County Cork Contae Chorcaí
Blarney Castle
Country	Ireland
Province	Munster
Dáil Éireann	Cork East Cork North–Central Cork North–West Cork South–Central Cork South–West
EU Parliament	South
County seat	Cork
Government
• Type	County Council
Area
• Total	7,499 km2 (2,895 sq mi)
Area rank	1st
Population (2011)	518,218
• Rank	3rd
Code	C
Website	www.corkcoco.ie

County Cork (Irish: Contae Chorcaí) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. It is named after the city of Cork (Irish: Corcaigh). Cork County Council is the local authority for the county.

Local government and political subdivisions[link]

There are two local authorities whose remit collectively encompasses the geographic area of the county and city of Cork. The county, excluding Cork city, is administered by Cork County Council while the city is administered separately by Cork City Council. Both city and county are part of the South-West Region. For standardized European statistical purposes, both Cork County Council and Cork City Council rank equally as first level local administrative units of the NUTS 3 South-West Region. There are 34 such LAU 1 entities in the Republic of Ireland.

Both local authorities are responsible for certain local services such as sanitation, planning and development, libraries, the collection of motor taxation, local roads and social housing.

The county is part of the South constituency for the purposes of European elections. For elections to Dáil Éireann, the county is divided into five constituencies - Cork East, Cork North–Central, Cork North–West, Cork South–Central and Cork South–West. Together they return 19 deputies (TDs) to the Dáil.

The population of Cork city stood at 119,418 in 2011, and that of the remainder of the county at 361,877. The remit of Cork County Council includes some suburbs of the city not within the area of Cork City Council.

For purposes other than local government, such as the formation of sporting teams, the term "County Cork" is often taken to include both city and county.

Geography and political subdivisions[link]

County Cork is located in the province of Munster. It borders four other counties: Kerry to the west, Limerick to the north, South Tipperary to the north-east and Waterford to the east. Cork is the state's second most populous county and the islands third most populous, with a total population of 518,218 and is the largest county by land area.

Baronies[link]

There are 24 historic baronies in the county - the most of any county in Ireland. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units".

Civil parishes and townlands[link]

There are 253 civil parishes in the county.^[1]

Townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland, there are approximately 5447 townlands in the county.

Mountains and upland habitats[link]

The county's main mountain ranges include: the Slieve Miskish and Caha Mountains on the Beara Peninsula, the Ballyhoura Mountains on the border with Limerick and the Shehy Mountains which contain Knockboy (706 m) the highest point in Cork. The Shehy Mountains are on the border with Kerry and may be accessed from the area known as Priests Leap, near the village of Coomhola. The Galtee Mountains are located across parts of Tipperary, Limerick and Cork and are Ireland's highest inland mountain range. The upland areas of the Ballyhoura, Boggeragh, Derrynasaggart and the Mullaghareirk Mountain ranges add to the range of habitats found in the county. Important habitats in the uplands include blanket bog, heath, glacial lakes and upland grasslands. Cork has the 13th highest county peak in Ireland.

Rivers and lakes[link]

The three great rivers the Bandon, the Lee and the Blackwater and their valleys dominate central Cork. Habitats of the valleys and floodplains include woodlands, marshes, fens and species-rich limestone grasslands. The river Bandon flows through many towns including Dunmanway in the west to the town of Bandon before draining into Kinsale Harbour on Ireland's south coast. Cork has two well-known sea loughs, Lough Hyne and Lough Mahon, and also contains many small lakes. An area has formed where the River Lee breaks into a network of channels weaving through a series of wooded islands. There are 85 hectares of swamp around Cork's wooded area. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carried out a survey of surface waters in County Cork between 1995 and 1997 which identified 125 rivers and 32 lakes covered by the regulations.

