Coordinates: 38°12′59″N 39°43′35″E / 38.21639°N 39.72639°E / 38.21639; 39.72639

Çayönü is a Neolithic settlement in southern Turkey inhabited around 7200 to 6600 BC. It is located forty kilometres north-west of Diyarbakır, at the foot of the Taurus mountains. It lies near the Bogazcay, a tributary of the upper Tigris River and the Bestakot, an intermittent stream.

Çayönü
Çayönü Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 38°12′59″N 39°43′35″E / 38.21639°N 39.72639°E / 38.21639; 39.72639

Archaeology[link]

The first excavations were conducted by Robert John Braidwood between 1964 and 1978, and later between 1985 and 1991. The settlement covers the periods of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), and the Pottery Neolithic (PN).

The stratigraphy is divided into the following subphases according to the dominant architecture:

• round, PPNA
• grill, PPNA
• channeled, Early PPNB
• cobble paved, Middle PPNB
• cell, Late PPNB
• large room, final PPNB

Origin of Domestication[link]

Animal Life - Domestication of Pigs[link]

Çayönü is possibly the place where the pig (Sus scrofa) was first domesticated. The wild fauna include wild boar, wild sheep, wild goat and cervids. The Neolithic environment included marshes and swamps near the Bogazcay, open wood, patches of steppe and almond-pistachio forest-steppe to the south.

Farming - Cultivation of Cereals[link]

According to Der Spiegel^[1] of either 6 March or 3 June 2006, the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne^[2] has discovered that the genetically common ancestor of 68 contemporary types of cereal still grows as a wild plant on the slopes of Mount Karaca (Karaca Dağ), which is located in close vicinity to Çayönü. (Compare to information on cereal use in PPNA).

Notes[link]

See also[link]

• Cities of the ancient Near East

External links[link]

• Çayönü from About.com
• Çayönü from Ancient Near East

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Ahmet Kaya (October 28, 1957^[1] – November 16, 2000) Kurdish singer from Malatya, Turkey, who died on November 16, 2000 in exile in Paris.^[2] He formerly sang in Turkish. Some of his most popular songs include Ayrılık Vakti, Söyle, Ağladıkça, Oy Benim Canım, Birazdan Kudurur Deniz, Arka Mahalle, Nereden Bileceksiniz, Hani Benim Gençliğim, Yakarım Geceleri and Şafak Türküsü.

Career[link]

Ahmet Kaya was the fifth and last child of his Kurdish father, who had immigrated from Adıyaman to Malatya, and Turkish mother.^{[citation needed]} He first encountered music at the age of six when his father bought him a bağlama for his birthday. Ahmet Kaya worked for a while as a taxi driver in Istanbul before becoming well known as a singer in the mid-1980s.

His first album, Ağlama Bebeğim, was released in 1985. His popularity continued to rise into the 1990s when in 1994 he released the album Şarkılarım Dağlara which was sold a record 2.8 million copies. All of his 1990 albums to chart-toppers.

During his career he recorded approximately 20 albums and was known for his protest music and positions on social justice. Recurring themes in his songs are love towards one's mother, sacrifice, and hope.

Awards controversy[link]

At 10 February 1999 televised annual music awards ceremony, SHOW TV, at which he was to be named Musician of the Year, he spoke out about his Kurdish background and said that he wanted to produce music in his native Kurdish as naturally as he does in Turkish. He announced that he had recorded a song in Kurdish (Karwan, released on the Hoşçakalın Gözüm album in 2001) and intended to produce a video to accompany it. Because of making the announcement he was treated like a monster by some famous singers, actors, producers, journalists after his talk. This was led by Serdar Ortac who years later apologized for his behavior and the crowd also started singing the Turkish national anthem. This was an incident which led to a prosecution case which made him leave Turkey.^[3]

Exile and death[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Kaya went to France in June 1999 escaping various charges arising from his political views.^{[citation needed]} Among them were the accusations that he had performed in front of a poster for the Kurdistan Workers Party at a 1993 concert in Germany, and that he had made statements in support of Abdullah Öcalan.^[4] In March 2000 he was sentenced in absentia to three years and nine months in prison on the charge of spreading separatist propaganda.^{[citation needed]} Later, however, the visual media central to allegations demonstrating Kaya in front of the poster was proven to be forged.^[5][6] He died of a heart attack in Paris in 2000, at the age of 43, and is buried in Père Lachaise cemetery.

Discography[link]

References[link]

• CNN's report about his death
• Interview with Ahmet Kaya
• Interview with Gülten Kaya, Ahmet Kaya's wife
• Documentary about Ahmet Kaya

Further reading[link]

• Ferzende, Kaya. Başım Belada. TR: Gam. ISBN 975-6628-19-7. http://kitap.antoloji.com/kitap.asp?kitap=30889. 

External links[link]

• (French) His biographical information by Kurdish Institute of Paris
• Asya Radyo :Devlet Ahmet Kaya'dan özür dilemeli haberi...
• Yasaktube : Ahmet Kaya Videos
• Nabervideo : All Ahmet Kaya Videos
• YouVido: Ahmet Kaya Videolar