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Garuda Purana (Devanagari: गरुड़ पुराण) is one of the Puranas which are part of the Hindu body of texts known as smriti. It is a Vaishnava Purana and its first part contains a dialog between Vishnu and Garuda, the King of Birds. The second half contains details of life after death, funeral rites and the metaphysics of reincarnation, thus it is recited as a part Antyesti (Antim Sanskar) or funeral rites (funeral liturgy) in Hinduism.^[1]

Overview[link]

Bhagawaan* = from the Sanskrit language: The Supreme, possessed of all material and spiritual opulences, in a proportion beyond limited human imagination or infinite as in the Sanskrit word, Ananta.

Garuda Purana is in the form of instructions by Vishnu to his carrier, Garuda (The King of Birds – a vahana of Bhagawaan* Vishnu). This Purana deals with astronomy, medicine, grammar, and gemstone structure and qualities. In addition, the Garuda Purana is considered the authoritative Vedic reference volume describing the Nine Pearls, which includes not only the well known Oyster Pearl, but also the Conch Pearl, Cobra Pearl, Boar Pearl, Elephant Pearl, Bamboo Pearl, Whale Pearl, Fish Pearl, and Cloud Pearl.

The Garuda Purana is a Vaishnava Purana. The others in this group are Vishnu Purana, Narada Purana, Bhagavata Purana, Padma Purana and Varaha Purana.

The Garuda Purana has nineteen thousand shlokas (lines). It is a medium-sized Purana. The Skanda Purana, for example, has eighty-one thousand shlokas. And the Markandeya Purana only nine thousand. The thousand shlokas of the Garuda Purana are divided into two parts, a purva khanda (first part) and an uttara khanda (subsequent part). Each khanda has several chapters (adhyaya). The purva khanda is much longer, it has two hundred and thirty-four chapters. The Uttara khanda has only forty-five.

The latter half of this Purana deals with life after death. The followers of the eternal Vedas, addressed as "Hindus" of India generally read this Purana while cremating the physically dead bodies of departed atmaas/souls. This has given great importance to the origin of Garuda. There are nineteen thousand verses describing the ways to the Lord.

Suta and the other sages[link]

Suta was a very learned sage. He was very well-versed in the Puranas and in the shastras (sacred texts). He was also devoted to Vishnu.

Vedavyasa taught the Puranas to one of his disciples named Romaharshana or Lomaharshana. He was thus named because the hair (roma) on his body was thrilled (harshana), leading to Goose bumps, when he heard the Puranas from his teacher. It was Romaharshana who related the stories of the Puranas to everyone else. The Bhagavata Purana says the Romaharshana had a son named Suta and it was this son who related the story of that particular Purana to the other sages . On the other hand, Romaharshana himself belonged to the suta class, so that he too could be addressed as Suta. From reading the Garuda Purana, one does get the impression that it is Romaharshana himself who is relating the story, and not his son.

To come back to the point, Romaharshana came to a forest known as Naimisharanya. He sat there and contemplated the mysteries of the Lord Vishnu.

Several other rishis (sages) led by Shounaka also came to the forest. They told Romaharshana, "Sage, you know everything. Who is the god of all gods? Who is to be worshipped? What does one meditate on? Who destroys evil? How did the world come to be created? What is dharma (righteousness)? Tell us all these things and more".

"I will", replied Romaharshana. "I will recite to you the Garuda Purana. Many years ago, this Purana was told to the sage Kashyapa by the great bird Garuda himself. I learnt it from my teacher Vyasadeva. But first let me list for you the twenty-two avataras of Vishnu.

The first incarnation was a young boy. In this form, Vishnu adopted celibacy (brahmacharya) and performed difficult tapasya (meditation).

The second incarnation was as a boar (varaha). In this form, Vishnu rescued the earth from the underworld.

The third incarnation was as a great sage (devarishi). In this form, Vishnu spread the knowledge of several texts (tantras).

The fourth incarnation was as two sages named Nara-Narayana.

The fifth incarnation was as the great sage Kapila. Kapila taught his disciple Asuri the wonderful philosophy known as Samkhya yoga.

The sixth incarnation was as the sage Dattatreya, the son of Atri and Anasuya.

The seventh incarnation took place in the manvantra known as svayambhuva. Vishnu was born as the son of Ruchi and Akuti and performed many yajnas (sacrifices).

In the eighth incarnation, Vishnu was born as Urukrama, the son of Nabhi and Meru. He taught everyone the righteous way of life.

In the ninth incarnation, Vishnu became the king Prithu and restored foodgrains and herbs to the earth.

The tenth of Vishnu’s incarnations was as a fish (matsya). He saved Vaivasvata Manu from the flood that enveloped the world.

In the eleventh incarnation, Vishnu adopted the form of a turtle (kurma). This was to help out the gods (devas) and demons (asuras) in the churning of the ocean (samudra manthana).

The twelfth incarnation was as Dhanvantari, physician of the gods and the originator of medicine.

