Münster (German pronunciation: [ˈmʏnstɐ]; Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland. The city is best known as the location of the Anabaptist rebellion during the Protestant Reformation, as the site of the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648, and as the bicycle capital of Germany.
Münster gained the status of a Großstadt (major city) with more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1915.[2] Currently there are around 270,000 people living in the city, with about 48,500 students, only some of whom are recorded in the official population statistics as having their primary residence in Münster.
In 793, Charlemagne sent out Ludger as a missionary to evangelise the Münsterland.[3] In 797, Ludger founded a school that later became the Cathedral School.[3] Gymnasium Paulinum traces its history back to the school [3] He was ordained as the first bishop of Münster.[3] The first cathedral was completed by 850.[3] The combination of ford and crossroad, market place, episcopal administrative centre, library and school, established Münster as an important centre.[4] In 1040, Heinrich III became the first king in Münster.[3]
In the Middle Ages Münster was a leading member of the Hanseatic League.[3]
View from the south-west of Münster in 1570 as seen by
Remius Hogenberg. On the left is the Überwasserkirche, in the center is St. Pauls Cathedral and to its right St. Lambert's Church, and on the far right is the Ludgerikirche
In 1534, the Anabaptists led by John of Leiden, took power in the Münster Rebellion and founded a democratic proto-socialistic state. They claimed all property, burned all books except the Bible, and called it the "New Jerusalem". John of Leiden believed he would lead the elect from Münster to capture the entire world and purify it of evil with the sword in preparation for the Second Coming of Christ and the beginning of the Millennium. They went so far as to require all citizens to be naked as preparation for the Second Coming. However, the town was recaptured in 1535; the Anabaptists were tortured to death, their corpses were exhibited in cages, which can still be seen hanging on the Tower of St. Lambert's steeple.[3]
Part of the signing of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 was held in Münster.[5] This ended the Thirty Years' War.[5] It also guaranteed the future of the prince-bishop and the diocese; the area was to be exclusively Roman Catholic.
Photo of the Prinzipalmarkt in 1900.
The last outstanding palace of the German baroque period is created according to plans by Johann Conrad Schlaun.[3] In 1780 the University of Münster (today called "Westphalian Wilhelms-University", WWU) was established, now a major European centre for excellence in education and research with large faculties in the arts, humanities, theology, sciences, business and law. Currently there are about 40,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled. In 1802 Münster was conquered by Prussia during the Napoleonic Wars. It became the capital of the Prussian province of Westphalia. A century later in 1899 the city's harbour started operations when the city was linked to the Dortmund-Ems Canal.
Photo of part of the Prinzipalmarkt area around St. Lambert's church in 1945.
The Bishop of Münster in the 1940s was Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen, one of the most prominent critics of the Nazi government. In retaliation for his success (The New York Times described Bishop von Galen as "the most obstinate opponent of the National Socialist anti-Christian program[6]), Münster was heavily garrisoned during World War II and five large complexes of barracks are a still resented feature of the city. Münster was the headquarters (Hauptsitz) for the 6th Military District (Wehrkreis) of the German Wehrmacht, under the command of Infantry General (General der Infanterie) Gerhard Glokke. Originally made up of Westphalia and the Rhineland, after the Battle of France it was expanded to include the Eupen - Malmedy district of Belgium. The headquarters controlled military operations in Münster, Essen, Düsseldorf, Wuppertal, Bielefeld, Coesfeld, Paderborn, Herford, Minden, Detmold, Lingen, Osnabrück, Recklinghausen, Gelsenkirchen, and Cologne. Münster was the home station for the VI and XXIII Infantry Corps (Armeekorps), as well as the XXXIII and LVI Panzerkorps. Münster was also the home of the 6th, 16th and 25th Panzer Division; the 16th Panzergrenadier Division; and the 6th, 26th, 69th, 86th, 106th, 126th, 196th, 199th, 211th, 227th, 253rd, 254th, 264th, 306th, 326th, 329th, 336th, 371st, 385th, and 716th Infantry Divisions (Infanterie-division).
