Afro-cubans

Sunday, 28 October 2012

Afro-cubans

Juan de Marcos Gonzales & Afro Cuban All Stars - Absolutely Live

Afro Cuban drumming / RTS - the secret language

Bobby Sanabria & MSM Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra.mov

Chucho Valdés & The Afro-Cuban Messengers - Zawinul's Mambo

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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (, ; ), is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
http://wn.com/Angola
Bayamo
Bayamo is the capital city of the Granma Province of Cuba, and one of the largest cities in the Oriente region.
http://wn.com/Bayamo
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil
Camagüey
http://wn.com/Camagüey
Ciego de Ávila
http://wn.com/Ciego_de_Ávila
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos is a city on the southern coast of Cuba, capital of the province of Cienfuegos. It is located about 250 km (155 miles) from Havana, and has a population of 150,000. The city is dubbed "La Perla del Sur" (Pearl of the South). Cienfuegos literally translates to "Hundred fires".
http://wn.com/Cienfuegos
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic
Equatorial Guinea
http://wn.com/Equatorial_Guinea
Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
http://wn.com/Florida
Guantánamo
http://wn.com/Guantánamo
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti
Havana
http://wn.com/Havana
Holguín
http://wn.com/Holguín
Isla de la Juventud
Isla de la Juventud
http://wn.com/Isla_de_la_Juventud
Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica
Matanzas
Matanzas is the capital of the Cuban province of Matanzas. It is famed for its Afro-Cuban folklore.
http://wn.com/Matanzas
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria
Pinar del Río
http://wn.com/Pinar_del_Río
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico
Santa Clara, Cuba
Santa Clara is the capital city of the Cuban province of Villa Clara. It is located in the most central region of the province and almost in the most central region of the country.
http://wn.com/Santa_Clara_Cuba
Santiago de Cuba
Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba, some east south-east of the Cuban capital of Havana.
http://wn.com/Santiago_de_Cuba
Sierra Maestra
:For the Cuban band,see Sierra Maestra (band).
http://wn.com/Sierra_Maestra
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain

Addys D'Mercedes
'''Addys D'Mercedes''' is one of the fastest rising Latin American superstars to hit the world music business in years. She made her UK debut in 2001 at the Guildford Festival and since then has undertaken two short British tours with every date selling out within hours. This young, talented and beautiful singer recorded her debut album with invited musicians from the Afro Cuban Allstars, the recording 'Mundo Nuevo' immediately shot her to national and now international fame.
http://wn.com/Addys_D'Mercedes
African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
http://wn.com/African_American
African Americans
http://wn.com/African_Americans
African Sri Lankans
http://wn.com/African_Sri_Lankans
Afro Argentine
http://wn.com/Afro_Argentine
Afro Bolivian
Afro Bolivians are Bolivians of African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Bolivia thought to emanate from this community. The term can refer to the combining of African and other cultural elements found in Bolivian society such as religion, music, language, the arts, and class culture.
http://wn.com/Afro_Bolivian
Afro Chilean
Afro Chileans are citizens of Chile, descended from African slaves who were brought to the New World with the arrival of the conquistadors toward the end of the slave trade.
http://wn.com/Afro_Chilean
Afro Honduran
http://wn.com/Afro_Honduran
Afro Iraqis
http://wn.com/Afro_Iraqis
Afro Venezuelans
http://wn.com/Afro_Venezuelans
Afro-Anglo American
An Afro-Anglo American (also Afro-Anglo) is an Anglo American person of at least partial Black African ancestry; the term may also refer to historical or cultural elements in Anglo America thought to emanate from this community.
http://wn.com/Afro-Anglo_American
Afro-Arab
Afro-Arab (also African Arab) refers to people of mixed Black African and genealogical Arab ancestral heritage and/or linguistically and culturally Arabized Black Africans. There are communities of Afro-Arabs in East Africa, West Africa, North Africa, the Near East and Western Europe.
http://wn.com/Afro-Arab
Afro-Asian
Afro-Asian or Blasian, refers to people of mixed Sub-Saharan African, or Black, and Asian ancestry.
http://wn.com/Afro-Asian
Afro-Bahamian
'''
http://wn.com/Afro-Bahamian
Afro-Brazilian
http://wn.com/Afro-Brazilian
Afro-Colombian
Afro Colombians refers to Colombians of African ancestry, and the great impact they have had on Colombian culture. Notable Afro-Colombians include Colombian politicians:
http://wn.com/Afro-Colombian
Afro-Costa Rican
Afro-Costa Ricans are Costa Ricans of African ancestry, and the great impact they have had on Costa Rican culture. The Spanish began to ship Africans to Costa Rica in the 16th century to substitute for indigenous labour. Most of this initial group eventually became part of the mestizo population.
http://wn.com/Afro-Costa_Rican
Afro-Cuban
The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of Sub Saharan African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. The term can refer to the combining of African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society such as religion, music, language, the arts, and class culture.
http://wn.com/Afro-Cuban
Afro-Guatemalan
http://wn.com/Afro-Guatemalan
Afro-Guyanese
Afro-Guyanese people are the inhabitants of Guyana of Black African origin. When planters made land available to East Indians in the late 19th century when they had denied land to the Africans several decades earlier, Afro-Guyanese resentment of other colonial ethnic groups was reinforced. The Afro-Guyanese people's perception of themselves as the true Guyanese derived not only from their long history of residence, but also from a sense of superiority based on their literacy, Christianity and British colonial values.
http://wn.com/Afro-Guyanese
Afro-Hispanic people
http://wn.com/Afro-Hispanic_people
Afro-Mexican
Afro Mexican () is a term mainly used outside of Mexico to identify Mexicans of predominantly African ancestry or African descended people elsewhere who have part Mexican ancestry. Now largely assimilated into the general population, Afro Mexicans historically have been located in certain communities, most notably in two coastal areas of Guerrero and Oaxaca (called Costa Chica), and in parts of Veracruz, Campeche, and Quintana Roo.
http://wn.com/Afro-Mexican
Afro-Nicaraguan
http://wn.com/Afro-Nicaraguan
Afro-Panamanians
http://wn.com/Afro-Panamanians
Afro-Paraguayans
http://wn.com/Afro-Paraguayans
Afro-Peruvian
Afro Peruvians are citizens of Peru descended from African and Malagasy slaves who were brought to the New World with the arrival of the conquistadors towards the end of the slave trade.
http://wn.com/Afro-Peruvian
Afro-Salvadoran
http://wn.com/Afro-Salvadoran
Afro-Uruguayan
Afro-Uruguayan refers to Uruguayans of Black African ancestry. They are mostly found in Montevideo.
http://wn.com/Afro-Uruguayan
Al-Akhdam
Al-Akhdam or Akhdam (singular Khadem, meaning "servant" in Arabic; also called Al-Muhamasheen, "the marginalized ones") are a social group in Yemen distinct from the majority by their more African features. As a low caste group, they are discriminated against and mostly confined to menial jobs. According to official estimates, they numbered around 500.000 in 2004, while other estimates put their number as high as more than 1 million in 2007 (out of a total Yemeni population of 22 million).
http://wn.com/Al-Akhdam
Alejo Carpentier
http://wn.com/Alejo_Carpentier
Alexis Rubalcaba
Alexis Rubalcaba (born September 9, 1972) is a retired boxer from Cuba, who competed in the Super Heavyweight division. He twice represented his native country at the Summer Olympics: in 1996 and 2000. One of his biggest achievements in amateur boxing was winning the gold medal at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Canada. Two years earlier, at the 1997 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Budapest, Hungary, he won a silver medal.
http://wn.com/Alexis_Rubalcaba
Ana Fidelia Quirot
Ana Fidelia Quirot (born March 23, 1963 in Palma Soriano) is a female athlete from Cuba, who specialised in the 800 m but was also successful over 400 m.
http://wn.com/Ana_Fidelia_Quirot
Andres Serrano
Andres Serrano (born August 15, 1950 in New York City) is an American photographer and artist who has become most notorious through his photos of corpses, as well as his controversial work "Piss Christ", a red-tinged photograph of a crucifix submerged in a glass container of what was purported to be the artist's own urine.
http://wn.com/Andres_Serrano
Anga Díaz
http://wn.com/Anga_Díaz
Armando Peraza
Armando Peraza (born ca. May 30, 1924 in Havana, Cuba) is a Latin jazz percussionist. Through his long associations with jazz pianist George Shearing, vibraphonist Cal Tjader and guitarist Carlos Santana, he has been internationally known from the 1950s through to the 1990s. Although primarily known as a bongocero and conguero, Peraza is also an innovative and accomplished dancer and composer. Peraza has been featured on classic recordings by Perez Prado, Machito, George Shearing, Charlie Parker, Tito Puente, Cal Tjader and Carlos Santana.
http://wn.com/Armando_Peraza
Arsenio Rodríguez
http://wn.com/Arsenio_Rodríguez
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama
Bebo Valdés
http://wn.com/Bebo_Valdés
Benny Moré
http://wn.com/Benny_Moré
Black Canadians
'''
http://wn.com/Black_Canadians
Black Grenadian
Black Grenadians, or Afro-Grenadians, are Grenadian people of largely African descent. They are also referred to simply as African, Black, Negro or Creole, and may be described as possessing one or more Negroid features. The term may also refer to a Grenadian of African ancestry. Social interpretations of race are mutable rather than deterministic, and neither physical appearance nor ancestry are used straightforwardly to determine whether a person is considered a black Grenadian.
http://wn.com/Black_Grenadian
Black Seminoles
The Black Seminoles is a term used by modern historians for the descendants of free blacks and some runaway slaves (maroons) and Gullahs who escaped from coastal South Carolina and Georgia rice plantations into the Spanish Florida wilderness beginning as early as the late 17th century. By the early 19th century, they had often formed communities near the Seminole Indians.
http://wn.com/Black_Seminoles
Bob Marley
http://wn.com/Bob_Marley
Carlos Alfonso
:For the Venezuelan union leader, see Carlos Ortega
http://wn.com/Carlos_Alfonso
Changuito
http://wn.com/Changuito
Chano Pozo
Chano Pozo (January 7, 1915 – December 2, 1948) was a percussionist, singer, dancer and composer who played a major role in the founding of Latin jazz.
http://wn.com/Chano_Pozo
Chinese Cuban
A Chinese Cuban (, Cantonese Jyutping: Gu2 Baa1 Waa4 jan4; ) is a Cuban of Chinese ancestry who was born in or has immigrated to Cuba. They are part of the ethnic Chinese diaspora (or Overseas Chinese).
http://wn.com/Chinese_Cuban
Ciboney people
The Ciboney were pre-Columbian indigenous inhabitants of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. The name Ciboney derives from the indigenous Taino people which means Cave Dwellers; evidence has shown that a number of the Ciboney people have lived in caves at some time. Over the years, many theories has been brought forth as to how the Ciboney people arrived to the Caribbean. Many of these theories have a weak foundation due to insufficient evidence. It is explained in the book Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems, "The most popular view now is that the Ciboney were from pre-farming cultures that entered the Antilles from South America, not as one ethnic group, but as waves of different migrants over a very long period of time."
http://wn.com/Ciboney_people
Compay Segundo
http://wn.com/Compay_Segundo
Coromantee people
http://wn.com/Coromantee_people
Cristóbal Torriente
http://wn.com/Cristóbal_Torriente
Cuban American
A Cuban American () is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. Cuban Americans are also considered native born Americans with Cuban parents or Cuban-born persons who were raised and educated in US. Cuban Americans form the third-largest Hispanic group in the United States and also the largest group of Hispanics of European ancestry as a percentage within the group in the US.
http://wn.com/Cuban_American
Cuban Five
http://wn.com/Cuban_Five
Cubans