The thirteenth was Mohini avatara. In this form, Vishnu adopted the body of a beautiful woman to charm and rob the asuras of the amrita (a life-giving drink).

In the fourteenth incarnation, Vishnu became Narasimha, a being who was half-man and half-lion, to kil the evil asura Hiranyakashipu.

The fifteenth incarnation witnessed Vishnu’s adoption of the form of dwarf (Vamana). This was to hoodwink the asura King Bali and restore the heaven to gods.

In the sixteenth incarnation, Vishnu became Parashurama, killed all the wicked Kshatriyas in the world twenty-one times.

The seventeenth incarnation was as Vedavyasa, the son of Parashara and Satyavati. Vedavyasa divided and classified the Vedas.

Vishnu’s eighteen incarnation was as the sage Narada.

The nineteenth incarnation was Rama. This incarnation is thought to be a bit contradictory, (Parshuram was present in the swayamvar of Sita) but it is not. Parshuram was ardh-avatara(Half incarnation) & Rama was poorna manav Avatara (Full Incarnation as a Human Soul).

The twentieth incarnation was Balarama.

In the twenty-first incarnation, Vishnu was Krishna .

The twenty-second incarnation is yet to come. And Vishnu will come to destroy evil in the world and restore righteousness".

There have been several other incarnations of Vishnu. But the ones mentioned above are the major ones.

List of Punishments[link]

Further reading[link]

• Mani, Vettam. Puranic Encyclopedia. 1st English ed. Manipal: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.
• Govindarajan "Garuda Puranam", 1st edition. New Horizon,2007

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Garuda Purana at sacred-texts.com (Wood and Subrahmanyam translation, 1911)
• Roman diacritic transliteration, Bombay: Venkatesvara Steam Press, part 1
• Roman diacritic transliteration, Bombay: Venkatesvara Steam Press, part 2
• Roman diacritic transliteration, Bombay: Venkatesvara Steam Press, part 3
• The Garuda Purana summary
• The Garuda Purana excerpts English translation of important verses

Shri Bannanje Govindacharya(Tulu: ಬನ್ನಂಜೆ ಗೋವಿಂದಾಚಾರ್ಯ, is a scholar, well-versed in Madhva tradition. He hails from Bannanje locality of Udupi in Karnataka, India. He was born in 1936. He is in particular one of the greatest experts on the Madhva Tattva Shastras or Madhva philosophy. He is best known for his pravachanas or discourses which are very popular among Tuluvas and Kannadigas all over the world. Though his pravachanas (discourses)have made him a household name among Tuluvas and Kannadigas his contributions to vedic scholarship also extend to voluminous writing. He is the author of numerous translations and commentaries both in Sanskrit and Kannada of the Vedic texts. His literary achievements also include his translation and commentaries of the complete texts of Shri Madhwacharya.

Early life[link]

This section requires expansion.

He started his study of the vedic texts and scriptures under his father Tarkakesari S. Narayanacharya and His Holiness Shri Vidyamanya Tirtha Swamiji of Palimaru Matha. But the person who shaped Bannanje's future was the late Shri Vidyasamudra Tirtha Swamiji of Kaniyooru matha.

His works[link]

Shri Bannanje Govindacharya has many contributions to Vedic scholarship to his name. He has authored numerous commentaries, translations and original works on the subject. He has also contributed hundreds of articles in magazines and journals. He also travels all over India and around the world giving discourses in Indian philosophy and Hindu scriptures.

Publications edited[link]

Works of Madhwa : This monumental work is a painstakingly crafted reconstruction of the complete commentary on Madhwa's works by Shri Hrishikesha Tirtha, a direct disciple of Shri Madhwacharya of the 13th CE. It comprises 2000 pages in five volumes complete with footnotes and colophons. Two other works of Shri Madhwacharya, Tithinirnaya and Nyasa Paddhathi which were unknown were discovered and included in this work.A great work

Translation of major Sanskrit works into Kannada[link]

Apart from the Vedic texts, Shri Bannanje has also translated several other Sanskrit works into Kannada. These include,

• Bana Bhattana kadambari - A translation of Bana Bhatta's novel
• Kalidasa's Shakuntala
• Shudraka's Mrichakatika as Aaveya Mannina Atada Bandi, won the Sahitya Akademi's award for translation in 2001^[1]
• Bhavabhuti's Uttaramacharita
• Mahashweta's Sanskrit stories
• Several Sanskrit poems.