A secondary target of the Oil Campaign of World War II, Münster was bombed on October 25, 1944 by 34 diverted B-24 Liberators during a mission to a nearby primary target, the Scholven/Buer synthetic oil plant at Gelsenkirchen. About 91% of the Old City and 63% of the entire city was destroyed by Allied air raids.[7] The US 17th Airborne Division, employed in a standard infantry role and not in a parachute capacity, attacked Münster with the British 6th Guards Tank Brigade on 2 April 1945 in a ground assault and fought its way into the contested city center, which was cleared in urban combat on the following day.[8]
From 1946 to 1998, a Latvian gymnasium (school) was operating in Münster,[9] and in 1947, one of the largest of about 93 Latvian libraries in the West was established in Münster.[10]
In the 1950s the Old City was rebuilt to match its pre-war state, though many of the surrounding buildings were replaced with cheaper modern structures. It was also for several decades a garrison town for the British forces stationed in West Germany.
In 2003, Münster hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics. In 2004, Münster won an honorable distinction: the LivCom-Award for the most livable city in the world with a population between 200,000 and 750,000.[11] Münster is famous and liked for its bicycle friendliness and for the student character of the city that is due to the influence of its university, the Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster.[12][13]
Münster is situated on the river Aa, approximately 15 km south of its confluence with the Ems in the Westphalian Bight, a landscape studded with dispersed settlements and farms, the so called "Münsterland". The Wolstonian sediments of the mountain ridge called "Münsterländer Kiessandzug" cross the city from north to south. The highest elevation is the Mühlenberg in the northwest of Münster, 97 metres above sea level. The lowest elevation is at the Ems with 44 m above sea level. The city center is 60 m above sea level, measured at the Prinzipalmarkt in front of the historic city hall.
The Dutch city of Enschede is about 65 km northwest of Münster. Other major cities nearby include Osnabrück, about 44 km to the north, Dortmund, about 61 km to the south, and Bielefeld, about 62 km to the east.
Münster is one of the 42 agglomeration areas and one of the biggest cities of Germany in terms of acreage. But this includes substantial sparsely populated, agrarian districts which were formerly separate local government areas but were amalgamated in 1975. Thus nearly half the city's area is agricultural, resulting in a low population density of approximately 900 inhabitants per km².
Bronze model of Münster's city center
Moreover, the built-over area of the city is relatively large, because the buildings are smaller compared with other cities of this size: there is a high ratio of one-family houses and mansions. There are few high-rise buildings and no skyscrapers. Nevertheless the population density reaches about 15,000 inhabitants per km² in the city center.[14] Calculating the population density based on the actual populated area results in approximately 2890 inhabitants per km².[15]
The urban area of Münster of 302.91 km² is distributed into 57,54 km² covered with buildings, 0.99 km² are used for maintenance and 25.73 km² for traffic areas, 156.61 km² for agricultural and recreational purposes, 8.91 km² are covered with waterbodies, 56.69 km² is used by forests and 6,23 km² is used for other purposes.[16] The perimeter has a length of 107 km, the largest extend of the urban area in north south direction is 24.4 km, in east west direction 20.6 km.[17]
A well known saying in Münster is "Entweder es regnet oder es läuten die Glocken. Und wenn beides zusammen fällt, dann ist Sonntag" ("Either it rains or the church bells ring. And if both occur at the same time, it's Sunday."), but in reality the rainfall with approximately 758 mm per year is close to the average rainfall in Germany.[18] The impression of Münster as a rain-laden city depends not on the absolute amount of rainfall but on the above-average number of rainy days with relatively small amounts of rainfall. The average temperature is 9.4 °C with approximately 1500 sun hours per year.[18] In terms of this figure, Münster is in the bottom fifth in comparison with other German cities. The winter in Münster is fairly mild and snow is rare. The temperature during summertime meets the average in Germany.