Coastline[link]

Cork has a mountainous and flat landscape with many beaches and sea cliffs along its coast. The southwest of Ireland is known for its peninsulas and some in Cork include the Beara Peninsula, Sheep's Head, Mizen Head and Brow Head. Brow head is the most southerly point of mainland Ireland. There are many islands off the coast of the county in particular off West Cork. Carbery's Hundred Isles is a term used to describe the islands around Long Island Bay and Roaringwater Bay. Fastnet Rock lies in the Atlantic Ocean 11.3 km south of mainland Ireland making it the most southerly point of Ireland. Many notable islands lie off Cork including Bere Island, Great Island, Sherkin Island and Cape Clear. Cork has 1,094 km of coastline, the second longest coastline of any county after Mayo which has 1,168 km.

Land and forestry[link]

Like many parts of Munster, Cork has rich fertile agricultural land and many bog and peatlands. Cork consists of approximately 74,000 hectares of peatlands which amounts to 9.8% of the county's total land area. And the county contains approximately 79,188 hectares (195,680 acres) of forest and woodland area or 10.5% of Corks land area which is decently higher than the national average of 9%.

Wildlife[link]

The Hooded Crow, corvus cornix is a common bird, particularly in areas nearer the coast. Due to this bird's ability to (rarely) prey upon small lambs, the gun clubs of Cork County have killed a large number of these birds in modern times.^[2]

A collection of the marine algae is housed in the Herbarium of the botany department of the University College Cork.^[3]

Parts of the South West coastline are a hotspots for sightings of rare birds, with Cape Clear being a prime location for bird watching. The island is also home to one of only a few Gannet colonies around Ireland and the UK.

A major attraction to the coastline of Cork is whale watching, with sightings of fin whales, basking sharks, pilot whales, minke whales, and other species being frequent.

History[link]

The county is colloquially referred to as "The Rebel County". This name has 15th Century origins, however from the 20th century the name has been more commonly attributed to the prominent role Cork played in the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) when it was the scene of considerable fighting; in addition, it was an anti-treaty stronghold during the Irish Civil War (1922–23). Much of what is now county Cork was once part of the Kingdom of Deas Mumhan (South Munster), anglicised as "Desmond", ruled by the MacCarthy Mór dynasty. After the Norman Invasion in the 12th century, the McCarthy clan were pushed westward into what is now West Cork and County Kerry. Dunlough Castle, standing just north of Mizen Head, is one of the oldest castles in Ireland (A.D. 1207). The north and east of Cork were taken by the Hiberno-Norman FitzGerald dynasty, who became the Earls of Desmond. Cork City was given an English Royal Charter in 1318 and for many centuries was an outpost for Old English culture. The Fitzgerald Desmond dynasty was destroyed in the Desmond Rebellions of 1569–1573 and 1579–83. Much of county Cork was devastated in the fighting, particularly in the Second Desmond Rebellion. In the aftermath, much of Cork was colonised by English settlers in the Plantation of Munster.

In 1491 Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. Cork's nickname of the 'rebel city' originates in these events.

In 1601 the decisive Battle of Kinsale took place in County Cork, which was to lead to English domination of Ireland for centuries. Kinsale had been the scene of a landing of Spanish troops to help Irish rebels in the Nine Years' War (1594–1603). When this force was defeated, the rebel hopes for victory in the war were all but ended. County Cork was officially created by a division of the older County Desmond in 1606.

Michael Collins

In the 19th century, Cork was a centre for the Fenians and for the constitutional nationalism of the Irish Parliamentary Party, from 1910 that of the All-for-Ireland Party. The county was a hotbed of guerrilla activity during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921). Three Cork Brigades of the Irish Republican Army operated in the county and another in the city. Prominent actions included the Kilmichael Ambush in November 1920 and the Crossbarry Ambush in March 1921. The activity of IRA flying columns, such as the one under Tom Barry in west Cork, was popularised in the Ken Loach film The Wind That Shakes The Barley. On December 11, 1920 Cork City centre was gutted by fires started by the Black and Tans in reprisal for IRA attacks. Over 300 buildings were destroyed, many other towns and villages around the county suffered a similar fate including Fermoy.^[5]