This article is about the native people of Cuba. For citizens of Cuban "national origin" inhabiting the United States of America, see Cuban American.
http://wn.com/Cubans
Cypress Hill
Cypress Hill is an American Latino hip hop group from South Gate, California. Originally called DVX, the name was changed after Mellow Man Ace left to go solo in 1988. Cypress Hill was the first Latino group to have platinum and multi-platinum albums, selling over 18 million albums worldwide. They are one of the most well known groups in West Coast rap and are critically acclaimed for their first two groundbreaking albums.
http://wn.com/Cypress_Hill
Desi Arnaz
http://wn.com/Desi_Arnaz
Dámaso Pérez Prado
http://wn.com/Dámaso_Pérez_Prado
Emancipados
Emancipado was a term used for an African descended social-political demographic within the population of Spanish Guinea (modern day Equatorial Guinea) that existed in the early to mid 1900's. This segment of the native population had become assimilated into the former White society of Spanish Guinea which primarily existed along the coastline communities of the continental part of the country, as well as on the islands of Bioko and Annabon.
http://wn.com/Emancipados
Enrique Jorrín
http://wn.com/Enrique_Jorrín
Faizon Love
Faizon Love (born June 14, 1968) is an American actor and comedian.
http://wn.com/Faizon_Love
Fats Navarro
Theodore "Fats" Navarro (September 24, 1923 – July 7, 1950[http://www.biography.com/articles/Fats-Navarro-9420792]) was an American jazz trumpet player. He was a pioneer of the bebop style of jazz improvisation in the 1940s. He had a strong stylistic influence on many other players, most notably Clifford Brown.
http://wn.com/Fats_Navarro
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since 1965.
http://wn.com/Fidel_Castro
Fulgencio Batista
http://wn.com/Fulgencio_Batista
Félix Savón
http://wn.com/Félix_Savón
Félix Varela
http://wn.com/Félix_Varela
Generoso Jimenez
http://wn.com/Generoso_Jimenez
German Cuban
http://wn.com/German_Cuban
Gilbert Arenas
Gilbert Jay Arenas, Jr. (; born January 6, 1982) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays as a point guard and shooting guard.
http://wn.com/Gilbert_Arenas
Gina Torres
Gina Torres (born April 25, 1969) is an American television and movie actress. She is known for her roles in science fiction and fantasy. She has appeared in many television series, including ' (as Nebula), ' (as Cleopatra), the short-lived Cleopatra 2525, as well as Alias (as Anna Espinosa), Firefly (as series regular Zoe Washburne), Angel (as Jasmine), The Matrix sequels in a supporting role, and The Shield. She also starred in the award-winning independent film South of Pico as the fragile waitress (Carla).
http://wn.com/Gina_Torres
Gonzalo Rubalcaba
Gonzalo Rubalcaba (born May 27, 1963 in Havana, Cuba) is a Grammy Award-winning Cuban jazz pianist and composer.
http://wn.com/Gonzalo_Rubalcaba
Guillermo Barreto
http://wn.com/Guillermo_Barreto
Hispanic-American
http://wn.com/Hispanic-American
Ibrahim Ferrer
http://wn.com/Ibrahim_Ferrer
Ignacio Berroa
Ignacio Berroa (b. July 8, 1953 in Havana) is an Afro-Cuban jazz drummer. He played in a band for the Cuban military and next performed with Felipe Dulzaides in the early 1970s. In 1980 he moved to New York City and joined with Paquito D'Rivera and then Dizzy Gillespie, from 1980 to 1993. He has also performed with McCoy Tyner and Lou Donaldson.
http://wn.com/Ignacio_Berroa
Ignacio Piñeiro
http://wn.com/Ignacio_Piñeiro
Isleño
http://wn.com/Isleño
Joel Casamayor
http://wn.com/Joel_Casamayor
José Contreras
http://wn.com/José_Contreras
José Martí
http://wn.com/José_Martí
José Nápoles
http://wn.com/José_Nápoles
Juan Almeida Bosque
http://wn.com/Juan_Almeida_Bosque
Juan Gualberto Gómez
http://wn.com/Juan_Gualberto_Gómez
La Lupe
http://wn.com/La_Lupe
Liván Hernández
http://wn.com/Liván_Hernández
Lucumi people
The Lucumi people are an Afro-Cuban, Afro-Puerto Rican and Afro-Dominican ethnic group. Many Lucumi claim to be of Yoruba ancestry.
http://wn.com/Lucumi_people
Luis Moro
Luis Moro (born January 2, 1974) is a Cuban-born American actor, filmmaker, and writer. He first gained notability for co-writing, producing and acting in the film Anne B. Real, which was nominated for two Independent Spirit Award. His next film, Love & Suicide, which he also co-wrote, produced and starred in.
http://wn.com/Luis_Moro
Luis Palés Matos
http://wn.com/Luis_Palés_Matos
Luis Posada Carriles
Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) (nicknamed Bambi by some Cuban exiles) is a Cuban-born Venezuelan anti-communist activist. A former Central Intelligence Agency agent, Posada has been convicted in absentia of involvement in various terrorist attacks and plots in the Western hemisphere, including: involvement in the 1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner that killed seventy-three people; admitted involvement in a string of bombings in 1997 targeting fashionable Cuban hotels and nightspots; involvement in the Bay of Pigs invasion; involvement in the Iran-Contra affair; and, according to conspiracy theorists, involvement in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In addition, he was jailed under accusations related to an assassination attempt on Fidel Castro in Panama in 2000, although he was later pardoned by Panamanian President Mireya Moscoso in the final days of her term.
http://wn.com/Luis_Posada_Carriles
Machito
http://wn.com/Machito
Mario Bauzá
http://wn.com/Mario_Bauzá
Maroon (people)
http://wn.com/Maroon_(people)
Martín Dihigo
http://wn.com/Martín_Dihigo
Matt Cedeño
http://wn.com/Matt_Cedeño
Mellow Man Ace
Ulpiano Sergio Reyes (born April 12, 1967, South Gate, California) is an American rapper known as Mellow Man Ace and original member of the rap group Cypress Hill. Capitol Records released his first album, Escape from Havana, in 1989. It was produced by the Dust Brothers and Def Jef.
http://wn.com/Mellow_Man_Ace
Mongo Santamaría
http://wn.com/Mongo_Santamaría
Máximo Gómez
http://wn.com/Máximo_Gómez
Nancy Morejón
http://wn.com/Nancy_Morejón
Nicolas Guillen
http://wn.com/Nicolas_Guillen
Nicolás Guillén
http://wn.com/Nicolás_Guillén
Omara Portuondo
http://wn.com/Omara_Portuondo
Orestes Kindelán
http://wn.com/Orestes_Kindelán
Orlando Hernández
http://wn.com/Orlando_Hernández
Oscar Elías Biscet
http://wn.com/Oscar_Elías_Biscet
Pablo Milanés
http://wn.com/Pablo_Milanés
Pablo Picasso
http://wn.com/Pablo_Picasso
Pedro Knight
http://wn.com/Pedro_Knight
Raúl Castro
http://wn.com/Raúl_Castro
Regla Torres
Regla Torres Herrera (born in Havana on February 12, 1975) is a Cuban volleyball player who has won three Olympic gold medals with her first being at the young, for volleyball, age of 17. She has played on the international circuit since she was 14. In 2001 she was recipient of the "Best Player of the 20th Century" award by the FIVB and was inducted into the Volleyball Hall of Fame.
http://wn.com/Regla_Torres
Renny Arozarena
Renny Arozarena is a Cuban actor, born in Havana in 1971.
http://wn.com/Renny_Arozarena
Richard Egües
http://wn.com/Richard_Egües
Rita Marley
Alpharita Constantia Anderson (born 25 July 1946), better known as Rita Marley, and sometimes called "Nana Rita", is the widow of reggae legend/musician Bob Marley, and a member of the trio the I Threes, Bob Marley's backup singers.
http://wn.com/Rita_Marley
Rozonda Thomas
Rozonda Ocelean Thomas (born February 27, 1971), best known by her stage name Chilli, is an American R&B; singer and actress who rose to fame as one third of the successful R&B;/Hip-Hop/Pop girl group TLC.
http://wn.com/Rozonda_Thomas
Samaná Americans
http://wn.com/Samaná_Americans
Sammy Davis Jr.
http://wn.com/Sammy_Davis_Jr
Saros (Nigeria)
Saros or Creoles in Nigeria during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century were freed slaves who migrated to Nigeria in the beginning of the 1830s. They were known locally as Saros (elided form of Sierra Leone) or Amaros: migrants from Brazil and Cuba. Saros and Amaros also settled in other West African countries such as the Gold Coast (Ghana). They were mostly freed and repatriated slaves from various West African and Latin American countries such as Sierra Leone, Brazil and Cuba Liberated "returnee" Africans from Brazil were more commonly known as "Agudas". Most of the Latin American returnees or Amaros started migrating to Africa after slavery was abolished on the continent while others from West Africa, or the Saros were recaptured and freed slaves already resident in Sierra Leone. Many of the returnees chose to return to Nigeria for cultural, missionary and economic reasons. Many (if not the greater majority) of them were originally descended from the Yoruba people, and so because of this, they were mostly regarded as a part of the tribe that the Yoruba constituted in the Nigeria of the era.
http://wn.com/Saros_(Nigeria)
Sen Dog
musical artist
http://wn.com/Sen_Dog
Sergio Oliva
Sergio Oliva is a bodybuilder known as "The Myth". This sobriquet was given to him by bodybuilder/writer Rick Wayne. Wayne had begun calling Oliva "The Myth" "(because everyone who saw him at the 1967 Montreal World's Fair said he was "JUST UNBELIEVABLE")".
http://wn.com/Sergio_Oliva
Siddi
http://wn.com/Siddi
Silvio Rodríguez
http://wn.com/Silvio_Rodríguez
Sri Lanka Kaffirs
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs
Tata Güines
http://wn.com/Tata_Güines
Tony Oliva
http://wn.com/Tony_Oliva
Víctor Dreke
http://wn.com/Víctor_Dreke
Wifredo Lam
http://wn.com/Wifredo_Lam
X Alfonso
http://wn.com/X_Alfonso
Yoruba people
:Okun redirects here. A Dr.Okun was a character in Independence Day (film). Or see Okan
http://wn.com/Yoruba_people
Yotuel Romero
Yotuel Omar Manzanarez Romero (born October 6, 1976) is an singer, actor and musician current lead singer and co-writer of the 2003 Latin Grammy Award winner Platinum album selling rap group Orishas. Among other recordings, Emigrante won the 2003 Latin Grammy Award for Best Rap/Hip-Hop Album. This same album was also nominated for the 2003 Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album.
http://wn.com/Yotuel_Romero
Yusa
Yusa is a Cuban singer and songwriter, born in the Buena Vista district of Havana, Cuba. Her music is recognised worldwide : in 2003, she was nominated at the prestigious BBC Radio 3 World Music Awards in two categories (Best Newcomer and Best of the Americas.)
http://wn.com/Yusa

