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Brāhmī is the modern name given to the oldest script used in India, during the final centuries BCE and the early centuries CE. Like its contemporary in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan, Kharoṣṭhī, Brāhmī was an alphasyllabary.

The best-known Brāhmī inscriptions are the rock-cut edicts of Ashoka in north-central India, dated to the 3rd century BCE. Inscriptions in Tamil-Brahmi, a Southern Brahmic alphabet found on pottery in South India and Sri Lanka, may even predate the Ashoka edicts.^[1]

The Gupta script of the 5th century is sometimes called "Late Brahmi". From the 6th century onward, the Brahmi script diversified into numerous local variants, grouped as the Brahmic family of scripts.

The script was deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the British East India Company.^[2]

Gupta script on stone Kanheri Caves

Origins[link]

A fragment of Ashoka's 6th pillar edict.

Scholars, such as F. Raymond Allchin, take Brāhmī as a purely indigenous development, perhaps with the Bronze Age Indus script as its predecessor.^{[citation needed]} G. R. Hunter in his book "The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts (1934) details out the derivation of the Brahmi alphabets from the Indus Script, the match being considerably higher than that of Aramaic. Even though there is a lack of intervening evidence for writing during the millennium and a half between the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization ca. 1900 BCE and the first appearance of Brahmi in the mid-4th century BCE, the Indus hypothesis is slowly gaining momentum because of the sheer differences between how Semitic alphabets work and how Brahmi works for an Indo-Aryan language .^[3]

While the contemporary and perhaps somewhat older Kharosthi script is speculated to be a derivation of the Aramaic script, the genesis of the Brahmi script is less straightforward. An origin in the Imperial Aramaic script has nevertheless been proposed by most scholars since the publications by Albrecht Weber (1856) and Georg Bühler's On the origin of the Indian Brahma alphabet (1895).^[4][3]

Like Kharosthi, Brāhmī was used to write the early dialects of Prakrit. Surviving records of the script are mostly restricted to inscriptions on buildings and graves as well as liturgical texts. Sanskrit was not written until many centuries later, and as a result, Brāhmī is not a perfect match for Sanskrit; several Sanskrit sounds cannot be written in Brāhmī.^[4]

Aramaic hypothesis[link]

The Semitic theory (Phoenician or Aramaic) is the more strongly supported by the available data.^[4] However, the exact prototype is uncertain; a weak consensus exists among scholars for a derivation from Aramaic.^{[citation needed]} According to the Aramaic hypothesis, the oldest Brāhmī inscriptions shows striking parallels with contemporary Aramaic for the sounds that are congruent between the two languages, especially if the letters are flipped to reflect the change in writing direction.^{[citation needed]} (Aramaic is written from right to left, as are several early examples of Brāhmī.^[4]) For example, both Brāhmī and Aramaic g resemble Λ; both Brāhmī and Aramaic t resemble ʎ, etc.

Brāhmī does feature a number of extensions to the Aramaic alphabet, as it was required to write more sounds. For example, Aramaic did not distinguish dental stops such as d from retroflex stops such as ḍ, and in Brāhmī the dental and retroflex series are graphically very similar, as if both had been derived from a single Aramaic prototype. Aramaic did not have Brāhmī’s aspirated consonants (kh, th, etc.), whereas Brāhmī did not have Aramaic's emphatic consonants (q, ṭ, ṣ – the dot diacritic here has a different meaning from the retroflex stops of Brāhmī), and it appears that these unneeded emphatic letters filled in for Brāhmī's aspirates: Aramaic q for Brāhmī kh, Aramaic ṭ (Θ) for Brāhmī th (ʘ), etc. And just where Aramaic did not have a corresponding emphatic stop, p, Brāhmī seems to have doubled up for the corresponding aspirate: Brāhmī p and ph are graphically very similar, as if taken from the same source in Aramaic p. The first letter of the two alphabets also match: Brāhmī a, which resembled a reversed κ, looks a lot like Aramaic alef, which resembled Hebrew א. The following table compares Brāhmī with Phoenician and Aramaic.