During the Irish Civil War (1922–23), most of the IRA units in Cork sided against the Anglo-Irish Treaty. From July to August 1922 they held the city and county as part of the so called Munster Republic. However, Cork was taken by troops of the Irish Free State in August 1922 in the Irish Free State offensive, that included both overland and seaborne attacks. For the remainder of the war, the county saw sporadic guerrilla fighting until the Anti-Treaty side called a ceasefire and dumped their arms in May 1923. Michael Collins, a key figure in the War of Independence, was born near Clonakilty and assassinated during the civil war in Béal na Bláth, both in west Cork.

Irish language[link]

County Cork has two Gaeltacht areas where the Irish language is the primary medium of everyday speech. These are Múscraí (Muskerry) in the north of the county, especially the villages of Cúil Aodha (Coolea) and Béal Átha an Ghaorthaidh (Ballingeary), and Oileán Chléire (Cape Clear Island), an island in the west.

There are 14,829 Irish language speakers in County Cork with 3,660 native speakers in the Cork Gaeltacht. In addition there are 6,273 who attend the 21 Gaelscoils and six Gaelcholáiste all across the county.^[6] According to the Irish Census 2006 there are 4,896 people in the county who identify themselves as being daily Irish speakers outside of the education system.

Ballingeary is an important centre for Irish-language tuition, with an active summer school, Coláiste na Mumhan, or the College of Munster.

Anthem[link]

The song "The Banks Of My Own Lovely Lee" is the song traditionally associated with the county. It is often heard at GAA and other sports fixtures involving the county.^[7]

Media[link]

There are several media publications printed and distributed in County Cork. These include publications from Thomas Crosbie Holdings, most notably the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner) and its sister publication, the Evening Echo. Local and regional newspapers include the The Cork News,^[8] Carrigdhoun, the Cork Independent, The Corkman, the Mallow Star, the Douglas Post, the East Cork Journal and the Southern Star.

Radio stations available in the county include: Cork's 96FM and dual-franchise C103 (formerly 103FM County Sound), CRY 104.0FM, Red FM, and Life FM.

Places of interest[link]

Attractions include the Blarney Stone and Cobh, the port where many Irish emigrants boarded for their voyage to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa or the United States and also the last stop of the Titanic, before departing on its fated journey. It is home the World's Oldest Yacht Club, the Royal Cork Yacht Club in Crosshaven.

Fota Island is a tourist attraction due to Fota Wildlife Park which is the only wildlife park in Ireland, Fota House and Gardens, and the Fota Golf Club and Resort; a European Tour standard golf course which has also hosted the Irish Open in recent times.

West Cork is a popular destination for British, German, French and Dutch tourists, who visit the small villages and islands at Carbery's Hundred Isles including Sherkin Island, Oileán Chléire or Cape Clear Island and Dursey Island. Mizen Head, the "southwesternmost point in Ireland" is also in West Cork, as is Sheep's Head. West Cork is noted for its rugged natural beauty, fine beaches and distinct social atmosphere.

In 2010 the Cork and Swansea route re-opened to allow tourists and visitors to travel from Cork to Swansea.^[9]

Since the late 1970s, there have been direct ferries from Cork to Roscoff, France.^[10]

Economy[link]

The South-West region comprising counties Cork and Kerry contribute € 24,877 billion ($39.3 billion USD)(2005 values; 2008 exchange rate) towards the Irish GDP.^[11] The harbour area to the immediate east of the city is home to a large number of pharmaceutical and medical companies. Mahon Point Shopping Centre is Cork and Munster's largest shopping center and has over 75 stores including a retail park.

