For the football club, see Cambridge University Press F.C..

Cambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest publishing house, and the second largest university press in the world.^[1][2] It also publishes bibles and academic journals.

The Press’s mission is to “To further through publication the University’s objective of advancing learning, knowledge and research worldwide.” This mission is laid out in ‘Statute J’ in the University of Cambridge’s Statutes and Ordinances.^[3] The Press's objective is "To operate sustainably for the public benefit a publishing programme that upholds the integrity of the Cambridge name."

Cambridge University Press is both an academic and educational publisher. It has more than 50 offices all around the globe, employs 2,000 people, and publishes over 45,000 titles by authors from 100 countries.^[4] Its publishing includes professional books, textbooks, monographs, reference works, over 300 academic journals, Bibles and prayer books, English language teaching publications, educational software, and electronic publishing.

Governance[link]

The Pitt Building in Cambridge, which used to be the headquarters of Cambridge University Press, and now serves as a conference centre for the Press.

The Press has, since 1698, been governed by the Press ‘Syndics’ (originally known as the 'Curators'),^[5] made up of 18 senior academics from the University of Cambridge who represent a wide variety of subjects.^[3] The Syndicate has two main sub-committees: the Publishing Committee and the Finance Committee. The Publishing Committee provides quality assurance and formal approval for the titles to be published and meets 18 times a year to review editorial and publishing strategy matters. The Finance Committee is concerned with financial and governance strategy and meets four times a year. The Press Syndicate meets in the Pitt Building, which is the old headquarters of the Press located in Cambridge city centre.^[5] The operational responsibility of the Press is delegated by the Syndics to the Press’s Chief Executive and nine Officers, including a Finance Director.

The Press is a department of the University of Cambridge; it has no shareholders and is entirely self-financing. It is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus is used to develop the publishing programme and to support the University.^[6]

Publishing structure[link]

Cambridge University Press is divided into three main publishing groups. These are:

Academic[link]

This group publishes monographs, academic journals, textbooks and reference books in science, technology, medicine, humanities, and social sciences.^[7] The group also publishes bibles, and the Press is one of only two publishers entitled to publish the Book of Common Prayer and the King James Version of the Bible in England.^{[citation needed]}

English Language Teaching[link]

The ELT group publishes English language teaching courses and books for all ages around the world. ^[7]

Education[link]

The Education group publishes educational books and courses for primary, secondary and international schools.^[7]

Electronic and digital developments[link]

Due to the changes taking place in the way that books and content are bought and accessed, Cambridge has estimated that its digital products could account for two-thirds of its sales by 2020.^[8]

Since 2010, Cambridge has provided electronic book content through the website Cambridge Books Online,^[9] and all of Cambridge’s journals are published in both hard copy format and online.

Other recent ventures include Race to Learn, curriculum software that uses Formula One to encourage group working in primary school children,^[10] published through Cambridge–Hitachi, a joint venture between Cambridge University Press and Hitachi Software Engineering that produces software for teaching on interactive whiteboards in schools.

History[link]

The Cambridge University Press is both the oldest publishing house in the world and the oldest university press. It originated from Letters Patent (similar to a royal charter) granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry VIII in 1534, and has been producing books continuously since the first University Press book was printed in 1584. Cambridge is one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). Authors published by Cambridge have included John Milton, William Harvey, Isaac Newton, Bertrand Russell, and Stephen Hawking.^[11]

The Edinburgh Building on the main site of the Press

University printing did not actually begin in Cambridge until the first practising University Printer, Thomas Thomas, had been appointed in 1583, nearly fifty years after the grant of the Letters Patent. He set up a printing house on the site of what became the Senate-House lawn – a few yards from where the Press’s bookshop now stands. In those days, the Stationers’ Company in London jealously guarded its monopoly of printing, which partly explains the delay between the date of the University’s Letters Patent and the printing of the first book.

In 1591, Thomas's successor, John Legate, printed the first Cambridge Bible, an octavo edition of the popular Geneva Bible. The London Stationers objected strenuously, claiming that they had the monopoly on Bible printing. The University's response was to point out the provision in its charter to print 'all manner of books'. Thus began the Press's tradition of publishing the Bible, a tradition that has endured for over four centuries, beginning with the Geneva Bible, and continuing with the Authorized Version, the Revised Version, the New English Bible and the Revised English Bible. The restrictions and compromises forced upon Cambridge by the dispute with the London Stationers did not really come to an end until the scholar Richard Bentley was given the power to set up a 'new-style press' in 1696. It was in Bentley's time, in 1697, that a body of senior scholars ('the Curators', known from 1733 as 'the Syndics') was appointed to be responsible to the University for the Press's affairs. The Press Syndicate's publishing committee still meets regularly (eighteen times a year), and its role still includes the review and approval of the Press’s planned output. John Baskerville became University Printer in the mid-eighteenth century. Baskerville's concern was the production of the finest possible books using his own type-design and printing techniques.