Possible derivation of Brāhmī from the Phoenician script

Greek

Α

Β

Γ

Δ

Ε

Υ

Ζ

Η

Θ

Ι

Κ

Λ

Μ

Ν

Ξ

Ο

Π

Ϻ

Ϙ

Ρ

Σ

Τ

Phoenician

Aramaic

,

Brahmi

?

?

?

Bengali

অ

ব

গ

ধ

ঢ

ভ

দ

ড

থ

ঠ

য

ক

চ

ল

ম

ন

ণ

শ

প

ফ

স

খ

ছ

র

ষ

ত

ট

Devanagari

अ

ब

ग

ध

ढ

व

द

ड

थ

ठ

य

क

च

ल

म

न

ण

श

प

फ

स

ख

छ

र

ष

त

ट

Tamil

அ

ப

க

த

ட

வ

த

ட

த

ட

ய

க

ச

ல

ம

ந

ண

ஶ்

ப

ப

ஸ

க

ச

ர

ஷ

த

ட

Kannada

ಅ

ಬ

ಗ

ಧ

ಢ

ವ

ದ

ಡ

ಥ

ಠ

ಯ

ಕ

ಚ

ಲ

ಮ

ನ

ಣ

ಶ

ಪ

ಫ

ಸ

ಖ

ಛ

ರ

ಷ

ತ

ಟ

Telugu

అ

బ

గ

ధ

ఢ

వ

ద

డ

థ

ఠ

య

క

చ

ల

మ

న

ణ

శ

ప

ఫ

స

ఖ

ఛ

ర

ష

త

థ

IAST

a

ba

ga

dha

ḍha

va

da?

ḍa?

tha

ṭha

ya

ka

ca

la

ma

na

ṇa

śa*

pa

pha

sa*

kha

cha

ra

ṣa*

ta

ṭa

* Both Phoenician/Aramaic and Brahmi had three voiceless sibilants, but because the alphabetical ordering was lost, the correspondences among them are not clear.

Not accounted for are the six Brahmi consonants bh, gh, h, j, jh, ny, some of which could conceivably derive from the three Aramaic consonants with no obvious correspondence. (Brahmi ng was a later development.)

Pre-Ashokan epigraphy[link]

Some common variants of Brahmic letters

The earliest likely contact of the Hindu Kush region with the Aramaic script occurred in the 6th century BCE with the expansion of the Achaemenid Empire under Darius the Great to the Indus valley. It appears that no use of any script to write an Indo-Aryan languages occurred before the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, despite the evident example of Aramaic. Megasthenes, an ambassador to the Mauryan court only a quarter century before Ashoka, noted explicitly that the Indians "have no knowledge of written letters". This might be explained by the cultural importance at the time (and indeed to some extent today) of oral literature for history and Hindu scripture.

There have been claims that fragmentary of Brāhmī epigraphy found in Tamil Nadu^[5] and Sri Lanka date as far back as the 5th or 6th century BCE,^[6] which have been taken as evidence for an early spread of Buddhism.^[3] However, evidence for pre-Mauryan Brahmi inscriptions remains inconclusive, restricted to pottery fragments with possible individual glyphs. The earliest complete inscriptions remain the 3rd-century-BCE Ashokan texts. Many early post-Ashokan remains show regional variation thought to have developed after a period of unity across India during the Ashokan period.

Ashokan inscriptions[link]

Brāhmī is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts. It has commonly been supposed that the script was developed at around this time, both from the paucity of earlier dated examples, the alleged unreliability of those earlier dates, and from the geometric regularity of the script, which some have taken to be evidence that it had been recently invented.^[7]

Early regional variants[link]

The earliest Ashokan inscriptions are found across India—apart from the Kharosthi-writing northwest—and are highly uniform. By the late third century BCE regional variants had developed, due to differences in writing materials and to the structures of the languages being written. For example, Tamil-Brahmi had a divergent system of vowel notation.

The earliest definite evidence of Brahmi script in South India comes from Bhattiprolu in Andhra Pradesh.^[8][9] The Bhattiprolu script was written on an urn containing Buddhist relics, apparently in Prakrit and old Telugu. Twenty-three letters have been identified. The letters ga and sa are similar to Mauryan Brahmi, while bha and da resemble those of modern Telugu script.