People[link]

The people of County Cork are often very vocal in their praise and admiration of their home county. This is especially true if they are based outside of Cork or are speaking of it to people of other counties. This has become somewhat of a joke among other Irish people. Cork people even sometimes refer to their native county as a separate country, the so-called "People's Republic of Cork" and claim to desire independence from the rest of the country. There is also a joking belief among the population of Cork that it is the "Real" capital of Ireland and they frequently refer to it as such.

Leading population centers
Rank	City	Population	Barony	Cork (County Capital) Cobh
1	Cork	190,384	Cork
2	Carrigaline	12,835	Kinalea
3	Cobh	11,303	Barrymore
4	Mallow	10,241	Fermoy
5	Midleton	10,048	Barrymore
6	Youghal	6,785	Imokilly
7	Fermoy	5,873	Condons & Clangibbon
8	Bandon	5,822	Carbery East
based on Irish Census 2006 Records

Demographics[link]

Cork city is the only city in the county and the second most populous city in the Republic of Ireland, with a 2006 estimated population of 190,384. Cork city is the third most populous city on the island of Ireland. According to the 2006 Census statistics, the county has 11 towns with a population of over 4,000. County Cork has a population of just under 500,000 making it the second most populous county in Ireland and the fourth most populous county on the island of Ireland. The county has a population density of 64 persons/km² which is much higher than neighbouring Kerry and Tipperary although quite low by world standards, and Cork has a mostly rural landscape. A large percentage of the population live in urban areas.

See also[link]

• High Sheriff of County Cork
• List of abbeys and priories in the Republic of Ireland (County Cork)
• Lord Lieutenant of Cork
• Regional accents of English

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: County Cork

Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about County Cork.

• Cork County Council
• Guide to County Cork for Tourism & Business
• County Cork Travel guide
• People's Republic of Cork
• Cork's War of Independence
• Gaelscoil stats
• Irish Census 2006
• Gaeltacht Comprehensive Language Study 2007

v t e Counties of Ireland The counties are listed per province Connacht Galway Leitrim Mayo Roscommon Sligo Munster Clare Cork Kerry Limerick Tipperary (North Tipperary · South Tipperary) Waterford Leinster Carlow Dublin (Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown · Fingal · South Dublin) Kildare Kilkenny Laois Longford Louth Meath Offaly Westmeath Wexford Wicklow Ulster Antrim† Armagh† Cavan Donegal Down† Fermanagh† Londonderry† Monaghan Tyrone† Italics denote non-administrative counties. Brackets denote non-traditional counties. †denotes non-administrative counties of Northern Ireland

v t e Places in County Cork County town: Cork Towns Bandon Bantry Charleville Clonakilty Cobh Cork Dunmanway Fermoy Kanturk Kinsale Macroom Mallow Midleton Mitchelstown Passage West Skibbereen Youghal Villages and Townlands Adrigole Aghabullogue Aghada Ahakista Aherla Ahiohill Allihies Annabella Ardfield Ardgroom Ballinacurra Ballinadee Ballinagree Ballinascarty Ballincollig Ballineen Ballingeary Ballinhassig Ballinora Ballinspittle Ballintemple Ballycotton Ballydehob Ballydesmond Ballygarvan Ballylickey Ballymakeera Ballymore Ballyvourney Baltimore Banteer Béal na mBláth Belgooly Belvelly Blarney Boherbue Buttevant Canovee Carrigadrohid Carrigaline Carriganimmy Carrigtwohill Castlehaven Castlelyons Castlemartyr Castletown-Kinneigh Castletownbere Castletownroche Castletownshend Churchtown Cloghroe Clondulane Cloughduv Cloyne Coachford Conna Coolea Courtmacsherry Crookhaven Crookstown Crossbarry Crosshaven Cullen Doneraile Douglas Drimoleague Dripsey Dromahane Dungourney Durrus Enniskean Eyeries Farran Fountainstown Glandore Glanmire Glanworth Glasheen Glenbrook Glengarriff Glounthaune Goleen Gougane Barra Halfway Innishannon Kilbrittain Kilmichael Kilnamartyra Kilumney Kilworth Knockavilla Knocknagree Knockraha Leap Liscarroll Lisgoold Lismire Lombardstown Lyre Mayfield Meelin Milford Millstreet Minane Bridge Monard Monkstown Montenotte Mourneabbey Nad Newcestown Newmarket Nohoval Ovens Rathcormac Riverstick Rockchapel Rosscarbery Sallybrook Schull Shanagarry Shanbally Shanballymore Timoleague Togher Tower Union Hall Upton Waterfall Watergrasshill Whiddy Whitegate Landforms Mountains Ballyhoura Mountains Boggeragh Mountains Caha Mountains Derrynasaggart Mountains Galtee Mountains Mullaghareirk Mountains Shehy Mountains Slieve Miskish Mountains River Bandon Rivers River Blackwater River Lee Heads Brow Head Mizen Head Sheep's Head Bere Island Islands Cape Clear Island Carbery's Hundred Isles Fastnet Rock Dursey Island Great Island Sherkin Island List of townlands in County Cork Mountains and hills of County Cork Rivers of County Cork Geography of County Cork