Baskerville wrote, "The importance of the work demands all my attention; not only for my own (eternal) reputation; but (I hope) also to convince the world, that the University in the honour done me has not entirely misplaced their favours." Caxton would have found nothing to surprise him if he had walked into the Press's printing house in the eighteenth century: all the type was still being set by hand; wooden presses, capable of producing only 1,000 sheets a day at best, were still in use; and books were still being individually bound by hand. A technological breakthrough was badly needed, and it came when Lord Stanhope perfected the making of stereotype plates. This involved making a mould of the whole surface of a page of type and then casting plates from that mould. The Press was the first to use this technique, and in 1805 produced the technically successful and much-reprinted Cambridge Stereotype Bible.

By the 1850s the Press was using steam-powered machine presses, employing two to three hundred people, and occupying several buildings in the Silver Street and Mill Lane area, including the one that the Press still occupies, the Pitt Building (1833), which was built specifically for the Press and in honour of William Pitt the Younger. Under the stewardship of C. J. Clay, who was University Printer from 1854 to 1882, the Press increased the size and scale of its academic and educational publishing operation. An important factor in this increase was the inauguration of its list of schoolbooks (including what came to be known as the 'Pitt Press Series'). During Clay's administration, the Press also undertook a sizable co-publishing venture with Oxford: the Revised Version of the Bible, which was begun in 1870 and completed in 1885. It was in this period as well that the Syndics of the Press turned down what later became the Oxford English Dictionary—a proposal for which was brought to Cambridge by James Murray (lexicographer) before he turned to Oxford.

The appointment of R. T. Wright as Secretary of the Press Syndicate in 1892 marked the beginning of the Press's development as a modern publishing business with a clearly defined editorial policy and administrative structure. It was Wright (with two great historians, Lord Acton and F. W. Maitland) who devised the plan for one of the most distinctive Cambridge contributions to publishing—the Cambridge Histories.

The Cambridge Modern History was published between 1902 and 1912. Nine years later the Press issued the first volumes of the freshly edited complete works of Shakespeare, a project of nearly equal scope that was not finished until 1966. The Press’s list in science and mathematics began to thrive, with men of the stature of Albert Einstein and Ernest Rutherford subsequently becoming Press authors. The Press's impressive contribution to journal publishing began in 1893, and today it publishes close to 300 journals.

In 1992 the Press opened its own bookshop at 1 Trinity Street, in the centre of Cambridge. Books have been sold continuously on this site since at least 1581, perhaps even as early as 1505, making it the oldest known bookshop site in Britain.^[12] The £1.25m worth of Press publications sold each year through this bookshop is a small proportion of CUP's global sales. With branches, offices and agents throughout the world, the Press can draw on around 33,000 authors from 120 different countries. Its 2,000 staff in sixty offices service an inventory of 34,000 in-print titles, growing at a rate of 2,800 new ISBNs per year, and a stockholding of 16m units in nine warehouses around the world.

Controversies[link]

Alms for Jihad[link]

In 2007, controversy arose over CUP's decision to destroy all remaining copies of its 2006 book, Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World, by Burr and Collins, as part of the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Saudi billionaire Khalid bin Mahfouz.^[13] Within hours, Alms for Jihad became one of the 100 most sought after titles on Amazon.com and eBay in the United States. CUP sent a letter to libraries asking them to remove copies from circulation. CUP subsequently sent out copies of an "errata" sheet for the book.

The American Library Association issued a recommendation to libraries still holding Alms for Jihad: "Given the intense interest in the book, and the desire of readers to learn about the controversy first hand, we recommend that U.S. libraries keep the book available for their users." The publisher's decision did not have the support of the book's authors and was criticised by some who claimed it was incompatible with freedom of speech and with freedom of the press and that it indicated that English libel laws were excessively strict.^[14][15] In a New York Times Book Review (7 October 2007), United States Congressman Frank R. Wolf described Cambridge's settlement as "basically a book burning."^[16] CUP pointed out that, at that time, it had already sold most of its copies of the book.