Afro-Cubans Pray For Fidel

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published: 14 Aug 2008

Juan de Marcos Gonzales & Afro Cuban All Stars - Absolutely Live

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published: 10 Sep 2011

Black Beauty - Afro Cubans

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published: 03 Jun 2011

Afro Cuban drumming / RTS - the secret language

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published: 19 Sep 2006

Afro Cuban All Stars - Amor Verdadero

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published: 06 Apr 2009

Bobby Sanabria & MSM Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra.mov

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published: 20 Nov 2008

AFROCUBA / Sobrevolando

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published: 11 Jan 2009

MACHITO & HIS CUBAN BOYS tambo

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published: 12 Mar 2009

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This article is about Cubans of African heritage. For the Cuban jazz band, see Afro-Cubans (band). For the 1955 Kenny Dorham album, see Afro-Cuban (album).

Afro-Cuban boys playing in Trinidad, Cuba

The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of Sub Saharan African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. The term can refer to the combining of African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society such as religion, music, language, the arts, and class culture.^[1]

1 Afrocubanismo Movement in the 1920s and 1930s
- 1.1 History of the Movement
- 1.2 Results of the Movement
2 Demographics
- 2.1 Afro-Cuban descendants in Africa
3 Religion
4 Music
5 Language
6 Racial Consciousness
7 Haitian Cubans
8 List of Famous Afro-Cubans
- 8.1 Human rights and democracy activists
9 See also
10 References

Afrocubanismo Movement in the 1920s and 1930s [link]

During the 1920s and 1930s Cuba experienced a movement geared towards Afro-Cuban culture called Afrocubanismo.^[2] The movement had a large impact on Cuban literature, poetry, painting, music, and sculpture. It was the first artistic campaign in Cuba that focused on one particular theme: black culture. Specifically it highlighted the struggle for independence from Spain, black slavery, and building a purely Cuban national identity. Its goal was to incorporate African folklore and rhythm into traditional modes of art.

History of the Movement [link]

The movement evolved from an interest in the rediscovery of African heritage. It developed in two very different stages. The first stage stemmed from European artists and intellectuals who were interested in African art and musical folk forms.^[3] This stage paralleled the Harlem Renaissance in New York, Négritude in the French Caribbean, and coincided with stylistic European Vanguard (like cubism and its representation of African masks). It was characterized by the participation of white intellectuals like Cubans Alejo Carpentier, Fortunato Vizcarrondo and Lydia Cabrera, Puerto Rican Luis Palés Matos, and Spaniards Pablo Picasso and Roger de Lauria. The African-inspired art that was produced in this early part of the movement was extremely picturesque but lacked a true understanding of black culture. The art tended to represent Afro-Cubans with cliché images like a black man sitting beneath a palm tree with a cigar.

Although the depth of the first stage was shallow, it paved the way for Afro-Cubans to be recognized for their artistic ability. The influence of black writers in Cuba dates back to the early 17th century but it took the participation of the white intellectuals to bring their talent to the foreground.

Once white poets and intellectuals began publishing their work in the 20s with an Afro-Cuban subject matter, other poems and essays by black writers began to be published in the 30s in newspapers, magazines, and books where they discussed their own personal heritage. Afro-Cuban artists began to realize that the movement brought light to the once-marginalized black race and culture. It became a symbol of empowerment and individuality for Afro-Cubans within the established Western culture of the Americas and Europe.^[4]

This empowerment became a catalyst for the second stage to be characterized by Afro-Cuban artists making art that truly reflected what it meant to be Afro-Cuban. Beginning in the 1930s this stage depicted a more serious view of black culture like African religions and the struggles associated with slavery. The main protagonist during this stage of the movement was Nicolas Guillen.^[5]

Results of the Movement [link]

The lasting reputation of the Afrocubanismo movement was the establishment of a New World art form thatmovenem used aesthetics from both European and African culture.^[6] Although the actual movement of Afrocubanismo faded by the early 40s, Afro-Cuban culture continues to play a vital role in the identity of Cuba. It has been the Cuban Revolution that opened up a space for extended research of African ethnic roots in Cuba.^[7] The rhetoric of the Revolution incorporates black history and its contribution as an important stratum of Cuban identity. The Revolution has funded many projects that restore the work of Afro-Cubans in an effort to accommodate an African-driven identity within the new anti-racist Cuban society.^[8]

Demographics [link]

Main article: Demographics of Cuba

According to a 2002 national census which surveyed 11.2 million Cubans, 1.1 million Cubans described themselves as Black, while 2.8 million considered themselves to be "mulatto" or "mestize".^[9] Thus a significant proportion of those living on the island affirm some African ancestry. The matter is further complicated by the fact that a fair number of people still locate their origins in specific African ethnic groups or regions, particularly Yoruba (or Lucumi), Igbo and Congo, but also Arará, Carabalí, Mandingo, Fula, Makua, and others.

Although Afro-Cubans can be found throughout Cuba, Eastern Cuba has a higher concentration of blacks than other parts of the island, and Havana has the largest population of blacks of any city in Cuba.^[10] Recently, many African immigrants have been coming to Cuba, especially from Angola. Also, immigrants from Jamaica and Haiti have been settling in Cuba, most of whom settle in the eastern part of the island, due to it's proximity to their home country, further contributing to the already high percentage of blacks on that side of the island.^[10]

The percentage of Afro-Cubans on the island increased after the 1959 Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro due to mass migration from the island of the largely white Cuban professional class.^[11] A small percentage of Afro-Cubans left Cuba, mostly for the United States, (particularly Florida), where they and their U.S.-born children are called Cuban Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and African Americans. Only a few of them resided in nearby Spanish-speaking countries of Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.

The Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami says 62% are black.^[12] The Minority Rights Group International says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution.

Afro-Cuban descendants in Africa [link]

Countries such as Nigeria, the home of the Yoruba and Igbo cultures, and Equatorial Guinea experienced and influx of ex-slaves from Cuba brought there as indentured servants during the 17th century, and again during the 19th century. In Equatorial Guinea, they became part of the Emancipados; in Nigeria, they were called Amaros. Despite being free to return to Cuba when their tenure was over, they remained in these countries marrying into the local indigenous population. The former slaves were brought to Africa by the Royal Orders of September 13, 1845 (by way of voluntary arrangement) and a June 20, 1861 deportation from Cuba, due to the lack of volunteers. Similar circumstances previously occurred during the 17th century where ex-slaves from both Cuba and Brazil were offered the same opportunity.

Angola also has communities of Afro-Cubans, Amparos. They are descendants of Afro-Cuban soldiers brought to the country in 1975 as a result of the Cuban involvement in the Cold War. Fidel Castro deployed thousands of troops to the country during the Angolan Civil War. As a result of this era, there exists a small Spanish-speaking community in Angola of Afro-Cubans numbering about 100,000.

Religion [link]

Santería icons at an open place of worship in Havana. Santería is a syncretism practiced by many Afro-Cubans

Afro-Cuban religion can be broken down into three main currents: Santería, Palo Monte, and Abakuá, and include individuals of all origins. Santería and Abakuá both have large parts of their liturgy in African languages (Yoruba, Igbo and Ñañigo, respectively) while Palo Monte uses a mixture of Spanish and Kikongo. Santería and Palo Monte are largely syncretised with Catholicism, though it is generally considered that the African elements outweigh the Catholic ones.

The Abakuá religion is a secret society for men, similar to the freemason orders of Europe (which first integrated white (Spanish) members in the late 19th century). It has not been syncretised with Catholicism and remains close to its origins in south-eastern Nigeria. An important aspect of Abakuá is that while membership is only for men, a host of rules mandates that conditions to be initiated are to be a good son, good brother, good father, good friend, and, above all, heterosexual. There are presently 136 potencies in Cuba; the 136th been recently created named Efí Masongo Obane.

Music [link]

Main article: Music of Cuba#African heritage

Afro-Cuban music involves two main categories of music, religious and profane. Religious music includes the chants, rhythms and instruments used in rituals of the above-mentioned religious currents, while profane music focuses largely on rumba, guaguanco and comparsa (carnival music) as well as several lesser styles such as the tumba francesa. Virtually all Cuban music has been influenced by African rhythms. Cuban popular music, and quite a lot of the art music, has strands from both Spain and Africa, woven into a unique Cuban cloth. The son is a typical example of this.

Language [link]

Other cultural elements considered to be Afro-Cuban can be found in language (including syntax, vocabulary, and style of speech) and generally held stereotypes of Afro-Cuban culture such as male and female behavior, family structure or general habits. The term Afro-Cuban is rarely taken into the economic sphere, despite the fact that, as in most of the Americas, black Cubans are generally poorer than whites, which translates into class phenomenon along racial lines. The political situation, however, forbids public acknowledgment of the existence of social classes and of racial problems of any kind.