| Climate data for Münster |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
3
(37) |
4
(39) |
8
(46) |
13
(55) |
18
(64) |
21
(70) |
22
(72) |
22
(72) |
19
(66) |
14
(57) |
8
(46) |
4
(39) |
13
(55) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−2
(28) |
−2
(28) |
0
(32) |
3
(37) |
7
(45) |
10
(50) |
12
(54) |
12
(54) |
9
(48) |
6
(43) |
2
(36) |
−1
(30) |
4.6
(40.3) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
65
(2.56) |
48
(1.89) |
60
(2.36) |
50
(1.97) |
64
(2.52) |
74
(2.91) |
67
(2.64) |
66
(2.6) |
63
(2.48) |
54
(2.13) |
71
(2.8) |
77
(3.03) |
758
(29.84) |
| Source: [18][19] |
Münster borders on following cities and municipalities, named clockwise and beginning in the northwest: Altenberge and Greven (District of Steinfurt), Telgte, Everswinkel, Sendenhorst and Drensteinfurt (District of Warendorf), as well as Ascheberg, Senden and Havixbeck (District of Coesfeld).
According to § 1 of the main constitution of Münster, the city is divided into six administrative districts (Stadtbezirke). These are "Mitte" (Middle), "Nord" (North), "Ost" (East), "West", "Süd-Ost" (South-East) and "Hiltrup". Each district is represented by a council of 19 representatives elected at each local election. Heading each council is the district mayor, or Bezirksvorsteher. Further, every district is subdivided into residential quarters (Wohnbereiche). This official term, however, is not used in common speech, as there are no discrete definitions of the individual quarters. The term "Stadtteil" is used instead, mainly referring to the incorporated communities. The districts are also divided into 45 statistical districts.
The following list names each district with its residential and additional quarters according to the constitution. These are the official names, which partly differ from the usage in common speech.[20]
Subdivision of Münster into its administrative districts – the darker parts represent the built-up areas of the city
The center can be subdivided into the city districts which have evolved historically, whose borders are not always clearly defined. Among these are Aaseestadt, Erphoviertel, Geistviertel, Hansaviertel, Herz-Jesu-Viertel, Kreuzviertel, Kuhviertel, Mauritzviertel, Pluggendorf, Rumphorst, Südviertel, Uppenberg, and the Zentrum Nord.
Münster has approximately 270,000 inhabitants, and in addition more than 10,000 have their secondary residence in the city. The city has about 50,000 resident aliens.[21] The life-expectancy in Münster is 76.3 years for males and 83.1 years for females. The average age of Münster's residents was 40.0 years in 2006.[22]
The mayor is a member and Chairman of the city Council and has the right to vote in city Council and the Steering Committee.[23] The mayor also prepares the agenda.[23] The mayor may appeal in the extreme case of opposition against the decision of the Council or the district councils, where he is satisfied that the decision jeopardized the welfare of the community.[23] However, the ultimate decision lies with the City Council.[23] has the right to collectively, with a Council member, to make an emergency decision in the event that City Council and the competent committee can not come together in time to take an urgent decision.[23]
The city is the "creative desk of Westphalia".[25] Greater Münster has many agencies that public authorities, consulting companies, insurance companies, banks, computer centres, publishing houses, advertising and design.[25] The service sectors has created several thousand jobs.[25] Retailers have approximately 1.9 billion euros turnover.[25] The city still has traditional merchants’ townhouses as well as modern outlets.[25]
The job market situation in Münster is "comparatively good".[26] Of the approximately 130,000 employees subject to social insurance contribution more than 80% work in the tertiary sector, about 17% work in the secondary sector and 1% work in the primary sector.[27]
- St. Paul's Cathedral, built in the 13th century in a mixture of late Romanesque and early Gothic styles. It has been completely restored after World War II damage. It includes an astronomical clock of 1540, adorned with hand-painted zodiac symbols, which traces the movement of the planets, and plays a Glockenspiel tune every noon.
- The Prinzipalmarkt, the marketplace in the city centre with the Gothic town hall (14th century) in which the Peace of Westphalia treaty which put an end to the Thirty Years' War was signed in 1648.