Coordinates: 51°58′N 8°35′W / 51.967°N 8.583°W / 51.967; -8.583

		County Limerick	County Tipperary
	County Kerry		County Waterford
		County Cork    East
	Atlantic Ocean	Celtic Sea

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

Dominic Behan (22 October 1928 – 3 August 1989; Irish: Doiminic Ó Beacháin) was an Irish songwriter, short story writer, novelist and playwright who wrote in both Irish and English. He was also a committed socialist and Irish Republican. Born into a literary family, Dominic Behan was one of the most influential Irish songwriters of the 20th century.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Behan was born in inner-city Dublin into an educated working class family. His father, Stephen Behan, fought for the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the Anglo-Irish War. Dominic was the brother of Brendan Behan. His mother, Kathleen, a collector of songs and stories, took the boys on literary tours of the city. Behan's maternal uncle, Peadar Kearney, wrote "A Soldier's Song", the song the Irish National Anthem was based on. Another brother, Brian was also a playwright and writer.

At the age of thirteen, Dominic left school to follow in his father's footsteps in the housepainting business. The family house in which Behan lived was the property of Christine English, Dominic's grandmother, who owned several properties in the city. His father Stephen, was a member of the IRA and had been one of Michael Collins' "Twelve Apostles", who were responsible for the deaths of several officers from the British Army during the Irish War of Independence. He was banned from a professional future career for refusing to swear allegiance to the British Crown after the Irish civil war.

Republican and political activities[link]

In 1937, the family moved to a new local authority housing scheme in Crumlin. Here, Behan became a member of Fianna Éireann, the youth organization of the IRA and published his first poems and prose in the organization's magazine Fianna: the Voice of Young Ireland. In 1952, Behan was arrested in Dublin for leading a civil disobedience campaign in protest against the ruling government's failure to tackle unemployment and other critical economic issues. Behan was subsequently jailed for his part in other campaigns protesting the government's treatment of the working class in Ireland.

Behan, the writer[link]

On release from jail, Dominic Behan married Josephine Quinn, the daughter of John Quinn, a cabinet maker from Glasgow. The Quinns were active in the Communist Party and other left-wing organisations in Glasgow. They emigrated to Britain where Behan had been working for the BBC, writing radio scripts, mainly for the Third Programme. His play Posterity Be Damned, produced in the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, in 1959, dealt with republican activity after the Civil War of 1922–23. An autobiographical novel Teems of Times (1961) was received to critical acclaim, particularly by Kenneth Tynan, and dramatized on television in 1977 by RTÉ. His autobiography, Tell Dublin I Miss Her, was also published in 1961. A biography of his brother, Brendan Behan, appeared in 1965, My Brother Brendan.