Cambridge defended its actions, saying it had acted responsibly and that it is a global publisher with a duty to observe the laws of many different countries.^[17]

Cambridge University Press, et al. v. Patton et al.[link]

In 2008, Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, and Sage Publications sued four senior members of staff employed by Georgia State University over the university's electronic reserves policy, which is an online version of the usual reserve policy for texts used in courses. At GSU, professors could request that the library scan significant extracts of books and make them available for students in particular classes as part of e-coursepacks, which the publishers claim went far beyond the fair use provisions of copyright law.^[18]

Community work[link]

The Press has been recognised on several occasions for its commitment to community involvement and social responsibility, and it has stated that public engagement is an important part of the Press’s role, by undertaking educational projects and fundraising.^[19]

In 2009, the Press’s Chief Executive at the time, Stephen Bourne, was recognised for his "leadership and commitment to responsibility business practice" by being awarded The Prince’s Ambassador Award for the East of England.^[20]

The Press partnered with Bookshare in 2010 to make their books accessible to people with qualified print disabilities. Under the terms of the digital rights license agreement, the Press delivers academic and scholarly books from all of its regional publishing centres around the world to Bookshare for conversion into accessible formats. People with qualified print disabilities around the world can download the books for a nominal Bookshare membership fee and read them using a computer or other assistive technology, with voice generated by text-to-speech technology, as well as options for digital Braille.^[21]

See also[link]

• Journals published by Cambridge University Press
• Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, of which Cambridge University Press is a member.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Anonymous; The Student's Guide to the University of Cambridge. Third Edition, Revised and Partly Re-written; Deighton Bell, 1874 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00491-6)
• Anonymous; War Record of the Cambridge University Press 1914–1919; Cambridge University Press, 1920; (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00294-3)
• A History of Cambridge University Press, Volume 1: Printing and the Book Trade in Cambridge, 1534–1698; McKitterick, David; 1992; ISBN 978-0-521-30801-4
• A History of Cambridge University Press, Volume 2: Scholarship and Commerce, 1698–1872; McKitterick, David; 1998; ISBN 978-0-521-30802-1
• A History of Cambridge University Press, Volume 3: New Worlds for Learning, 1873–1972; McKitterick, David; 1998; ISBN 978-0-521-30803-8
• A Short History of Cambridge University Press; Black, Michael; 2000; ISBN 978-0-521-77572-4
• Cambridge University Press 1584–1984; Black, Michael, Foreword by Gordon Johnson; 2000; ISBN 978-0-521-66497-4, Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-26473-0

External links[link]

• Cambridge University Press
• Cambridge University Press Bibles
• Cambridge Journals Online

Coordinates: 52°11′18″N 0°07′55″E / 52.1882°N 0.1320°E / 52.1882; 0.1320

City of Cambridge
—  City & non-metropolitan district  —
King's College Chapel, seen from the Backs
Official logo of City of Cambridge Coat of Arms of the City Council
Cambridge shown within Cambridgeshire
Coordinates: 52°12′18″N 0°07′08″E / 52.205°N 0.119°E / 52.205; 0.119
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Region	East of England
Ceremonial county	Cambridgeshire
Admin HQ	Cambridge Guildhall
Founded	1st century
City status	1951
Government
• Type	Non-metropolitan district, city
• Governing body	Cambridge City Council
• Mayor	Ian Nimmo-Smith[1]
• MPs:	Julian Huppert (LD) Andrew Lansley (C)
Area
• Total	44.65 sq mi (115.65 km2)
Elevation	20 ft (6 m)
Population (2010 est.)
• Total	125,700 (ranked 164th)
• County	752,900
• Ethnicity[2]	73.8% White British 1.3% White Irish 9.8% White Other 2.2% Mixed Race 5.5% British Asian 5.1% Chinese and other 2.3% Black British
Time zone	Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)
• Summer (DST)	BST (UTC+1)
Postcode	CB1 – CB5
Area code(s)	01223
ONS code	12UB
OS grid reference	TL450588
Website	www.cambridge.gov.uk

Cambridge in 1575

The city of Cambridge (ⁱ/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia, on the River Cam, about 50 miles (80 km) north of London. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, its population was 108,863 (including 22,153 students), and was estimated to be 125,717 in mid-2010.^[3] There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in bronze age and Roman times, and under Viking rule Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951.