- St Lambert's Church (1375), with three cages hanging from its tower above the clock face. In 1535 these cages were used to display the corpses of Jan van Leiden and other leaders of the Münster Rebellion, who promoted polygamy and renunciation of all property.
- The Schloss (palace), built in 1767–87 as residence for the prince-bishops by the Baroque architect Johann Conrad Schlaun and Wilhelm Ferdinand Lipper. Now the administrative centre for the University.
- The Botanischer Garten Münster, a botanical garden founded in 1803.
- "Münster Arkaden" (2006), new shopping centre between Prinzipalmarkt and the Pablo Picasso Museum of Graphic Art.
- The fortress "Zwinger", build 1528. Used from the 18th to the 20th century as a prison. During World War II, the Gestapo used the "Zwinger" also for executions.
- "Krameramtshaus" (1589), an old guild house, which housed the delegation from the Netherlands during the signing of the Peace of Westphalia.
- Signal-Iduna Building (1961), the first high-rise building in Münster.
- LVM-Building, high-rise building near the Aasee.
- LBS-Building, location of Münster's first zoo. Some old structures of the former zoo can be found in the park around the office building. Also the "Tuckesburg", the strange looking house of the zoo-founder, is still intact.
- "Cavete", the oldest academic pub in Münster
- Haus Rüschhaus (1743–49), a country estate situated in Nienberge, built by Johann Conrad Schlaun for himself
- Stadthaus (1773)
- Erbdrostenhof (1749–53), a Baroque palace, also built by Schlaun
- Clemenskirche (1745–53), a Baroque church, also built by Schlaun
- Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History
- University bible museum
- City Museum ("Stadtmuseum"), exhibition of a large collection showing the political and cultural history of the city from its beginning up to present, housed by a converted former department store
- University Mineralogical Museum
- Westphalian Horse Museum ("Hippomax")
- Mühlenhof open-air museum, depicting a typical Westphalian village as it looked centuries ago
- Westphalian Museum for Natural History, state museum and planetarium
- West Prussian State Museum ("Drostenhof Wolbeck")
- Museum of Lacquer Art (founded and operated by the company BASF Coatings)
- Pablo Picasso Museum of Graphic Art, the only museum devoted exclusively to the graphic works of Pablo Picasso
- Pinkus Müller the only brewery left in Münster of original more than 150.
Main administration building of WWU.
Education is the responsibility of the state.[28] In this case, it would be North Rhine-Westphalia.[28] School education starts with primary school where they go for 4 years.[28] The city has 40 primary schools.[28] After this, they move up to either a Realschule or a Hauptschule for 6 years or a Gymnasium for 8 years.[28]
Münster is host to many institutions of higher education which includes the University of Münster and University of Applied Sciences. The city also has 92 Schools of primary and secondary education. The city has 47,000 students.[29]
The Promenade in Münster encircles the center borough of the city and is popular amongst cycling commuters.
Münster is the bicycle capital of Germany.[30] In 2007, Vehicle traffic (36.4%) fell below the number of bikes used in traffic (37.6%).[31] The city maintains an extensive network for bicycles. There are bicycle lanes and paths linking all the city districts with the inner city and there are special traffic light signals for bicycles.[31] Bicycle stations in Münster offer bicycle rentals.[31]
| Traffic violation |
Fine |
Source |
| Cycling along cycle paths in the wrong direction |
15€ |
[31] |
| Using a mobile phone while cycling |
25€ |
| Cycling with headphones or ear plugs |
10€ |
| Cycling “hands-free“ |
10€ |
| Cycling without a bell or a rear reflector |
10€ |
| Cycling at night without lights |
10€ |
| Cycling through a red light after over a second has passed |
125€
4 Points on the national registry for driving misdemeanors
Driving ban of one month for motor vehicles. |
| Cycling with a blood alcohol level of 1.6 mg/mL |
Disqualified from driving motor vehicles. |
Münster gets a lot of traffic but the infrastructure for driving is considered good.[32] Münster has a parking guidance system.[32]
Münster has the Münster Hauptbahnhof which is on the Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway.