Short commentaries in Sanskrit[link]

• Anandamala of shri trivikramarya dasa
• Vayu Stuti of Shri Trivikrama Pandita
• Vishnu Stuti of Shri Trivikrama Pandita
• Chaturdashastotra – different stotras in Sanskrit
• Raghavendra stotra
• Jayathirtha stuti
• vada ratnavali of Shri Vishudasacharya
• A philosophical dialectic in Sanskrit
• Short commentaries for six upanishads with commentaries of Trivikramarya Dasa

Detailed commentaries in Sanskrit[link]

Some of Bannanje's detailed commentaries in Sanskrit include,

• Nirnaya Bhava Chandrika Tippani on Mahabharata Tatparya Nirnaya by shri Madhwacharya
• Teeka(critique) on Mahabharata Tatparya (yamaka bharatha) by Shri Madhwacharya
• Teeka on Shri Madhwavijaya of Narayana Pandita
• Tippani on Bhagavata tatparya by shri Madhwacharya

Translation of Sanskrit to kannada[link]

• Purusha sukta
• Shri sukta
• Shiva stuti, Narashimha stuti
• Talavakaropanishad (Kenopanishad)
• Krishnamritamaharnava of Shri Madhwacharya
• Tantra sara sangraha of Shri Madhwacharya
• Sangraha Ramayana of Shri Narayana Panditacharya
• Madhwa Ramayana
• Parashara kanda para tattva (Kannada rendering of Shri Vishu Purana)
• Prameya nava malika of Shri Narayana Panditacharya
• Anu Madhwa Charita & Sampradaya paddhati
• Mangalashtaka of Shri Rajarajeshwara yati
• Yajneeya mantropanishat (Ishavasya)
• Bhagavad Gita
• Ananda Thirthara Bhakti Geetegalu (Kannada rendering of Shri Madhwacharya's Sanskrit devotional songs)

Other contributions[link]

Apart from his voluminous writing, Bannanje has also contributed more than 800 articles on various important issues are published in different books, journals and magazines. He also served as the editor at Udayavani early in his life. He has written book on life of Shree Madhwa acharya called Acharya Madhva: Baduku-Bareha published by RastraKavi Govinda Pai Samshodhana Kendra,Udupi.

Another notable contribution of his is to the Indian and Kannada film industries. He served as the expert consultant for G V Iyer's movies on Adi Shankaracharya, Shri Madhwacharya, Sri Ramanujacharya and the Bhagavad Gita. He also wrote the scripts for the Adi Shankaracharya and Madhwacharya movies. Adi Shankaracharya incidentally was the first ever Sanskrit movie.

Preservation of manuscripts[link]

In 2005–2006, Professor P.R. Mukund (a disciple of Sri Bannanje) along with his colleague Dr. Roger Easton from the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York and Dr. Keith Knox of the Boeing Corporation in Hawaii, undertook the painstaking process of imaging and preserving the original Sarvamoola Granthas authored by Madhvacharya himself. Knox and Easton had earlier imaged fragments of the Dead Sea scrolls and are on the imaging team for the Archimedes Palimpsest project. Bannanje suggested this task as a project of enormous importance and is using the images in his studies of the manuscript.^[2][3]

Recognition and honours[link]

Bannanje has won numerous awards and various titles have been conferred on him by esteemed institutions. Some of these include

• Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour, 2009 ^[4]
• The state award conferred by the Government of Karnataka for his meritorious service and scholarship in Vedic literature and philosophy.
• The Sahitya Akademi's award for translation in 2001^[1]
• Vidya Vachaspati - by Shri Admar Mutt swamiji, Udupi
• Pratibhambudhi - conferred on him by Puttige Mutt and Palimar Mutt swamijis
• Shastra savyasachi - a title conferred by Akhila Bharata Madhwa Maha Mandala, Bengalooru
• Shri Krishanugraha Prashasthi - an award presented by Pejavara Mutt swamiji
• Sahitya sarvabhouma - saraswata maha vishwa vidyalaya, Bengalooru
• Samshodhana Vichakshana : by shri admar & shri palimar mutt
• Pandita Ratna : by palimar mutt swamiji
• Pandita shiromani - by Pratibha Ranga, Shivamogga
• Pandita Ratna : by Dwarakanath swamji of Partagali Gokarna Mutt
• Vidya Ratnakara - title conferred by Shri Palimar Mutt swamiji
• The Academy of General Education, Manipal presented him a fellowship for the meritorious service and scholarship in Indian religion and philosophy.

Conferences attended[link]

• Brand Ambassador of India in World Conference on Religion & Peace, Princeton, USA in 1979.
• Participated in World Sanskrit Conference in Delhi in 1980s.
• Was president to Sanskrit Parishat of South Canara.
• Served as President of All India Madhwa Sammelanna in Chennai in 1995.
• Served as President of the Sahitya Sammelanna in Udupi in 2001.
• Participated in number of poetic symposiums and debates.

See also[link]

• Dvaita
• Ashta Mathas of Udupi

References[link]

External links[link]

• ANANDAMALA (Exclusive Website on Shri Bannanje and IshaVasya Prathistana, containing his lectures, articles, poems and much more )
• A lecture series on the Mandukopanishat
• Guru Govindaacharya - Prof. Easton writes about his interactions with Bannanje during the imaging of the Sarvamoola Granthas
• Bannanje Govindacharya Interview, 'Is the Ego an Illusion?'
• VNN World - Interview With Sri Bannanje Govindacharya
• madhva.net - shrI Bannanje Govindacharya