Sri Lankan inscriptions[link]

In English, the most widely-available set of reproductions of Brāhmī-script texts found in Sri Lanka is Epigraphia Zeylanica; in volume 1 (1976), many of the inscriptions are dated from the 3rd to 2nd century BC.^[10]

Unlike the edicts of Ashoka, however, the majority of the inscriptions from this early period in Sri Lanka are found above caves, are only a few words in length and "rarely say anything more than the name of the donor (who paid for the renovation of the cave, presumably); sometimes the donor's profession and village-of-origin are added, and sometimes the reader may be unable to guess if they are looking at the name of a person, profession or village, but can see that it is a name in any case (and not a philosophical statement)."^[11]

Characteristics[link]

The Brāhmī symbol for /ka/, modified to represent different vowels

Variants of Brahmi over time

Brāhmī is usually written from left to right, as in the case of its descendants. However, a coin of the 4th century BCE has been found inscribed with Brāhmī running from right to left, as in Aramaic.

Brāhmī is an abugida, meaning that each letter represents a consonant, while vowels are written with obligatory diacritics. When no vowel is written, the vowel /a/ is understood. Special conjunct consonants are used to write consonant clusters such as /pr/ or /rv/. In modern Devanagari conjunct consonant are written left to right to join them as one composite character whereas in Brāhmī characters are joined vertically downwards.

Vowels following a consonant are written by diacritics, but initial vowels have dedicated letters. There are three vowels in Brāhmī, /a, i, u/; long vowels are derived from the letters for short vowels. However, there are only five vowel diacritics, as short /a/ is understood if no vowel is written.

[edit] Punctuation^[12]

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Punctuation can be perceived as more of an exception than as a general rule in Asokan Brāhmī. For instance, distinct spaces in between the words appear frequently in the pillar edicts but not so much in others. ("Pillar edicts" refers to the texts that are inscribed on the stone pillars oftentimes with the intention of making them public.) The idea of writing each word separately was not consistently used.

In early Brāhmī period, the existence of punctuation marks is not very well shown. Each letter has been written independently with some space between words and edicts occasionally.

In the middle period, the system seems to be in progress. The use of a dash and a curved horizontal line is found. A flower mark seems to mark the end, and a circular mark appears to indicate the full stop. There seem to be varieties of full stop.

In the late period, the system of interpunctuation marks gets more complicated. For instance, there are four different forms of vertically slanted double dashes that resemble "//" to mark the completion of the composition. Despite all the decorative signs that were available during the late period, the signs remained fairly simple in the inscriptions. One of the possible reasons may be that engraving is restricted while writing is not.

Four basic forms of the punctuation marks can be cited as:

• dash or horizontal bar
• vertical bar
• dot
• circle

Descendants[link]

Over the course of a millennium, Brāhmī developed into numerous regional scripts, commonly classified into a more rounded Southern India group and a more angular Northern India group. Over time, these regional scripts became associated with the local languages. A

Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, sometimes also called "Late Brahmi" (used during the 5th century), which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the Middle Ages, including Siddham (6th century), Sharada (9th century) and Nagari (10th century).

Southern Brahmi gave rise to the Pallava Grantha (6th century), Vatteluttu (8th century) scripts, and via the Hindu expansion to Southeast Asia during the early centuries CE also gave rise to the Mon script in Burma, the Javanese script in Indonesia and the Khmer script in Cambodia.

Also in the Brahmic family of scripts are several Central Asian scripts such as Tibetan and Khotanese.

Gary Ledyard has suggested that the basic letters of hangul were taken from the Phagspa script of the Mongol Empire, itself a derivative of the Brahmic Tibetan alphabet (see origin of hangul).^{[dubious – discuss][citation needed]}

The varga arrangement of Brāhmī was adopted as the modern order of Japanese kana, though the letters themselves are unrelated.^[13]

Unicode[link]

Brāhmī was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0.