Cambridge is most widely known as the home of the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209 and consistently ranked one of the top five universities in the world.^[4] The university includes the renowned Cavendish Laboratory, King's College Chapel, and the Cambridge University Library. The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital in the far south of the city and St John's College Chapel tower.

Today, Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the city. Its economic strengths lie in industries such as software and bioscience, many start-up companies having been spun out of the university. Over 40% of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average.

The green space of Parker's Piece hosted the first ever game of association football, and the Strawberry Fair music and arts festival is held on Midsummer Common. Cambridge is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads, and is around 49 minutes from London Kings Cross by non-stop train, with other rail links to Norwich, Birmingham and elsewhere.

Cottages in Orchard Street, Cambridge

In 2010, Forbes Magazine named Cambridge one of the "most beautiful cities in the world".^[5][6]

History[link]

Prehistory and Roman[link]

Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since before the Roman Empire. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College.^[7] There is further archaeological evidence through the Iron Age, a Belgic tribe having settled on Castle Hill in the 1st century BC.^[8] Evidence of widespread Roman settlement has been discovered in Cambridge including numerous farmsteads^[9] and a village in the Cambridge district of Newnham.^[10]

Post Roman and Medieval[link]

After the Romans had left Saxons took over the land on and around Castle Hill and renamed it Grantabrycge – 'Bridge over the river Granta'. Over time the name evolved to become Cambridge, while the river Granta became known as the river Cam to match the name of the city.^[11] Their grave goods have been found in the area. During Anglo-Saxon times Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century the town was less significant, described by Bede as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site of Etheldreda.^[12] Cambridge is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as "Grantebrycge", a period when settlements existed on both sides of the river and Cambridge was on the border of East Anglian and Middle Anglian kingdoms.^[12]

The arrival of the Vikings in Cambridge was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878^[13] The Vikings' vigorous trading habits caused Cambridge to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.^[13] After the Viking period the Saxons enjoyed a return to power, building churches such as St Bene't's Church, wharves, merchant houses and a mint, which produced coins with the town's name abbreviated to "Grant".^[13]

In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill.^[12] Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies. The distinctive Round Church dates from this period.

The first town charter was granted by Henry I to Cambridge between 1120 and 1131. It gave Cambridge monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls as well as recognising the Borough court.^[14] In 1209, Cambridge University was founded by students escaping from hostile townspeople in Oxford.^[15] The oldest college that still exists, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284.^[16]

In 1349 Cambridge was affected by the Black Death. Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars at Kings Hall died.^[17] The town north of river was severely affected being almost wiped out.^[18] Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there weren't enough people to fill even one church.^[17] With over a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new colleges were established at the University over the following years to train new clergymen, namely Gonville Hall, Trinity Hall, Corpus Christi and Clare Hall.^[19]

In 1382 a revised town charter effects a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in the Peasants' Revolt. The charter transfers supervision of baking & brewing, weights & measures, and forestalling & regrating, from the town to the University.^[14]

One of the most well-known buildings in Cambridge, King's College Chapel, was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI.^[20] The project was completed in 1515 during the reign of King Henry VIII.^[20]

Peterhouse was the first college to be founded in the University of Cambridge.

Early Modern[link]

Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of the English Civil War as it was the headquarters of the Eastern Counties Association, an organisation administering a regional East Anglian army, which became the mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort prior to the formation of the New Model Army.^[21] In 1643 control of the town was given by Parliament to Oliver Cromwell, who had been educated at the University's Sidney Sussex College. The town's castle was fortified, with troops garrisoned there and some bridges destroyed to aid the defence. Although Royalist forces came within 2 miles of the town in 1644, the defences were never used and the garrison was stood down the following year.^[21]

In the 19th century, in common with many other English towns, Cambridge expanded rapidly. This was due in part to increased life expectancy and also improved agricultural production leading to increased trade in town markets.^[22] Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled expansion of the town over surrounding open fields and eventually in 1912 and again in 1935 the boundaries were extended to include areas such as Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, Fen Ditton, Trumpington, and Grantchester.^[21]

The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initially being resisted, with the opening of the Great Eastern London to Norwich line. The station was placed outside the town centre following pressure from the University, who restricted travel by undergraduates.^[23] With the arrival of the railway and its associated employment came expansion of the areas around the station, such as Romsey Town.^[24] The train link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement and malt.^[22]

