuss company. The city buses connect around 400 bus stops with 11 bus lines served by a fleet of 40 Mercedes Citaro^{[citation needed]} running on compressed natural gas and a few smaller buses using diesel. There are plans of initiating a tram network ^[11]to achieve faster and higher-capacity public transport in some parts of the city and to the suburban towns of Dalby, Staffanstorp and Södra Sandby.

In recent years the pressure on rail and bus lines has increased, due to the ever growing commuting between Lund, Malmö and other nearby places and increased casual and professional contacts with the Copenhagen area. As of 2009, the railyard and quays area of Lund station is undergoing some rearrangements to accommodate expected growth in traffic, while Malmö station has also been rebuilt in tandem with the Malmö City Tunnel, which opened in December 2010.

Airports[link]

Lund is located close to Malmö-Sturup Airport which is mainly used for domestic flights. Kastrup, the airport for Copenhagen is often used for longer international flights, and is about 33 minutes by train from Lund. There also used to be a very small airstrip, Hasslanda Flygfält, to the south of Lund, mainly used for private and charter flights.

Culture[link]

Lund University Male Voice Choir at the Lund University main building on 1 May 2005

The culture in Lund is characterized by the large student population and student traditions, such as a student theater group since 1886.^[12] A substantial part of the nightlife is located at student fraternities called 'Nations'.

Lund also has a city theatre (though without a professional local ensemble of its own) and a number of other places for concerts and theatres.

Lund hosts the largest open-air museum of Scania, Kulturen. Kulturen is the second oldest dedicated open-air museum in the world and consists of more than 30 buildings, as well as large collections on Scanian art, crafts. local archaeology and history. The museum was founded in 1892 by Georg Karlin. Today the museum often hosts different exhibitions and its visitors can experience how Swedish people lived and worked throughout the centuries.^[13]

Literature, art, and cinema[link]

Numerous prominent figures from the literary world lived and worked in Lund, often in association with the university and theatre. They are listed below with notable natives.

The city has a vivid tradition in music and theatre, stimulated by the church, university, schools, student musical festivities, and the Spex tradition (parodistic musical plays, often setting well-known music to new lyrics and mixing up the historical and the present in unconventional intrigues) and, especially, the "Lund Carnival" (for which see the special section).

Lund has long been a regional centre for classical and church music. In particular, Lund is renowned for its vibrant amateur choir scene, with choirs such as Carolinae damkör, Domkyrkokören, Katedralkören, Lunds akademiska kör, Lund Chamber Choir (Swedish: Lunds Kammarkör), Lunds Studentsångförening, Lunds vokalensemble, and the Svanholm Singers. Since 2006, Lund has been the host of the biannual Lund International Choral Festival.^[14] In more recent decades, Lund has also developed a lively pop and jazz scene.

The concluding scenes in Ingmar Bergman's classic film Wild Strawberries were set in, and were shot, in Lund.

Lundakarnevalen[link]

The Lund carnival has been held every four years since the mid-nineteenth century: traditional accounts say it originated at a wedding in 1849 (the four-year intervals place the party in 2002, 2006, 2010, etc.). Arranged by the students of the university, from the 1950s onwards the event has grown in size and intensity (with some 5500 volunteers 2010), but it remains an amateur event. Midway between a music and stage fair, a city festival, and an outpouring of satire, parody and general madness. Some students dress up in costumes, often relating to and poking fun at current issues, and parade in wagons. Others perform humorous skits in the evenings. The carnival revues and other stage entertainments have launched a number of well-known entertainers and actors over the years.

Sports[link]

Lund is not a notable center for sports except for handball, where it has two teams in the men's top league: H 43 and LUGI and two teams in the women's top league: H43/Lundagård and LUGI. It also has a chess team, Lunds ASK, that for decades has been among the top teams in Sweden. Lund is also the birthplace of the online football manager game Hattrick. Lund also has a Division 1 football club called Lunds BK. Lund hosted matches from the 2011 Handball World Championship in the Färs och Frosta Sparbank Arena.

Industry[link]

Lund is a centre of high tech companies, such as Sony Ericsson, Ericsson Mobile Platforms, Doro and other telecommunication companies. The Lund Institute of Technology has historical connections with the industrial economy. A business park, Ideon, is for high tech companies that have ties to the university.

Other important industries include medical technology (Gambro), pharmaceuticals, biotechnology (Active Biotech, among others), heat exchanger and separator (Alfa Laval), and publishing and library services. The hospital and the university in Lund are two other major employers, with extensive research facilities.

Astra Zeneca offices closed down in 2010 and has been replaced by Ideon Medicon Village.

Lund is home to the Tetra Pak company, which manufactures and markets paper packaging and equipment for milk, orange juice, etc. all over the world.