Racial Consciousness [link]

Main article: Racism in Cuba

According to anthropologists dispatched by the European Union, racism is entrenched in Cuba.^[13] Black people are systematically excluded from positions in tourism related jobs, where they could earn tips in hard currencies.^[13] According to the EU study, black people are relegated to poor housing, and black Cubans are excluded from managerial positions.^[13]

Enrique Patterson describes race as a "social bomb" and says that "If the Cuban government were to permit black Cubans to organize and raise their problems before [authorities] . . . totalitarianism would fall".^[12] Esteban Morales Domínguez, a professor in the University of Havana, says that "The absence of the debate on the racial problem already threatens . . . the revolution's social project".^[12] Carlos Moore, who has authored extensive on the issue, says that "There is an unstated threat, blacks in Cuba know that whenever you raise race in Cuba, you go to jail. Therefore the struggle in Cuba is different. There cannot be a civil rights movement. You will have instantly 10,000 black people dead. [...] The government is frightened to the extent to which it does not understand black Cubans today. You have a new generation of black Cubans who are looking at politics in another way."^[12] Barack Obama's victory has raised disturbing questions about the institutional racism in Cuba.^[13] The Economist noted "The danger starts with his example: after all, a young, black, progressive politician has no chance of reaching the highest office in Cuba, although a majority of the island’s people are black"^[14]

In the years between the triumph of the revolution and the victory at Playa Girón the Cuban government was one of the world’s most proactive regimes in the fight against discrimination. It achieved significant gains in racial equality through a series of egalitarian reforms early in the 1960s. Fidel Castro’s first public address on racism after his rise to power was on March 23, 1959 at a labor rally in Havana, less than three months after he defeated Fulgencio Batista. He is quoted as saying: “one of the most just battles that must be fought, a battle that must be emphasized more and more, which I might call the fourth battle--the battle to end racial discrimination at work centers. I repeat: the battle to end racial discrimination at work centers. Of all the forms of racial discrimination the worst is the one that limits the colored Cuban's access to jobs .“^[15] Castro pointed to the distinction between social segregation and employment, while placing great emphasis on correcting the latter. In response to the large amount of racism that existed in the job market, Castro issued anti-discrimination laws. In addition, he attempted to close the class gap between wealthy white Cubans and Afro-Cubans with a massive literacy campaign among other egalitarian reforms in the early and mid 1960s ^[16] Two years after his 1959 speech at the Havana Labor Rally, Castro declared that the age of racism and discrimination was over. In a speech given at the Confederation of Cuban Workers in observance of May Day, Castro declared that the “ just laws of the revolution ended unemployment put an end to villages without hospitals and schools, enacted laws which ended discrimination, control by monopolies, humiliation, and the suffering of the people.”^[17] Although inspiring, many would consider the claim to be premature.”^[18]

Research conducted by PH.D researchers Yesilernis Peña, Jim Sidanius and Mark Sawyer in 2003, suggest that social discrimination is still prevalent, despite the low levels of economic discrimination.^[19] After considering the issue solved, the Cuban government moved beyond the issue of racism. His message marked a shift in Cuban society’s perception of racism that was triggered by the change in government focus. ”^[18] The government’s announcement easily allowed the Cuban public to deny discrimination without first correcting the stereotypes that remained in mind of those who grew up in a Cuba that was racially and economically divided. Many who argue that racism does not exist in Cuba base their claims on the idea of Latin American Exceptionalism. According to the argument of Latin American Exceptionality, a social history of intermarriage and mixing of the races is unique to Latina America. The large mestizo populations that result from high levels of interracial union common to Latin America are often linked to racial democracy. For many Cubans this translates into an argument of “racial harmony”, often referred to as racial democracy. In the case of Cuba, ideas of Latin American Exceptionalism have delayed the progress of true racial harmony.^[20]

Most of the Latin population of Tampa in the 1950s was working class and lived in restricted areas, ethnic enclaves in the vicinity of Tampa’s hundreds of cigar factories. Black Cubans were tolerated to an extent in the Latin quarter (where most neighborhoods and cigar factories were integrated), Ybor City and its counterpart, West Tampa, were areas that bordered on other restricted sections-areas for U.S. blacks or whites only. In this Latin qurtet, there existed racial discrimination despite its subtleness.^[21]

Haitian Cubans [link]

Main article: Haitian Cubans

Haitian Creole and culture first entered Cuba with the arrival of Haitian immigrants at the start of the 19th century. Haiti was a French colony, and the final years of the 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution brought a wave of French settlers fleeing with their Haitian slaves to Cuba. They came mainly to the east, and especially Guantanamo, where the French later introduced sugar cultivation, constructed sugar refineries and developed coffee plantations. By 1804, some 30,000 French were living in Baracoa and Maisí, the furthest eastern municipalities of the province. Later, Haitians continued to come to Cuba to work as braceros (hand workers, from the Spanish word brazo, meaning "arm") in the fields cutting cane. Their living and working conditions were not much better than slavery. Although they planned to return to Haiti, most stayed on in Cuba. For years, many Haitians and their descendants in Cuba did not identify themselves as such or speak Creole. In the eastern part of the island, many Haitians suffered discrimination. But according to the Castro regime, since 1959, when he took over, this discrimination has stopped.

After Spanish, Creole is the second most-spoken language in Cuba. In addition to the eastern provinces, there are also communities in Ciego de Ávila and Camagüey provinces where the population still maintains Creole, their mother tongue. Classes in Creole are offered in Guantanamo, Matanzas and the City of Havana. There is a Creole-language radio program.

List of Famous Afro-Cubans [link]