Twentieth century[link]

From the 1930s to the 1980s the size of the city was increased by several large council estates.^[25] The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of East Chesterton, King's Hedges, and Arbury where Archbishop Rowan Williams lived and worked as an assistant priest in the early 1980s.^[26]

During the Second World War Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast. The town became a military centre, with an R.A.F. training centre and the regional headquarters for Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire established during the conflict.^[21] The town itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids, which were mainly targeted at the railway. 29 people were killed and no historic buildings being damaged. In 1944, a secret meeting of military leaders held in in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.^[22] During the war Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of the University of London.^[21]

Cambridge was granted its city charter in 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.^[21] Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely. In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.^[27] Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city. This latter project was controversial at the time.^[28]

The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin. The Open University also has a presence in the city, with an office operating on Hills Road. Cambridge City Council plans to renew the area around the Corn Exchange concert hall, and plans for a permanent ice-skating rink are being considered after the success of a temporary one that has been on Parker's Piece every year for the past few years.^[29]

Governance[link]

Local government[link]

Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district served by Cambridge City Council. The City of Cambridge is one of five districts within the county of Cambridgeshire, and is bordered on all sides by the mainly rural South Cambridgeshire district. The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, a large building in the market square. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a Mayor,^[30] although the first recorded Mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.^[31] City councillors now elect a mayor annually.

For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, King's Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Queen Edith's, Romsey, Trumpington, and West Chesterton. The political composition of the city council is currently: 21 Liberal Democrat councillors, 19 Labour, one Conservative and one independent councillor.^[32]

Each of the 14 wards also elect councillors to Cambridgeshire County Council. Responsible for services including school education, social care and highways, it has been controlled by the Conservative Party since 1997.

Westminster[link]

The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city. Julian Huppert (Liberal Democrats) was elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 general election, succeeding David Howarth. One area of the city, Queen Edith's ward,^[33] lies in the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose MP is Andrew Lansley (Conservative), elected in 1997. The city had previously elected a Labour MP from 1992 to 2005 and prior to this, usually elected a Conservative after the Second World War. However, the Conservatives have seen their share of the vote fall over the past 20 years.

The University of Cambridge used to have a seat in the House of Commons, Sir Isaac Newton being one of the most notable holders. The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the other university constituencies.

Geography[link]

	Girton	Histon and Impington Milton	Fen Ditton
	Coton		Teversham
		Cambridge    East
	Grantchester	Great Shelford	Fulbourn

Cambridge is situated about 50 miles (80 km) north-by-east of London. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of the Fens, which varies between 6 metres (20 ft) and 24 metres (79 ft) above sea level.^[34] The town was thus historically surrounded by low lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded.^[35]

The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of gault clay and Chalk Marl, known locally as Cambridge Greensand,^[36] party overlayed by terrace gravel.^[35] A layer of phosphatic nodules (coprolites) under the marl were mined in the 19th century for fertiliser. It became a major industry in the county, and its profits yielded buildings such as the Corn Exchange, Fulbourn Hospital and St. John's Chapel until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production.^[36]

The River Cam flows through the city north from the village of Grantchester. It is bordered by water meadows within the city such as Sheep's Green as well as residential development.^[35] The name 'Cambridge' is derived from the river.^[37] Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, Parker's Piece and Midsummer Common. Many of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised. Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1^[38] and Accordia schemes near the station,^[39] and developments such as Clayfarm^[40] and Trumpington Meadows^[41] planned for the south of the city.

Climate[link]

Cambridge currently has two official weather observing stations, the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), about 2 miles north of the city centre, and the Cambridge University Botanic Garden, about 1 mile south of the city centre. The city, like most of the UK, has a maritime climate highly influenced by the Gulf Stream.

Located in the driest region of Britain,^[42][43] Cambridge's rainfall averages just under 560 mm (22.05 in) per year, around half the national average,^[44] with some years occasionally falling into the semi-arid (under 500 mm (19.69 in) of rain per year) category. Last time this occurred was in 2011 with 380,4 mm^[45] of rain. Snowfall accumulations are similarly small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation.

Due to its low lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. July 2006 for example recorded the highest official mean monthly maximum (i.e. averaged over the entire month) of any month at any location in the UK since records began; 28.3 °C (82.9 °F),at both the NIAB^[46] and Botanic Garden^[47] observing stations.

Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in July 2008 at NIAB^[48] and 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden^[49] are two recent examples. The absolute maximum stands at 36.9 °C (98.4 °F)^[50] set on the 10 August 2003, although a temperature of 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)^[51] was recorded on the same day at the Guildhall rooftop weather station in the city centre and is acknowledged by the Met Office. Before this, the absolute maximum was 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) set at the Botanic Garden^[52] in August 1990. The last time the temperature exceeded 35 °C (95 °F) was July 2006 when the maximum reached 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) at the Botanic Garden^[47] and 35.8 °C (96.4 °F) at NIAB.^[53] Typically the temperature will reach 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher on 20.5 days of the year over the 1971–2000 period,^[54] with the annual highest temperature averaging 30.2 °C (86.4 °F)^[55] over the same period.

The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was −17.2 °C (1.0 °F), recorded in February 1947^[56] Although a minimum of −17.8 °C (−0.0 °F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.^[57] More recently the temperature fell to −15.3 °C (4.5 °F) on 11 February 2012^[58] and −10.9 °C (12.4 °F)^[59] on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 41.9 days at the NIAB site,^[60] to 47.2 days at the Botanic Garden^[61] per year over the 1971–2000 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to −8.1 °C (17.4 °F).^[62] Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.

Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England.

Demography[link]

The demography in Cambridge changes considerably in and out of University term times, so can be hard to measure.

In the 2001 Census held during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92.12%.^[65] Within the University, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identify as white (including overseas students).^[66]

Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)^[67] and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).^[67] In addition, a much higher than average proportion of people have a high level qualification (e.g. degree, Higher National Diploma, Masters and PhDs), (41.2% vs. 19.7%).^[68]

Historical population of Cambridge[link]

Local census 1749^[69] Census: Regional District 1801–1901^[70] Civil Parish 1911–1961^[71] District 1971–2011^[72]

Economy[link]

The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post. King Henry I granted Cambridge a monopoly on river trade, enabling this area of the economy to flourish.^[73] The town market provided for trade in a wide variety of goods and annual trading fairs such as Stourbridge Fair and Midsummer Fair were visited by merchants from across the country. The river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time".^[74] For example, 2000 firkins of butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the North East, particularity Norfolk, to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London.^[74] Changing patterns of retail distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in Cambridge's importance as a market town.^[75]

Today Cambridge has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research & development, software consultancy, high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals and tourism.^[76] Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as Silicon Fen, an allusion to Silicon Valley, because of the density of high-tech businesses and technology incubators that have developed on science parks around the city. Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the university.^[77] Cambridge Science Park, which is the largest commercial R&D centre in Europe, is owned by Trinity College;^[78][79] St John's is the landlord of St John's Innovation Centre.^[80] Spinout companies include Abcam, CSR, ARM Limited, CamSemi, Jagex and Sinclair.^[81] Microsoft chose to locate its Microsoft Research UK offices in a University of Cambridge technology park, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in Reading.

Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd., founded in 1898 by W. G. Pye who worked in the Cavendish Laboratory, it begun by supplying the University and later specialised in wireless telegraphy equipment, radios, televisions and also defence equipment.^[22] Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies including TETRA radio equipment manufacturer Pye Telecommunications. Another major business is Marshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city. The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other. The FTSE100 software company Autonomy Corporation is located at the Business Park on Cowley Road.

Transport[link]

Cambridgeshire Guided Busway

Because of its rapid growth in the 20th century, Cambridge has a congested road network.^[82] The M11 motorway from east London terminates to the north-west of the city where it joins the A14, a major freight route which connects the port of Felixstowe on the east coast with the Midlands. The A428 connects the city with Bedford and St Neots, and the A1303 to Newmarket and beyond to Colchester.

As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic congestion, Cambridge has the highest level of cycle use in the UK.^[83] According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle.

Cambridge has several bus services including routes linking five Park and Ride sites all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.^[84] Since 7 August 2011, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway has bus services running into the centre of Cambridge from St Ives and Huntingdon.