Education[link]

• Lund University
• Lund Institute of Technology
• Lund School of Economics and Management
• Royal Swedish Physiographic Society

Notable natives and residents[link]

• Klas Anshelm, architect
• Axwell, professional DJ
• Rolf-Göran Bengtsson, Olympic equestrian
• Martin Dahlin, footballer
• Timbuktu (Jason Diakité), hip-hop and reggae artist
• Kim Ekdahl du Rietz, handball player
• Mikael Håfström, film writer and director
• Amanda Jenssen, singer and Idol competitor
• Joachim Johansson, tennis player
• Helena Josefsson, singer
• Roger Ljung, footballer
• Jan Malmsjö, actor
• Lukas Moodysson, film writer, director
• Ivo Pekalski, footballer
• The Radio Dept., band
• Ola Svensson, pop singer
• Max von Sydow, actor
• Linus Thörnblad, Olympic high jumper
• Elin Wägner, feminist writer
• Måns Zelmerlöw, pop singer

Literary residents[link]

• Vilhelm Ekelund, poet
• Hjalmar Gullberg, writer, poet and translator
• Ola Hansson, writer, poet and critic
• Carl Linnaeus, scientist and author
• Axel Lundegård, writer
• Anders Österling, writer, poet, translator and critic
• Lars Norén, poet and playwright
• Bengt Lidforss, natural scientist and writer
• Göran Sonnevi, poet and translator
• August Strindberg, playwright
• Esaias Tegnér, writer and bishop

See also[link]

• Lund Principle, an important principle in ecumenical relations between Christian churches.
• Uppsala

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lund

• Lunds Kommun - Official site
• Visitlund.se Tourist information

v t e Municipalities and seats of Scania County Municipalities Ängelholm Åstorp Båstad Bjuv Bromölla Burlöv Eslöv Hässleholm Helsingborg Höganäs Höör Hörby Kävlinge Klippan Kristianstad Landskrona Lomma Lund Malmö Örkelljunga Osby Östra Göinge Perstorp Simrishamn Sjöbo Skurup Staffanstorp Svalöv Svedala Tomelilla Trelleborg Vellinge Ystad Municipal seats Ängelholm Arlöv Åstorp Båstad Bjuv Broby Bromölla Eslöv Hässleholm Helsingborg Höganäs Höör Hörby Kävlinge Klippan Kristianstad Landskrona Lomma Lund Malmö Örkelljunga Osby Perstorp Simrishamn Sjöbo Skurup Staffanstorp Svalöv Svedala Tomelilla Trelleborg Vellinge Ystad Counties of Sweden Sweden

v t e 50 most populous urban areas in the Nordic countries  Denmark  Finland  Iceland  Norway  Sweden 1.  Stockholm 1,372,565 2.  Copenhagen 1,199,224 3.  Helsinki 1,061,798 4.  Oslo 907,288 5.  Gothenburg 549,839 6.  Malmö 280,415 7.  Turku 253,332 8.  Aarhus 252,107 9.  Bergen 234,800 10.  Stavanger 221,616 11.  Tampere 215,337 12.  Reykjavik 195,000 13.  Odense 167,615 14.  Trondheim 160,072 15.  Oulu 144,114 16.  Uppsala 140,454 17.  Jyväskylä 132,115 18.  Fredrikstad 126,971 19.  Aalborg 124,921 20.  Västerås 110,877 21.  Örebro 107,038 22.  Linköping 104,232 23.  Lahti 102,383 24.  Drammen 100,023 25.  Kuopio 97,610 26.  Helsingborg 97,122 27.  Jönköping 89,396 28.  Kouvola 87,548 29.  Norrköping 87,247 30.  Skien 86,923 31.  Pori 83,156 32.  Lund 82,800 33.  Umeå 79,594 34.  Joensuu 73,807 35.  Lappeenranta 72,156 36.  Esbjerg 71,576 37.  Gävle 71,033 38.  Kristiansand 67,547 39.  Hämeenlinna 67,293 40.  Tromsø 66,669 41.  Borås 66,273 42.  Eskilstuna 64,679 43.  Södertälje 64,619 44.  Karlstad 61,685 45.  Täby 61,272 46.  Rovaniemi 60,699 47.  Randers 60,656 48.  Vaasa 60,491 49.  Seinäjoki 58,836 50.  Halmstad 58,577

Aksel Lund Svindal

Svindal in February 2011
Disciplines	Downhill, Super-G, Giant Slalom, Slalom, Combined
Club	Nero Alpin
Born	(1982-12-26) December 26, 1982 (age 29) Lørenskog, Norway
Height	1.89 m (6 ft 2 1⁄2 in)
World Cup debut	October 28, 2001 (age 18)
Website	aksellundsvindal.com
Olympics
Teams	2 – (2006, 2010)
Medals	3 (1 gold)
World Championships
Teams	5 – (2003-11)
Medals	6 (4 gold)
World Cup
Seasons	10th - (2003–12)
Wins	16
Podiums	41
Overall titles	2 – (2007, 2009)
Discipline titles	5 – (3 SG, 1 GS, 1 K)
Medal record Men's alpine skiing Competitor for  Norway Olympic Games Gold 2010 Vancouver Super-G Silver 2010 Vancouver Downhill Bronze 2010 Vancouver Giant slalom World Championships Gold 2011 Garmisch S-Combined Gold 2009 Val d'Isère S-Combined Gold 2007 Åre Downhill Gold 2007 Åre Giant slalom Silver 2005 Bormio Combined Bronze 2009 Val d'Isère Super-G Junior World Ski Championships Gold 2002 Tarvisio Combined Silver 2002 Tarvisio Super G Bronze 2002 Tarvisio Downhill Bronze 2002 Tarvisio Slalom