The city is host to Preußen Münster which was created on 30 April 1906. The main section is football and the team plays at Preußenstadion.
Münster is twinned with the following places:[33]
- ^ "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. 31 December 2010. http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/amtlichebevoelkerungszahlen/index.html.
- ^ "1900 to 1945". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/stadt/tourismus/en/history_1900-1945.html. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "793 to 1800". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/stadt/tourismus/en/history_till1800.html. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ "kirchensite.de - Vita des heiligen Liudgers - Die Anfänge des Bistums Mü nster:". Kirchensite.de. http://www.kirchensite.de/index.php?myELEMENT=78003. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ a b "A foray into town history". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/stadt/tourismus/en/history.html. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ "30Days - The Lion of Münster and Pius XII". 30giorni.it. http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=4292. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
- ^ Latest activity 16 minutes ago. "The Munster Raid: Before and After (9780917678493): Ian L. Hawkins: Books". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0917678494. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
- ^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946, Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 97
- ^ Ebdene, Aija (9 February 2005). "Greetings to all users of the Guide worldwide from the Latvian Community in Germany (LKV)" (PDF). A Guide for Latvians Abroad. LKV. http://www.tm.gov.lv/lv/noderigi/sabiedribas_integracija/celvedis_eng_indd.pdf. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ Smith, Inese; Štrāle, Aina (July 2006). "Witnessing and Preserving Latvian Culture in Exile: Latvian Libraries in the West". Library History, Volume 22, Number 2 - pp. 123-135(13). Maney Publishing. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/lbh/2006/00000022/00000002/art00004?crawler=true. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ "LivCom website, page for 2004 awards.". http://www.livcomawards.com. http://www.livcomawards.com/previous-winners/2004.htm. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ leaflet
- ^ 10-minute DivX coded film: the 48mb-version or the 87mb-version from the official Münster-homepage.
- ^ Stadt Münster – Amt für Stadtentwicklung, Stadtplanung, Verkehrsplanung: Map of population density in the statistical areas, page 2
- ^ Regional statistics for NRW of Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen
- ^ Statistics for 2006 of the city of Münster, Seite 18
- ^ Münster from A–Z; Information by Münster Marketing
- ^ a b c "Monthly average temperatures, rainfall, and sunshine for Münster, DE.". http://kli.uni-muenster.de. http://kli.uni-muenster.de/de/weather/climate/index.html. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ "Monthly High/Lows for Münster, Germany.". http://www.holidaycheck.de. http://www.holidaycheck.de/klima-wetter_Muenster-ebene_oid-id_11030.html. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ Main constituation of the city of Münster of December 21, 1995 – p. 13f.
- ^ "Learning German – without forgetting your native language". Münster. http://www.muenster.de/en/learning_german.php. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ Statistics for 2006 of the city of Münster, page 54
- ^ a b c d e "Oberbürgermeister Markus Lewe". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/stadt/obm/aufgaben.html. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ "Parteien im Rat". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/stadt/parteien_im_rat.php. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Economic location". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/en/economic_location.php. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ "Job market". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/en/job_market.php. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ Statistics for 2006 of the city of Münster, page 95
- ^ a b c d e "School education". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/en/schools.php. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ "Ten times Münster - in brief". City of Münster. http://www.muenster.de/en/ten_times_muenster.php. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ "Bicycling Münster". Münster Marketing. http://www.muenster.de/stadt/tourismus/en/city-of-bikes.html. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Bicycles". Münster. http://www.muenster.de/en/bicycles.php. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
- ^ a b "Cars". Münster. http://www.muenster.de/en/cars.php. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
- ^ "Stadt Münster - Partnerstädte: Startseite". Muenster.de. http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/index.html. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
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Cities in Germany by population
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Westphalian
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* Cologne and Dortmund were both capital of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.
† Antwerp gained importance once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel. |
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