Cambridge railway station has direct rail links to London with termini at London King's Cross (on the Hitchin-Cambridge Line and the East Coast Main Line) and Liverpool Street (on the West Anglia Main Line). There is a non-stop train to King's Cross every half-hour during off-peak hours, with a typical 50-minute journey time.^[85] Trains also run to King's Lynn and Ely (via the Fen Line), Norwich (via the Breckland Line), Leicester, Birmingham New Street, Ipswich and London Stansted Airport. A second station, Cambridge Science Park, is due to open in 2015.^[86]

Cambridge also has its own airport, Cambridge Airport used mainly by business, leisure and training flights, and to fly in aircraft for maintenance.^[87][88][89]

Education[link]

Cambridge's two universities,^[90] the collegiate University of Cambridge and the local campus of Anglia Ruskin University, serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates.^[91] Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student population at 17,662,^[92] and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, in Chelmsford) for the same period.^[93] State provision in the further education sector includes Hills Road Sixth Form College, Long Road Sixth Form College, and Cambridge Regional College.

Both state and independent schools serve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age. State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which maintains 251 schools in total,^[94] 35 of them in Cambridge city.^[95] Netherhall School, Chesterton Community College, the Parkside Federation (comprising Parkside Community College and Coleridge Community College), Manor Community College and the Christian inter-denominational St. Bede's School provide comprehensive secondary education.^[96] Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attend village colleges, an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours.^[97] Independent schools in the city include The Perse School, The Perse School for Girls, St Mary's School and The Leys School.^[98]

Culture[link]

Sport[link]

Punting on the River Cam is a popular recreation in Cambridge

Football[link]

Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the University in 1848. The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker's Piece and had a "defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules." which again were first played on Parker's Piece.^[99]

The city is home to Cambridge United F.C., who played in the Football League at the Abbey Stadium from 1970 to 2005, when they were relegated to Conference National, the division in which they currently compete. When relegation became inevitable the club was placed in administration with substantial debts, but it emerged from administration in time for the 2005–06 season. The club's biggest success came in the early 1990s, with two successive promotions, two successive FA Cup quarter-final appearances, a run to the Football League Cup quarter-finals, and reaching the brink of promotion to the new Premier League.

The city's other football clubs are Cambridge City F.C. who play in the Southern Football League Premier Division at the City Ground in Chesterton and Cambridge Regional College F.C. who are currently members of the Eastern Counties League Premier Division and play at the Abbey Stadium. Histon, just north of Cambridge, is home to Conference North side Histon F.C. and Cambridge University Press F.C. of the Eastern Counties League First Division.

Cricket[link]

As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football, Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.^[100] The University of Cambridge's Cricket ground, Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC.^[101] There are seven amateur cricket clubs within the city: Cambridge Granta, Camden, Cambridge St Giles, New Chesterton Institute, Fen Ditton, Romsey Town and Cherry Hinton.^[102]

Rugby[link]

The city is represented in both codes of Rugby football. Rugby Union club Cambridge R.U.F.C. play in National Division One at their home ground, Volac park on Grantchester Road in the southwest corner of the city. Cambridge Eagles Rugby League team play in the National Conference League East Section during the summer months.

Watersports[link]

The River Cam running through the city centre is used for boating. The University has its own rowing club, Cambridge University Boat Club, and most of the individual colleges have boathouses on the river. The main focus of university rowing life are the two sets of bumps races held at the end of the Lent and Easter terms. Cambridgeshire Rowing Association was formed in 1868 and organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the University.^[103] Shallower parts of the Cam are used for recreational punting, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole.

Other sports[link]

Cambridge is home to two Real Tennis courts out of just 42 in the world at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.^[104] British American Football League club Cambridgeshire Cats play at Coldham's Common. After a 10 year hiatus, the resurrected Cambridge Royals Baseball Club will also be once again competing in the British Baseball Federation in 2011.^[105] Cambridge has two cycling clubs Team Cambridge^[106] and Cambridge Cycling Club.^[107] Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club^[108] is the city's track and field club, based at the University of Cambridge's Wilberforce Road track.

Motorcycle speedway racing took place at the Greyhound Stadium in Newmarket Road in 1939 and the contemporary local press carried meeting reports and photographs of racing. It is not known if this venue operated in other years. The team raced as Newmarket as the meetings were organised by the Newmarket Motorcycle Club.^{[citation needed]} The Romsey Town Rollerbillies play roller derby.^[109]

Varsity sports[link]

Cambridge is also known for its university sporting events against Oxford, especially the rugby union Varsity Match and the Boat Race.

Theatre[link]

Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.^[110] The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the Cambridge Corn Exchange with a capacity of 1800 standing or 1200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea parties, motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.^[111] The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.^[111]

Left frame

Right frame

Parallel view

Cross-eye view

Cambridge Leisure Park (The Junction is the building behind the signs).