Aksel Lund Svindal (born December 26, 1982) is a World Cup alpine ski racer from Kjeller, Norway. Born in Lørenskog, he is a two-time overal World Cup champion (2007 and 2009), an Olympic gold medalist in Super G at the 2010 Winter Olympics, and a four-time World Champion in downhill, giant slalom, and super combined (2007 Åre, 2009 Val d'Isère, and 2011 Garmisch-Partenkirchen).

Career[link]

Through February 2012, Svindal has won six World Championship medals, three Olympic medals, four World Cup discipline titles (in combined, super-G, and giant slalom), and 15 World Cup races. Additionally, he won four medals at the 2002 World Junior Championships, including gold in combined. He won his first overall World Cup title in 2007.

On November 27, 2007, during the first training run for the Birds of Prey downhill race in Beaver Creek, USA, Svindal crashed badly after landing a jump. He somersaulted into a safety fence and was taken to Vail Valley Medical Center with broken bones in his face and a six inch (15 cm) laceration to his groin and abdominal area. He missed the remainder of the 2008 season, and returned to World Cup racing in October 2008. His first two victories following his return were a downhill and a super-G in Beaver Creek, on the same Birds of Prey course where he was injured the year before.^[1]

Svindal racing for the silver medal in the downhill at the 2010 Olympics at Whistler

At the 2009 World Championships, Svindal won the gold in the Super Combined. Fulfilling his comeback during the 2009 season, Svindal won his second overall World Cup over Benjamin Raich of Austria. Entering the last race of the season, a slalom at the World Cup finals in Åre, Sweden, Svindal led Raich by just two points. They had won the two previous races (a downhill and giant slalom respectively), with Svindal leading but Raich was the favorite as a specialist in slalom. Both skiers went off course and did not finish the slalom, so the Norwegian became the overall World Cup winner.^[2] He also won his fourth discipline title, his second in super G.

At the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 15, Svindal won the silver medal in the downhill competition in Whistler, 0.07 seconds behind the winner, Didier Défago of Switzerland, and 0.02 seconds ahead of bronze medalist Bode Miller of the United States. Svindal's medal was Norway's hundredth silver medal at the Winter Olympic Games, making Norway the first nation to win 100 silver medals at the Winter Olympics.

Four days later on February 19, Svindal won the Super-G competition, his first ever Olympic gold medal – ahead of Americans Bode Miller (+ 0.28 seconds) and Andrew Weibrecht (+ 0.31 seconds).

Svindal successfully defended his World Championship in the Super Combined in 2011 in Garmish-Partenkirchen, Germany.^[3]

World Cup results[link]

Season standings[link]

Season titles[link]

7 titles: (2 overall, 3 SG, 1 GS, 1 K)

Individual races[link]

16 victories – (5 DH, 6 SG, 4 GS, 1 SC)

Season	Date	Location	Discipline
2006	27 Nov 2005	Lake Louise, Canada	Super G
	15 Mar 2006	Åre, Sweden	Downhill
2007	30 Nov 2006	Beaver Creek, USA	Super Combined
	21 Dec 2006	Hinterstoder, Austria	Giant Slalom
	14 Mar 2007	Lenzerheide, Switzerland	Downhill
	15 Mar 2007		Super G
	17 Mar 2007		Giant Slalom
2008	28 Oct 2007	Sölden, Austria	Giant Slalom
	25 Nov 2007	Lake Louise, Canada	Super G
2009	5 Dec 2008	Beaver Creek, USA	Downhill
	6 Dec 2008		Super G
	11 Mar 2009	Åre, Sweden	Downhill
2010	18 Dec 2009	Val Gardena, Italy	Super G
2011	8 Jan 2011	Adelboden, Switzerland	Giant Slalom
2012	27 Nov 2011	Lake Louise, Canada	Super G
	14 Mar 2012	Schladming, Austria	Downhill

References[link]

External links[link]

• Aksel Lund Svindal at the International Ski Federation
• FIS-ski.com – World Cup season standings – Aksel Lund Svindal
• Ski-db.com – results – Aksel Lund Svindal
• Sports-reference.com - Olympic results - Aksel Lund Svindal
• Aksel Lund Svindal.com – personal site - (English)
• Norwegian Ski Team - alpine skiing - Men's World Cup - (Norwegian)
• Head Skis - teams - Aksel Lund Svindal