The Unicode block for Brāhmī is U+11000 ... U+1107F:

See also[link]

• Indian inscriptions
• Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Kenneth R. Norman, The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pâli Canon, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens (36), 1993
• Oscar von Hinüber, Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (in German)
• Gérard Fussman, Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde, in Annuaire du Collège de France 1988–1989 (in French)
• Siran Deraniyagala, The prehistory of Sri Lanka; an ecological perspective (revised ed.), Archaeological Survey Department of Sri Lanka, 1992.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brahmi script

• On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article by Richard Salomon, University of Washington (via archive.org)
• Brahmi project of the Indian Institute of Science
• Ancient Scripts – Brahmi
• – Buddhist Text in Brahmi Script
• Windows Indic Script Support

Kota Srinivasa Rao
Born	(1947-07-10) July 10, 1947 (age 64) Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh India
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1975 to present
Spouse	Rukmani
Children	Prasad(deceased), Pavani and Pallavi

Kota Srinivasa Rao (Telugu: కోట శ్రీనివాస రావు) is a versatile Indian film actor in Telugu Cinema. He is known for his negative roles, character roles and comedy timing. He also served as an MLA from Vijayawada East assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India from 1999-2004.

He was a theatre artist with Rangasthalam for over 20 years. His performance in the drama inspired director-producer Kranthi Kumar. Later he decided to film the play which marked his entry into Tollywood. He made his debut with the Telugu film Pranam Khareedu in 1978.

He has portrayed diverse roles ranging from an earthly scavenger to a princely Duryodhana. His role in Aha Naa Pellanta, Pratighatana, Gaayam, Shatruvu, Govinda Govinda, and Hello Brother are highly acclaimed. He made his debut in Tamil film Saamy as a suave villain. He played an excellent negative role named Saniyan Saggadi in the Tamil film Thirupaachi.

He delivered remarkable performances in Sadhu Mirandha and Satyam. He has acted in nearly 650 films. He received the Best Villain Award for the film Chinna in 2001.

Personal life[link]

His father Kota Seetha Rama Anjaneyulu was a doctor. He initially started his career in stage and drama plays during his childhood. He worked as a State Bank employee before entering the film industry.

He is married to Rukmani and has three children (2 daughters and a son). He lost his son Kota Venkata Anjaneya Prasad on June 20, 2010 in a road accident in Hyderabad. Prasad acted in J. D. Chakravathy's flick Siddham and alongside his father in Gaayam 2 (2010). His acting was critically acclaimed.^[1]

His younger brother Kota Sankara Rao is also an actor. He works in a nationalized bank and acts in soap operas.

Awards[link]

Won

• Nandi Award for Best Villain- Ganesh (1998)
• Nandi Award for Best Villain - Chinna (2000)
• Nandi Award for Best Character Actor - Chinna (2000)
• Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor- Prudhvi Narayana (2002)
• Nandi Award for Best Character Actor - Aa Naluguru (2004)
• Nandi Award for Best Character Actor - Pellaina Kothalo (2006)

Nominated

• Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Tamil - Saamy

Filmography[link]

Telugu[link]

1. Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (2012)
2. Dhammu (2012)
3. Gabbar Singh (2012)
4. Bodyguard (2012)
5. Dookudu (2011) ... Mallesh Goud
6. Bhavani IPS (2011)
7. Rangam (2011) ... Aalavandhan
8. Kathi Kantha Rao (2010) ... Ringu Ranga Rao
9. Brindaavanam (2010)
10. Rakta Charitra (2010)
11. Khaleja (2010) .... Hero's Grandfather
12. Gaayam 2 (2010) .... Guru Narayana
13. Darling (2010)
14. Leader (2010) .... Peddayana
15. Anjaneyulu (2009)
16. Kick (2009)
17. Sare Nee Istam (2009)
18. Evaraina Epudaina (2009)
19. Rajavari Chepala Cheruvu (2009)
20. Gajibiji (2008)
21. Hero (2008)
22. Pourudu (2008)
23. Hare Ram (2008)
24. Bujjigadu (2008)
25. Kantri (2008)
26. Sundarakanda (2008)
27. Ready (2008)
28. Nee Sukhame Ne Korukunna (2008) .... Sarvabhouma Rao
29. Visakha Express (2008)
30. Okka Magadu (2008)
31. Krishna (2008)
32. Bhajantreelu (2007)
33. Athidi (2007)
34. Pellaindi Kaani (2007)
35. Lakshyam (2007)
36. Munna (2007) .... Srinivas Rao
37. Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule (2007) .... Ganesh's father
38. Classmates (2007) .... Professor Chandram
39. Yogi (2007) .... Kotaiah
40. Khatarnak (2006)
41. Rakhi (2006)
42. Bommarillu (2006) .... Kanaka Rao
43. Pournami (2006)
44. Pellaina Kothalo (2006)
45. Sainikudu (2006) .... Chief Minister
46. Andala Ramudu (2006)
47. Nandanavanam(2006) .... Banerjee
48. Shock (2006) .... Dharma Reddy
49. Sarkar (2005).. Silver Mani
50. Mahanandi (2005)
51. Sri (2005)
52. Allari Pidugu (2005)
53. Allari Bullodu (2005)
54. Chatrapati (2005) .... Appala Naidu
55. Athadu (2005) .... Bajji Reddy
56. Dhairyam (2005)
57. Hungama (2005)
58. Naa Alludu (2005)
59. Soggadu (2005) .... Ravi's father
60. Suryam (2004)
61. Gudumba Shankar (2004) .... Devudu
62. Naani (2004)
63. Malliswari (2004) .... Bhavani Prasad
64. Satyam (2003) .... Shankar, Ankita's father
65. Tagore (2003)
66. Simhadri (2003)
67. Peelamto Panemti (2003) .... Kalyani's father
68. Simhachalam (2003)
69. Donga Ramudu & Party (2003)
70. Ammulu (2003)
71. Pellam Oorelithe (2003)
72. Gelupu
73. Premalo Pavani Kalyan (2002)
74. Sandade Sandadi (2002)
75. Prudhvi Narayana (2002)
76. Idem Voorura Baabu
77. Idiot (2002) .... The Head Constable
78. Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu (2002)
79. Allari (2002)
80. Santosham (2002)
81. O Chinadana (2002)
82. Avunu Valliddaru Ishtapaddaru (2002)
83. Kondaveeti Simhasanam (2002)
84. Hanuman Junction (2001)
85. Badrachalam (2001)
86. Veedekkadi Mogudandi? (2001)
87. Thank You Subba Rao (2001)
88. Adhipati (2001)
89. Aakasa Veedhilo (2001)
90. Manasista Ra (2001)
91. Family Circus (2001)
92. Pandanti Samsaram (2001)
93. Prematho Raa! (2001)
94. Preminchu (2001)
95. Eduruleni Manishi (2001)
96. Maa Aayana Sundarayya (2001)
97. Maa Avida Meda Ottu (2001)
98. Sakumba Saparivara Sametamga (2000)
99. Cheliya Cheliya Chirukopama (2000)
100. Prema Sandadi (2000)
101. Ayodhya Ramayya (2000)
102. Vamsi (2000)
103. Badri (2000) .... Badri's father
104. Samarasimha Reddy (1999)
105. Gun Shot
106. Bombay Priyudu
107. Vinodam
108. Pittala Dora
109. Intlo Illallu Veedhilo Priyuralu
110. Akkum Bakkum
111. Vamsanikokkadu
112. Subhalagnam
113. Daddy (2001)
114. Student No. 1 (2001) .... Sampat Verma
115. Chinna (2001)
116. Orey Thammudu (2001)
117. Annayya (2000) .... Babai
118. Postman (1999)
119. Sri Ramulayya (1999)