During the 1960s and 1970s Behan wrote a number of television plays for British television in showcases such as Play for Today and Armchair Theatre. One of these plays, The Folk Singer (1972), was restructured for the theatre and presented during the height of the Troubles at Belfast's Lyric Theatre starring a young Ken Stott.

Arguably, it was as a songwriter that Behan excelled. He was a prolific composer and had more than 450 songs published during his lifetime. His songs were very popular in Ireland and also among the Irish living in Britain, especially "The Patriot Game", "McAlpine's Fusiliers", "Avondale", and "Liverpool Lou". In 1958, he released The Singing Streets: Childhood Memories of Ireland and Scotland on Folkways Records along with fellow folksinger Ewan MacColl.

Some of his songs have been translated into Norwegian. Liverpool Lou is known in the city of Bergen as Jenter fra Bergen. Surrounded by Water is also known in Bergen as Omgitt av fjeller. The Norwegian translations were done by singer-songwriter Fred Ove Reksten, a friend of Behan, who gave permission for the Norwegian versions to be recorded by the folk group The Bergeners. Musicians Björn Alling and Conny Olsson from Linköping, Sweden are currently working on a translation of "Patriot Game" into their native tongue.

Contrary to rumours posted previously to this page, Behan did not at any time attend any seat of higher learning. He was a largely self educated man whose intellect was such that he numbered many respected thinkers among his friends including the likes of Hugh MacDiarmid the Scots poet with whom he lived for three years, Louis MacNeice who became for a time a writing partner – mostly for the BBC overseas program and H.A.L. Craig the screen writer who produced the script for the film of Waterloo.

Pop culture references[link]

Dave Cousins wrote his song "Josephine, For Better Or For Worse" in honour of Josephine and Dominic Behan. This song has been recorded several times, the best known version is on the album "Dragonfly" by Strawbs in 1970.

In a well publicised interview, John Lennon dismissed the folk scene in his own country, England, yet praised Behan, from neighbouring Ireland, whom he said he liked. ^[1] On a recent Desert Island Discs, Yoko Ono selected Behan's "Liverpool Lou" as her husband had sung it to their son as a lullaby. ^[2]

Behan's death[link]

Dominic died at home in Glasgow, aged 60, on 3 August 1989 of pancreatic cancer, shortly after the publication of his critically acclaimed novel The Public World of Parable Jones. He was survived by his widow and two sons, Fintan and Stephen. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at the Royal Canal, Dublin near his birthplace by May MacGiolla the wife of the Workers' Party of Ireland Dublin West TD Tomas MacGiolla. His oration was given by his longtime friend Seán Garland, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of which Behan had been a staunch supporter for many years.

Works[link]

Plays[link]

• Posterity Be Damned (1959)
• The Folk Singer (1969)
• Ireland Mother Ireland (1969)
• Tell Dublin I Miss Her (1998)

Books[link]

• Teems of Times (1961)
• Tell Dublin I Miss Her (1961)
• My Brother Brendan (1965)
• Ireland Sings! (1966)
• The Singing Irish (1969)
• The Life and Times of Spike Milligan (1987)
• The Public World of Parable Jones (1988)
• The Catacombs (1989)

Songs[link]

• "The Auld Triangle"
• "Avondale"
• "Come Out Ye Black and Tans"
• "Connolly Will Be There"
• "Liverpool Lou"
• "McAlpine's Fusiliers"
• "The Merry Ploughboy"
• "The Patriot Game"
• "Take It Down from the Mast"
• "Paddy On The Road"
• "Our last hope"

Standalone Poems[link]

• "Bás, Fás, Blás"

References[link]

External links[link]

• Dominic Behan discography at MusicBrainz
• [1]
• Dominic Behan sings "Liverpool Lou" (YouTube)
• "Our last hope" by Dominic Behan (YouTube)
• The Singing Streets: Childhood Memories of Ireland and Scotland Album Details at Smithsonian Folkways