Andres Serrano - Artist
Antonio Maceo - Second-in-command of the Cuban Army of Independence
Martín Morúa Delgado,President of the Cuban Senate
Juan Gualberto Gómez, 1890s revolutionary leader, close collaborator of Martí's, served as part of the committee of consultations that drafted and amended the Constitution of 1901, and as a Representative and Senator
Víctor Dreke - Cuban Revolutionary and Second-in-Command to Ché Guevara in the Congo
Rita Marley - Singer, Humanitarian, and widowed wife of Bob Marley
Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, "Plácido" - Poet
Nicolás Guillén - Poet
Regino Pedroso - Poet
Georgina Herrera - Poet
Nancy Morejón - Poet
Domingo Alfonso - Poet
Angel Escobar - Poet
Soleida Ríos - Writer
Alberto Guerra Naranjo - Writer
Ariel Ribeaux Diago - Writer
Ahmel Echevarría - Writer
Víctor Fowler - Writer
Salvador Redonet Cook - Professor
Wifredo Lam - Artist
Roberto Diago - Artist
Ibrahim Ferrer - Singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
Omara Portuondo - Singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
Compay Segundo - Singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
Pío Leyva - Singer (Buena Vista Social Club)
Rubén González - Pianist (Buena Vista Social Club)
Orlando "Cachaito" López - Bass player (Buena Vista Social Club)
Juan de Marcos González - Musical director (Buena Vista Social Club)
Afro-Cuban All Stars
Fats Navarro - Jazz musician
Mario Bauzá - Jazz musician
Chano Pozo - Jazz percusionist
Arsenio Rodríguez - Bandleader
Ignacio Piñeiro - Musician
Machito - Musician
Mongo Santamaría - Jazz musician
Benny Moré - Singer
Bola de Nieve - Singer and pianist
Pedro "Peruchín" Jústiz - Pianist
Chocolate Armenteros - Trumpetist
Félix Chapottín - Trumpetist
Armando Peraza - Percusionist
Orestes Vilató - Timbalero
Barbarito Diez - Singer
Pello el Afrokán - Percusionist and creator of mozambique (music)
Bebo Valdés - Pianist
Israel "Cachao" López - Bass player
Orestes López - Bass player
Dámaso Pérez Prado - The King of Mambo
Carlos "Patato" Valdes - Conga player
Richard Egües - Flute player, a member of the Orquesta Aragón
Enrique Jorrín - Violinist and inventor of cha-chá-chá
Guillermo Barreto - Percusionist
Generoso Jimenez - Trombonist
Chucho Valdés - Pianist and leader of Irakere
Jorge Varona - Trumpetist
Carlos del Puerto - Bass player
Jorge Alfonso, el Niño - Percusionist
Anga Díaz - Percusionist and former member of Irakere
Germán Velazco - Sax player
Orlando Valle, "Maraca" - Flutist
Lázaro "el Fino" Rivero - Bass player
Tata Güines - Percusionist
Changuito - Percusionist and former member of Los Van Van
Ignacio Berroa - Drummer
Lázaro Ros - Singer
Pablo Milanés - Singer
Gerardo Alfonso - Singer
Carlos Alfonso - Bass player and leader of Síntesis
X Alfonso - Singer
Yusa - Female bass player
Peruchín Jr. - Guitarist
Gonzalo Rubalcaba - Jazz pianist
Sammy Davis Jr. - Actor, Singer, and Dancer
Celia Cruz - Singer
Pedro Knight - Musician
Addys D'Mercedes - Singer
Yotuel Romero - Singer
Jon Secada - Singer
Sen Dog - Rapper and Member of Cypress Hill
Mellow Man Ace - Rapper
Teófilo Stevenson - Amateur boxer
Félix Savón - Amateur boxer
Alexis Rubalcaba - Amateur boxer
Kid Chocolate - Boxer (Former World Featherweight & Junior Lightweight Champion)
José Nápoles - Boxer (Former World Welterweight Champion; also known as 'Mantequilla' Nápoles).
Joel Casamayor - Boxer (WBC Lightweight Champion)
Sugar Ramos - Boxer (Former WBA Featherweight Champion)
Sergio Oliva - Body builder (Only bodybuilder to have ever beaten Arnold Schwarzenegger in a Mr Olympia competition)
Tony Oliva - Three-Time batting champion
Javier Sotomayor - Holds world record in high jump
Ana Fidelia Quirot - Athlete
Gipsy Moreno - Athlete
Regla Torres - Volleyball player
Gilbert Arenas - NBA
Cristóbal Torriente - Negro League Baseball Hall of Fame
Martín Dihigo - Negro League Baseball Hall of Fame
Orestes Kindelán - The most prolific home run hitter in the history of amateur Cuban baseball
José Contreras - MLB
Orlando Hernández - MLB
Liván Hernández - MLB
Alexei Ramirez - MLB
Brayan Peña - MLB
Tony Pérez - MLB (Hall of Fame)
Laz Alonso - Actor
Christina Milian - Actress
Gina Torres - Actress
Rosario Dawson - Actress
Faizon Love - Actor
Lola Falana - Actress, Singer, and Dancer
Luis Moro - Actor/Filmmaker
Matt Cedeño - Actor/Model
Renny Arozarena - Actor
Juan Almeida Bosque - Politician and composer
Esteban Lazo Hernández - Politician
Juan Gomez Gonzalez Garcia Hernandez - Luchador (Masked Wrestler)
Pia Conde - Swedish journalist and TV-personality
La Lupe - Singer
Gerry Zaragemca - Master Percussionists
Rozonda Thomas- Singer/songwriter
Rey Papi - Singer/Poet/Activist

Human rights and democracy activists [link]

Jorge Luis García Pérez - the famous democracy activist spent 17 years in jail
Guillermo Fariñas
Oscar Elías Biscet
Orlando Zapata Tamayo - Famous prisoner who died fasting to protest unjust imprisonment and torture of political prisoners. Has become a martyr among human right activists.

References [link]

^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006.
^ Arnedo-Gómez, M. “Introduction.” Writing Rumba. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006: 1.
^ “Afrocubanismo,” Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century. Ed. Lenard S Klein. Continuum: Continuum Publishing Company, 2008: 20.
^ Moore, R. “The Minorista vanguard: Moderism and Afrocubanismo.” Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubansimo and artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920-1940. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 1997:200.
^ Henken, T. “Cuban Literature-The Avant-Garde vs the Vanguard: Colonial Literature,” Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC_CLIO, 2008: 363.
^ “Literature of the Revolutionary Era” Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, history, culture. Ed. Luis Martinez Ternandez. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003: 345.
^ Rodríguez-Mangual, E. “Introduction,” Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro-Cuban Cultural Identity. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004: 17.
^ Rodríguez-Mangual, E. “Introduction,” 18.
^ Cuba census 2001
^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OECD_Data_Sheet; see the help page.
^ AfroCubaWeb: the African cultures in Cuba - Yoruba - Congo - Dahomey - Abakwa - Bricamo - Haiti - West Indies
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "A barrier for Cuba's black people - New attitudes on once-taboo race questions emerge with a fledgling black movement". http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "‘Obama Effect’ Highlights Racism in Cuba". New America Media. Dec 15, 2008. http://news.pacificnews.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=7b4ef8e52790034e043a37d170243f0f.
^ "Fifty years of the Castro regime - Time for a (long overdue) change". The Economist. Dec 30 2008. http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12853934.
^ Speech at Havana Labor Rally . Transcript available on The University of Texas at Austin - Web Central
^ Perez, Louis A. Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, New York, NY. 2006, p326
^ Speech given by Fidel Castro on April 8, 1961. Text provided by Havana FIEL Network
^ ^a ^b Moore, C. 1995. Afro-Cubans and the Communist Revolution. Trenton, NJ: African World Press Evidence collected in 2003 over proved.
^ Pena, Y., Jim Sidanis and Mark Sawyer. 2003. Racial Democracy in the Americas: A Latin and US Comparison. University of California, Los Angeles
^ Mark Sawyer. Racial Politics in Post- Revolutionary Cuba
^ Black Cuban, BLack American . Houston, Texas: Arte Publico Press, 130. Print.

Duno-Gottberg, Luis, Solventando las diferencias: la ideología del mestizaje en Cuba. Madrid, Iberoamericana – Frankfurt am Main, Vervuert, 2003
Arnedo-Gómez, Miguel. “Introduction,” Writing Rumba: The Afrocubanista Movement in Poetry. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 2006: 1-170.
“Afrocubanismo,” Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20thCentury. Ed. Lenard S. Klein. 2nd ed. 4thvol. Continuum: Continuum Publishing Company, 1989: 20-21.
García, Cristina. “Introduction,” Cubanismo! New York: Vintage Books, 2002: 1-364.
“Literature of the Recolutionary Era,” Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, history, culture. Ed. Luis Martinez Ternandez 1st Vol. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003: 345-346.
Henken, Ted. “Cuban Literature-The Avant-Garde vs the Vanguard: Colonial Literature,” Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook Global Studies :Latin America & The Caribbean. Santa Barbara: ABC_CLIO, 2008: 363-385.
Moore, Robin D. “The Minorista vanguard: Moderism and Afrocubanismo” Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubansimo and artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920-1940.Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 1997: 195-200.
Ródriguez-Mangual, Edna M. “Introduction” Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro Cuban Cultural Identity. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004: 1-167.

General	Almendares River Sierra Maestra World Heritage Sites

Cities	Bayamo Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Guantánamo Havana Holguín Victoria de Las Tunas Matanzas Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba

Provinces	Artemisa Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Ciudad de La Habana Granma Guantánamo Holguín Isla de la Juventud Las Tunas Matanzas Mayabeque Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santiago de Cuba Villa Clara

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Security

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Intelligence: Military Counterintelligence Directorate; Intelligence Directorate

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Americas

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Afro-American religion · Sexual orientation · Afro-American settlement in Africa · African immigration to Latin America · Yoruba and Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade · Arab slave trade · African slave trade · Maroons · Black Power · Civil rights movement

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http://fr.wn.com/Afro-Cubains

http://de.wn.com/Afrokubaner

http://pt.wn.com/Afro-cubanos

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Bobby Sanabria
Birth name	Robert Sanabria
Born	(1957-06-02)June 2, 1957
Origin	South Bronx, New York City, US
Genres	Afro-Cuban jazz - Latin jazz - jazz
Instruments	Drums Percussion
Website	BobbySanabria.com

Bobby Sanabria is an American drummer, percussionist, composer, arranger, bandleader, educator, producer, and writer specializing in Latin jazz.