The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, also known as The Shed, part of the Junction complex in Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts live music, comedy and night clubs as well as traditional and contemporary theatre and dance^[112]

The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. It hosts the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club which has produced many notable figures in British comedy. The Mumford Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges.

Literature and film[link]

The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, including Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, Rose Macaulay's They Were Defeated,^[113] Kate Atkinson's Case Histories,^[114] Rebecca Stott's Ghostwalk^[115] and Robert Harris's Enigma,^[116][117] while Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th-century Cambridge.^[118] Gwen Raverat, the granddaughter of Charles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir Period Piece and The Night Climbers of Cambridge is a book written by Noel Symington under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the Colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s.^[119]

Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa Pearce's Tom's Midnight Garden and Minnow on the Say, the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of Tom Sharpe's fictional "Porterhouse College".^[120]

Music[link]

Popular music[link]

Pink Floyd are the most notable band from Cambridge. The band's former songwriter, guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett was born and lived in the city, and he and another founding member, Roger Waters, went to school together at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys. David Gilmour, the guitarist who replaced Barrett, was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby Perse School. Other bands who were formed in Cambridge include Henry Cow, Katrina and the Waves, The Soft Boys,^[121] Ezio^[122] Horace X,^[123] The Broken Family Band,^[124] and the pop-classical group King's Singers, who were formed at the University.^[125] Solo artists Boo Hewerdine^[126] and Robyn Hitchcock^[127] are from Cambridge, as are Drum and bass artists (and brothers) Nu:Tone and Logistics. Singers Matthew Bellamy,^[128] of the rock band Muse, and Olivia Newton-John^[129] were born in the city. Singer-songwriter Nick Drake, Colin Greenwood of Radiohead and Manchester music mogul Tony Wilson, the founder of Factory Records, were all educated at the University of Cambridge.

Festivals and events[link]

Strawberry Fair

Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer. Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter by King John.^[130] Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is also the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with a series of market stalls. For one week in May, on nearby Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival is held. Started in 1974, it is Britain's second largest beer festival outside London. 90,000 pints of beer and a tonne of cheese were served in 2009.^[131]

Cambridge Folk Festival, one of the largest festivals of folk music in the UK, is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall on the outskirts of the city. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the University's colleges and chapels.^[132] The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of William Shakespeare, held in the gardens of various colleges of the university.^[133] Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July, but moved to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival.^[134]

Public services[link]

Addenbrooke's Hospital

Cambridge is served by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with several smaller medical centres around the city and a general hospital at Addenbrookes. Addenbrookes is a learning and teaching hospital, one of the largest in the United Kingdom, and functions as a centre for medical research.

The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road.^[135] The smaller Brookfields Hospital stands on Mill Road.^[136] Cambridgeshire Constabulary provides the city's policing; the main police station is at Parkside,^[137] adjacent to the city's fire station, operated by Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.^[138]

Cambridge Water Company supplies water services to the city,^[139] while Anglian Water provides sewerage services.^[140] For the supply of electricity, Cambridge is part of the East of England region, for which the distribution network operator is UK Power Networks.^[141] The city has no power stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of a Cambridge Regional College development, can be seen in King's Hedges.^[142]

Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.^[143] It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862,^[143] and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009,^[144] after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.^[144][145]

Religion[link]

Great St Mary's Church marks the centre of Cambridge, while the Senate House on the left is the centre of the University. Gonville and Caius College is in the background.

Cambridge has a number of churches, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape. Like the rest of Cambridgeshire it is part of the Anglican Diocese of Ely.^[146] A Cambridge-based family and youth organisation, Romsey Mill, had its centre re-dedicated in 2007 by the Archbishop of York, and is quoted as an example of best practice in a study^[147] into social inclusion by the East of England Regional Assembly.

Great St Mary's Church has the status of "University Church".^[148] Many of the University colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England, while the chapel of St Edmund's College is Roman Catholic.^[149] The city also has a number of theological colleges training clergy for ordination into a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University. The University of Cambridge is also home to the evangelical Christian organisation Cambridge Intercollegiate Christian Union.

Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia and is served by the large Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road. There is a Russian Orthodox church under the Diocese of Sourozh who worship at the chapel of Westcott House,^[150] and a Greek Orthodox church under the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.^[151] There are three Quaker Meetings in Cambridge, located on Jesus Lane, Hartington Grove, and a Meeting called "Oast House" that meets in Pembroke College.^[152]