Bruce Springsteen
Springsteen in 2009; Working on a Dream Tour in Valladolid, Spain
Background information
Also known as	The Boss, Bad Scooter
Born	(1949-09-23) September 23, 1949 (age 62) Long Branch, New Jersey, United States
Genres	Rock, folk rock, heartland rock, hard rock, roots rock
Occupations	Musician, Songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, harmonica, bass guitar, piano, percussion, banjo, drums, keyboards
Years active	1969–present
Labels	Columbia
Associated acts	The E Street Band, Steel Mill, Miami Horns, The Sessions Band
Website	www.brucespringsteen.net
Notable instruments
Fender Telecaster Takamine Guitars Gibson J-45 Hohner Marine Band Harmonica Gibson J-200 Gibson ES-335 Gibson Hummingbird

Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949), nicknamed "The Boss," is an American singer-songwriter-performer who records and tours with the E Street Band. Springsteen is widely known for his brand of heartland rock, poetic lyrics, and Americana sentiments centered on his native New Jersey.^[1]

Springsteen's recordings have included both commercially accessible rock albums and more somber folk-oriented works. His most successful studio albums, Born in the U.S.A. and Born to Run, showcase a talent for finding grandeur in the struggles of daily American life; he has sold more than 65 million albums in the United States and more than 120 million worldwide^[2] and he has earned numerous awards for his work, including 21 Grammy Awards, two Golden Globes and an Academy Award. He is widely regarded by many as one of the most influential songwriters of the 20th century, and in 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him as the 23rd Greatest Artist of all time.

Early life[link]

Springsteen was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, and spent his childhood and high school years in Freehold Borough. He lived on South Street in Freehold Borough and attended Freehold Borough High School. His father, Douglas Frederick Springsteen, was of Dutch and Irish ancestry and worked, among other vocations, as a bus driver, although he was frequently unemployed; his surname is Dutch for jump stone.^[3] His mother, Adele Ann (née Zerilli), was a legal secretary and was of Italian ancestry.^[4] His maternal grandfather was born in Vico Equense, a city near Naples. He has two younger sisters, Virginia and Pamela. Pamela had a brief film career, but left acting to pursue still photography full time; she took photos for the Human Touch and Lucky Town albums.

Raised a Roman Catholic,^[5] Springsteen attended the St. Rose of Lima Catholic school in Freehold Borough, where he was at odds with the nuns and rejected the strictures imposed upon him, even though some of his later music reflects a Catholic ethos and included a few rock-influenced, traditional Irish-Catholic hymns.^[6] Recently in Paris (2012) before the launch of his latest album, Wrecking Ball, he explained that it was his Catholic upbringing rather than political ideology that most influenced his music. He noted in the interview that his faith had given him a "very active spiritual life," although he joked that this "made it very difficult sexually." He added: "Once a Catholic, always a Catholic."^[7]

In ninth grade, he transferred to the public Freehold Regional High School, but did not fit in there, either. Old teachers have said he was a "loner, who wanted nothing more than to play his guitar." He completed high school, but felt so uncomfortable that he skipped his own graduation ceremony.^[8] He briefly attended Ocean County College, but dropped out.^[6]

Career history[link]

1962–1972: Early years[link]

Springsteen had been inspired to take up music at the age of seven after seeing Elvis Presley on The Ed Sullivan Show. At 13, his mother bought him his first guitar for $18; later, she took out a loan to buy the 16-year-old Springsteen a $60 Kent guitar, as he later memorialized in his song "The Wish".

In 1965, he went to the house of Tex and Marion Vinyard, who sponsored young bands in town. They helped him become the lead guitarist and subsequently the lead singer of The Castiles. The Castiles recorded two original songs at a public recording studio in Brick Township and played a variety of venues, including Cafe Wha? in Greenwich Village. Marion Vinyard said that she believed the young Springsteen when he promised he would make it big.^[9]