120. Sneham Kosam (1999)
121. Rayudu (1998)
122. Ganesh (1998)
123. Bavagaru Bagunnara? (1998)
124. Maavidakulu (1998)
125. Anaganaga Oka Roju (1997)
126. Annamayya (1997)
127. Chinnabbayi (1997)
128. Gokulamlo Seetha (1997) .... Muddukrishnayya
129. Maa Nannaki Pelli (1997) .... Subba Raju
130. Mama Bagunnavaa? (1997)
131. Veedevadandi Babu (1997)
132. Oho Naa Pellanta (1996) .... Vallabha Rao
133. Akkada Abbai Ikkada Ammayi (1996) .... Suleiman
134. Little Soldiers (1996) .... Major Harishchandra Prasad
135. Rambantu (1996) .... Gireesam
136. Big Boss (1995)
137. Gharana Bullodu (1995)
138. Alluda Majaka (1995) .... Kota Pentaiah
139. Ghatotkachudu (1995) .... Mantrikudu
140. Money Money (1995)
141. Subha Sankalpam (1995)
142. Super Police (1994)
143. Police Alludu (1994)
144. Lucky Chance
145. Pacha Thoranam (1994)
146. Raithu Bharatam (1994)
147. Mugguru Monagallu (1994)
148. Top Hero (1994)
149. Aame (1994) .... Srinivasa Rao
150. Alibaba Aradajanu Dongalu (1994)
151. Hello Brother (1994) .... Tadi Mattayya
152. Number One (1994)
153. Pelli Koduku (1994)
154. Yamaleela (1994)
155. Govindha Govindha (1993)
156. Mutamestri (1993)
157. Akka Pettanam Chelleli Kapuram (1993)
158. Gaayam (1993) .... Guru Narayan
159. Ish Gup Chup (1993)
160. Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1993)
161. Mayalodu (1993) .... Appalakonda
162. Mechanic Alludu (1993) .... Kotappa
163. Money (1993)
164. Praana Daata (1993)
165. Rajendrudu Gajendrudu (1993)
166. Chitemma Mogudu (1992) .... Military Babai
167. 420 (1992) .... Tadi Mattayya
168. Ashwamedham (1992)
169. Ayoo Bramhaih
170. Chitram Bhalare Vichitram (1992) .... G. Garudachalam
171. Pachani Samsaram (1992)
172. Sundara Kanda (1992)
173. Rowdy Alludu (1991)
174. Prema Entha Madhuram (1991) .... Narayan Rao
175. Stoovertpuram Police Station (1991)
176. Edu Kondalaswamy (1991)
177. Kobbari Bondam (1991)
178. Mamagaru (1991) .... Pothuraja
179. Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu (1991)
180. Kokkoroko(1990)
181. Raja Vikramarka (1990)
182. Bobbili Raja (1990)
183. Jayammu Nischayammu Raa! (1990) .... Patel
184. Shatruvu (1990) .... Venkatarathnam
185. Shiva (1989) .... Machiraju
186. Srimaan Brahmachari
187. Aalumagalu
188. Aavidaa Maa Aavide
189. Akka Mogudu
190. Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha (1989)
191. Bava Bava Panneeru (1989)
192. Baava Bavamaridi
193. Chinnalludu
194. Dongaata
195. Hai Hai Nayaka (1989) .... Pedda Rayudu
196. Swara Kalpana (1989)
197. Chevilo Puvvu(1989)
198. Maatopettukoku
199. Manasunna Maaraju
200. Pavan - Subblakshmi Preminchukunnarata
201. Peddanayya
202. Pelligola
203. Prema Vijetha
204. Prema Zindabad
205. Presidentugaari Pellam
206. Rendilla Poojari
207. Khaidi No. 786 (1988) .... Suryachandra Rao
208. Yamudiki Mogudu (1988) .... Kotayya
209. Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela (1988) .... Gurnadham
210. Sahasam Cheyara Dimbhaka (1988) .... Harmonium Hanumantha Rao
211. Varasudochhadu (1988)
212. Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe (1987) .... Yella Papa Rao
213. Subhavaartha
214. Aha Naa Pellanta....lakshmipathi
215. Surya Vamsam
216. Baabai Abbai
217. Aha Naa Pellanta (1987)
218. Pratighatana (1986) .... Yadagiri
219. Repati Pourulu (1986)
220. Tandra Paparayudu (1986)
221. Devanthakudu (1984)
222. Moodu Mullu (1983)
223. Pranam Khareedu (1978)