Voiceless alveolar affricate
t͡s
t͜s
Image
IPA number	103 (132)
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʦ
Unicode (hex)	U+02A6
X-SAMPA	ts
Kirshenbaum	ts
Sound
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The voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in such languages as German, Cantonese, Italian, Russian, Japanese and Mandarin Chinese, among many others. International auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.

Features[link]

Features of the voiceless alveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[link]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		хьаца	[χaˈt͡sa]	'hornbeam'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		цэ	[t͡sɛ]	'tooth'
Ainu		チュㇰ	[t͡suk̚]	'autumn'
Albanian		cimbidh	[t͡simbið]	'tongs'
Armenian		ցանց	[t͡sʰant͡sʰ] (help·info)	'net'
Asturian		cibieḷḷa	[θibiɛt͡sa]	'stick'
Berber	Kabyle	iḥeşşeḇ	[iħət͡st͡səβ]	'he counts'
Basque		hotz	[ot͡s̻]	'cold'
		hots	[ot͡s̺]	'sound'
Bulgarian		цена	[t͡sɛˈna]	'price'
Catalan[1]		potser	[puˈtt͡se]	'maybe'	See Catalan phonology
Cherokee		ᏣᎳᎩ/tsa-la-gi	[t͡salaɡi]	'Cherokee'
Chinese	Cantonese	妻/cai1	[t͡sʰɐi˥]	'wife'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology
	Mandarin	早餐/zǎocān	[t͡sɑʊ˨˩ t͡sʰan˥]	'breakfast'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Czech		co	[t͡so]	'what'	See Czech phonology
Esperanto		ceceo	[t͡seˈt͡seo]	'tsetse fly'	See Esperanto phonology
French	Quebec	petit	[pəˈt͡si]	'small'	See Quebec French phonology
Georgian[2]		კაცი	[kʼɑt͡si]	'man'
German		zehn	[t͡seːn]	'ten'	See German phonology
Greek		κορίτσι/korítsi	[ko̞ˈrit͡si]	'girl'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		צבע	[ˈt͡se̞va]	'color'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian		cica	[ˈt͡sit͡sɒ]	'kitten'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian[3]		grazia	[ˈɡrat̪͡s̪ja]	'grace'	The letter <z> may also represent /dz/. See Italian phonology
Japanese		つなみ/tsunami	[t͡su͍namʲi]	'tsunami'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		цы	[t͡sʰɪ]	'hair'
Khowar		څیڅیق	[t͡sit͡seq]	'children'
Kiowa		chḗ	[t͡séː]	'short'
Latvian		cik	[t͡sik]	'how many'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian		цвет	[t͡svɛt]	'flower'	See Macedonian phonology
Maltese		zokk	[t͡sokk]	'(tree) trunk'
Nez Perce		cíickan	[ˈt͡siːt͡skan]	'blanket'
Pashto		څلور	[t͡saˈlor]	'four'
Polish[4]		co	[t͡sɔ] (help·info)	'what'	See Polish phonology
Romanian		preţ	[pret͡s]	'price'	See Romanian phonology
Russian		царь	[t͡sarʲ]	'Tsar'	See Russian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	petza	[ˈpɛt͡sa]	'meat'
Serbo-Croatian		циљ/cilj	[t͡síːʎ]	'target'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		cudzí	[t͡sudziː]	'foreign'
Tanacross		dzeen	[t͡seːn]	'day'
Ukrainian		цей	[t͡sɛj]	'this one'	See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian		tsiis	[t͡siːs]	'cheese'
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[5]		cetaman	[t͡səˈtaman]	'four'	allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before schwa
Yi		ꊪ/zy	[t͡sɪ˧]	'to plant'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms

See also[link]

• List of phonetics topics

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107 
• Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007), "An electropalatographic and acoustic study of affricates and fricatives in two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (2): 143–172 
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264 
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121 
• Jacobson, Steven (1995), A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9 

v t e   International Phonetic Alphabet   IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the IPA Kiel convention (1989) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Naming conventions Phonetics Diacritics* Segments Tone letter Place of articulation Manner of articulation Special topics Case variants of IPA letters Extensions to the IPA Obsolete and nonstandard symbols IPA chart for English dialects Encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Conlang X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode WorldBet   Consonants v t e IPA pulmonic consonants chartchart image • audio Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical Glottal ↓ Manner Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post​alv. Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̪ n̥ n n̠ ɳ ɲ̥ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ Stop p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Trill ʙ r ɽ͡r ʀ я * Flap or tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̯ Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ ɭ˔̊ ʎ̥˔ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Lateral flap ɺ ɺ̠ ʎ̯ Non-pulmonic consonants Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ʘ̃ ʘ̃ˀ ʘ͡q ʘ͡qʼ Implosives ɓ ɗ ʄ ᶑ ɠ ʛ Ejectives pʼ tʼ cʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ɬʼ xʼ χʼ tsʼ tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ Affricates p̪f b̪v ts dz tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɬ dɮ cç ɟʝ cʎ̥˔ kʟ̝̊ Co-articulated consonants Fricatives ɕ ʑ ɧ Approximants ʍ w ɥ ɫ Stops k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, left—right represent the voiceless—voiced consonants. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. * Symbol not defined in IPA. Chart image Pulmonics Non-pulmonics Affricates Co-articulated   Vowels Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back Close •iy •ɨʉ •ɯu •ɪʏ •ɪ̈ʊ̈ •ʊ •eø •ɘɵ •ɤo •e̞ø̞ ə •ɤ̞o̞ •ɛœ •ɜɞ •ʌɔ •æ ɐ •aɶ •ä •ɑɒ Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Vowels: IPA help • chart •  chart with audio • view

Alveolar affricate can refer to:

• Voiced alveolar affricate
• Voiceless alveolar affricate

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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