1 Biography
2 Discography
- 2.1 As a leader
- 2.2 As sideman
3 References
4 External links

Biography [link]

Sanabria was born at St. Francis Hospital in the South Bronx, where he grew up. He is of Puerto Rican ancestry: his father, José, comes from the barrio of Ensenada in Guanica, Puerto Rico, while his mother, Juanita, comes from the barrio of Jacanas, in Yabucoa, Puerto Rico.^[1]

He attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston from 1975 to 1979, graduating in 1979.^[2] He received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1983 and was a featured performer on the Mambo Kings film soundtrack. He also appeared on The Bill Cosby Show with the Mario Bauza orchestra.

Sanabria often performs in New York public schools as part of the Arts Exposure Program. He has written articles for Modern Drummer magazine and has been interviewed by the magazine several times.^[2] He currently teaches an Afro-Cuban Big Band ensemble at the Manhattan School of Music and The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music.

He has performed with Mario Bauza, Dizzy Gillespie, Tito Puente, Mongo Santamaría, Chico Freeman, Paquito D'Rivera, Candido, Ray Barretto, Chico O'Farrill, Francisco Aguabella, Henry Threadgill, Luis "Perico" Ortiz, Daniel Ponce, Michael Gibbs, Charles McPherson, Phil Wilson, and Marco Rizo.

Afro-Cuban Dream: Live and in Clave! and Big Band Urban Folktales were nominated for a Grammy award.^[3]

Discography [link]

As a leader [link]

1993 - ¡New York City Ache! featuring special guests Tito Puente & Paquito D'Rivera (originally released on Flying Fish, later re-released on Rounder Records) - NAIRD (National Association of Independent Record Distributors) nominee
2000 - Afro-Cuban Dream: Live and in Clave!!! w/special guests Candido & John Stubblefield - Bobby Sanabria Big Band (Arabesque) - NARAS Grammy nominee Best Latin Jazz Recording
2002 - Bobby Sanabria & ¡Quarteto Aché! (originally released on Khaeon, later re-released on ZOHO)
2003 - 50 Years of Mambo: A Tribute to Damaso Perez Prado - Mambo All-Stars Orchestra (Mambo Maniacs) - LARAS Latin Grammy nominee Best Traditional Tropical Recording
2007 - El Espiritu Jibaro (The Jibaro Spirit) Roswell Rudd & Yomo Toro featuring Bobby Sanabria & Ascensión
2007 - Big Band Urban Folktales - Bobby Sanabria Big Band (Jazzheads)- NARAS Grammy nominee Best Latin Jazz Recording, JJA Award (Jazz Journalists Association) Latin Jazz Album of the Year 2008 *2009 - Kenya Revisited Live!!! w/ special guest NEA Jazz Master Candido - Bobby Sanabria conducting the Manhattan School of Music Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra (Jazzheads) - LARAS Latin Grammy nominee Best Latin Jazz recording
2011 - Tito Puente Masterworks Live!!! Bobby Sanabria conducting the Manhattan School of Music Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra (Jazzheads) - LARAS Latin Grammy nominee Best Latin Jazz Recording

COMING IN 2012 - MULTIVERSE featuring special guests La Bruja & Chareneè Wade - Bobby Sanabria Big Band (Jazzheads)

As sideman [link]

WIth Jorge Sylvester

MusiCollege (Postcards Records)

References [link]

^ [1]
^ ^a ^b Skelly, Richard. "Bobby Sanabria: Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bobby-sanabria-p121757/biography. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
^ [2]

External links [link]

Persondata
Name	Sanabria, Bobby
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1957-06-02
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Bobby_Sanabria

http://es.wn.com/Bobby Sanabria

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Sanabria

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)

Cuban Boys
Origin	Torquay, United Kingdom
Genres	Synthpop
Years active	1998–present
Labels	Org Records, EMI, House Of Beauty
Website	http://www.thecubanboys.co.uk/
Members
Ricardo Autobahn Skreen B
Past members
Jenny McLaren BL Underwood

The Cuban Boys are a British band and production team, currently composed of Skreen B and Ricardo Autobahn; the band formerly also included B.L. Underwood ("Blu") and Jenny McLaren (Autobahn's sister). Their music is characterised by fast electronic beats, heavy reliance upon samples and the repetition of the words "The Cuban Boys" in the background of many of their tracks. They achieved success after being aired on John Peel's Radio 1 show with sample-heavy dance tracks and cut-ups and were responsible for the hit single "Cognoscenti Vs. Intelligentsia" which was released through EMI.

1 Band formation
2 "Cognoscenti Vs. Intelligentsia"
3 Eastwood
4 Later work
5 Related acts
6 Discography
- 6.1 Singles and EPs
- 6.2 Albums
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Band formation [link]

The Cuban Boys formed in 1998 using the Internet as a publicity and collaboration tool from the outset. After a web only release of an anonymous dance track, Diophantus Arithmetica, with hints that it was by Noel Gallagher, they recorded Oh My God! They Killed Kenny (later retitled Kenny), which featured sampled dialogue from South Park combined with The Bump by Kenny. This was played extensively by John Peel and took the 6th position in the 1998 Festive Fifty.^[1] Following this it was released as the band's first single.^[2] A six-track EP, Blueprint For Modernisation, followed. A track from this EP, "Cuban Boy (Cuban Boys Go Boom! Mix)", went on to be used as the theme music for the BBC sitcom Still Game.

"Cognoscenti Vs. Intelligentsia"[link]

The Cuban Boys next single, "Cognoscenti Vs. Intelligentsia" was built on a sample used from "Whistle Stop" by Roger Miller which was featured in the Disney movie Robin Hood. It was first featured on the Internet as part of The Hampster Dance song on the website of the same name. The same sample was later used as the basis for the song "Irritating Hamster" by the artist DJ Mavica, then as part of the Cuban Boys' hit (a close but noticeably different imitation of the original sample was used in the final release, as the licensing fees could not be met)

"Cognoscenti Vs. Intelligentsia" became a #4 hit in the UK in December 1999,^[3] following months of speculation and rumours - all of which turned out to be false - that the men behind the Cuban Boys project were in fact Paul Weller and Noel Gallagher of Oasis^{[citation needed]}. Either way, the track received many requests for play at radio, and was heavily hyped as a contender for the Christmas number one spot. Upon release, the single peaked at #4 on the Christmas chart, outsold only by Westlife at the height of their popularity, Cliff Richard (with "The Millennium Prayer"), and a re-release of John Lennon's "Imagine". It also took the number one position in the 1999 Festive Fifty.^[4]

[edit] Eastwood

In 2000, the Cuban boys released their first album, Eastwood, through EMI but, despite the popularity of "Cognoscenti Vs. Intelligentsia", Eastwood suffered poor sales. It was not released in time to capitalise on the success of "Cognoscenti Vs. Intelligentsia" and was given limited marketing.^{[citation needed]} Some of the older tunes featuring unauthorised samples had them replaced by obvious imitations.

Following the commercial failure of Eastwood, the band were dropped by the label and left with some bitterness, later expressed through their releasing a 7" cover version of the Sex Pistols' "EMI".

Later work [link]

Commercially, little was heard of the band itself after Eastwood, although they released several limited release singles and EPs. The band focused mainly on internet downloads, and made much of their early discography available free of charge from their various websites and on MySpace. All the members became involved in other projects and although the Cuban Boys never formally split up, the band ceased to be active around 2001. Its members continued to work together under various names, most notably Spray.

Following the death of John Peel in 2004, The Cuban Boys (now consisting only of Skreen B and Ricardo Autobahn) reformed to release a tribute song, "The Nation Needs You",^[5] as a free download.^[6] Following this, they returned to producing individual tracks, releasing some of them as download-only or limited release CD singles. In 2008, they released their first full album since Eastwood, The Satellite Junkyard.^[7] on their own record label, House Of Beauty.

In 2010, the Cuban Boys released a "greatest hits" compilation of their singles. Art vs Commerce amounted to twenty one tracks, and was released once again on House of Beauty Records. The cover for the CD consists of a booklet with new artwork and a detailed history of the band.

Related acts [link]

Members of the Cuban Boys have also worked on music under various names:

The Beatbox Saboteurs (Skreen B and BL Underwood)
Wave Runner
Space Kats
Spray (McLaren and Autobahn)
Dynamo Beat (Skreen B and BL Underwood)
PigynClust (Skreen B and BL Underwood)
Blu Thunder (BL Underwood)
Ricardo Autobahn (solo)
Rikki & Daz (Ricardo Autobahn and Daz Sampson)
The Barndance Boys (Ricardo Autobahn and Daz Sampson)

Discography [link]

Singles and EPs [link]

"Oh My God! They Killed Kenny!", Rough Trade Shop (1998) (7" single, limited edition of 1000)
Blueprint for Modernisation EP, Org Records (1998) (6 track CD, limited edition of 1000)
"Cognoscenti Vs. Intelligentsia", EMI (1999) - UK #4^[3]
"Inertia Kicks", Stone The Kubist Records / self published (2000)
Old Skool for Scoundrels EP, Prim & Proper / self published (2000) (7" EP on yellow vinyl, limited edition of 1000)
"EMI", Damaged Goods (2000) (7" single)
"Drink" (originally Drink Drink Drink), Sanctuary Records (2001) (unreleased promotional CD)
"The Nation Needs You", self published (2005) (promotional CD and free download)
"Spooky!", self published (2007)
"The Penthouse Messiahs", self published (2008)
"Summer Song", self published (2009)
"All Girls Have A Volvo", self published (2009) ^[6]^[8]
"I'm Backing Britain", self published (2009) (promotional CD)^[6]^[8]
"Datacrime 2011", self published (2011) (downloadable single)^[6]^[8]

Albums [link]

Eastwood, EMI (2000)
The Satellite Junkyard, House of Beauty / self published (2008)
Art vs Commerce - The Singles Collection, House of Beauty / self published (2010)

Additionally the Cuban Boys have featured on alternative compilation albums such as Damaged Goods "Totally Damaged" sampler (unique track) and have done remix work featuring on other bands' singles and EPs, e.g. Helen Love.

References [link]

^ BBC: Festive Fifty 1998
^ BBC: The Cuban invaders
^ ^a ^b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 129. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ BBC: Festive Fifty 1999
^ BBC: Cuban Boys
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cuban Boys Discography
^ Teletext UK: Review of The Satellite Junkyard
^ ^a ^b ^c Cuban Boys

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Cuban_Boys

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Boys

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Archie Shepp
Archie Shepp in Warsaw, 2008
Background information
Born	(1937-05-24) May 24, 1937 (age 75) Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.
Genres	Jazz
Occupations	Composer, saxophonist, pianist
Instruments	Tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, piano, vocals
Years active	1960–present
Labels	Impulse!, SteepleChase Arista, Delmark, BYG Actuel
Associated acts	Cecil Taylor John Coltrane Horace Parlan
Website	www.archieshepp.com

Archie Shepp in France, 1982

Archie Shepp (born May 24, 1937) is a prominent African-American jazz saxophonist.^[1] Shepp is best known for his passionately Afrocentric music of the late 1960s, which focused on highlighting the injustices faced by the African-Americans, as well as for his work with the New York Contemporary Five, Horace Parlan, and his collaborations with his "New Thing" contemporaries, most notably Cecil Taylor and John Coltrane.^[1]

1 Biography
2 Discography
3 References
4 External links

Biography [link]

Shepp was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, but raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he studied piano, clarinet and alto saxophone before focusing on tenor saxophone (he occasionally plays soprano saxophone and piano). Shepp studied drama at Goddard College from 1955 to 1959, but he eventually turned to music professionally.He played in a Latin jazz band for a short time before joining the band of avant-garde pianist Cecil Taylor. Shepp's first recording under his own name, Archie Shepp - Bill Dixon Quartet, was released on Savoy Records in 1962, and featured a composition by Ornette Coleman.^[2] Further links to Coleman came with the establishment of the New York Contemporary Five, which included Don Cherry. John Coltrane's admiration led to recordings for Impulse Records, the first of which was Four for Trane in 1964, an album of mainly Coltrane compositions on which he was sided by his long-time friend, trombonist Roswell Rudd, bassist Reggie Workman and alto player John Tchicai. The album Giant Steps had been one of Coltrane's best-known.

Shepp participated in the sessions for Coltrane's A Love Supreme in late 1964, but none of the takes he participated in were included on the final LP release (they were made available for the first time on a 2002 reissue).^[1] However, Shepp, along with Tchicai and others from the Four for Trane sessions, then cut Ascension with Coltrane in 1965, and his place alongside Coltrane at the forefront of the avant-garde jazz scene was epitomized when the pair split a record (the first side a Coltrane set, the second a Shepp set) entitled New Thing at Newport released in late 1965.

In 1965, Shepp released Fire Music, which included the first signs of his increasingly prominent political consciousness and Afrocentricity; it included the reading of an elegy for Malcolm X, and the title is derived from a ceremonial African music tradition.^[1] The Magic of Ju-Ju in 1967 also took its name from African musical traditions, and this time the music dove headlong into the continent's music, utilising an African percussion ensemble. At this time, many African-American jazzmen were increasingly influenced by various continental African cultural and musical traditions; along with Pharoah Sanders, Shepp was at the forefront of this movement. The Magic of Ju-Ju defined Shepp's sound for the next few years: freeform avant-garde saxophone lines coupled with the rhythms and ideologies of Africa.

Shepp continued to experiment into the new decade, at various times including harmonica players and spoken word poets in his ensembles. With 1972's Attica Blues and The Cry of My People, he spoke out for civil rights; the former album was a response to the Attica Prison riots.^[1] Shepp also writes for theater; his works include The Communist (1965) and Lady Day: A Musical Tragedy (1972). Both were produced by Robert Kalfin and the Chelsea Theater Center.

Beginning in 1971, Shepp began a 30-year career as a professor of music at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Shepp's first two courses were entitled "Revolutionary Concepts in African-American Music" and "Black Musician in the Theater."^[3] Shepp was also a professor of African American Studies at SUNY in Buffalo, New York.^[4]

In the late 1970s and beyond, Shepp's career went between various old territories and various new ones. He continued to explore African music, while also recording blues, ballads, spirituals (on the 1977 album Goin' Home with Horace Parlan) and tributes to more traditional jazz figures like Charlie Parker and Sidney Bechet, while at other times dabbling in R&B, and recording with various European artists like Jasper van't Hof, Tchangodei and Dresch Mihály. Since the early 1990s, he has often played with the French trumpet player Eric Le Lann. Shepp is featured in the 1981 documentary film Imagine the Sound, in which he discusses and performs his music and poetry. Shepp also appears in Mystery, Mr. Ra, a 1984 French documentary about Sun Ra. The film also includes footage of Shepp playing with Sun Ra's Arkestra.

In 2002, Shepp appeared on the Red Hot Organization's tribute album to Fela Kuti, Red Hot and Riot. Shepp appeared on a track titled "No Agreement" alongside Res, Tony Allen, Ray Lema, Baaba Maal, and Positive Black Soul. In 2004 Archie Shepp founded his own record label, Archieball, together with Monette Berthomier. The label is located in Paris, France, and features collaborations with Jacques Coursil, Monica Passos, Bernard Lubat and Frank Cassenti.

Discography [link]

Main article: Archie Shepp discography

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Biography
^ Archie Shepp Discography accessed 30 July 2009.
^ Farberman, Bradley (29 January 2007), Retired Prof. Archie Shepp discuses legendary career (Arts & Living ed.), United States: The Massachusetts Daily Collegian
^ http://social.zune.net/artist/Archie-Shepp/6b1d0000-0600-11db-89ca-0019b92a3933

Persondata
Name	Shepp, Archie
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	May 24, 1937
Place of birth	Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Shepp

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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[edit] Eastwood

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