"Prishtina" redirects here. For the Albanian politician, see
Hasan Prishtina.
Pristina, also spelled Prishtina 
listen (help·info) and Priština (Albanian: Prishtinë or Prishtina, Serbian: Приштина or Priština; Turkish: Priştine) is the capital and largest city of Kosovo.[a] It is the administrative centre of the homonymous municipality and district.
Preliminary results of the 2011 census put the population of Pristina at 198,000.[1] The city has a majority Albanian population, alongside other smaller communities including Bosniaks, Roma and others. It is the administrative, educational, and cultural centre of Kosovo. The city is home to the University of Pristina and is served by the Pristina International Airport.
The name of the city is derived from a Slavic form *Prišьčь, a possessive adjective from the personal name *Prišьkъ, (preserved in the Kajkavian surname Prišek, in the Old Polish personal name Przyszek, and in the Polish surname Przyszek) and the derivational suffix -ina 'belonging to X and his kin'.[citation needed] The name is most likely a patronymic of the personal name *Prišь, preserved as a surname in Polish Przysz and Sorbian Priš, a hypocoristic of the Slavic personal name Pribyslavъ.[2] A false etymology[citation needed] connects the name Priština with Serbo-Croatian prišt (пришт), meaning 'ulcer' or 'tumour', referring to its 'boiling'.[3] However, this explanation cannot be correct, as Slavic place names ending in -ina corresponding to an adjective and/or name of an inhabitant lacking this suffix are built from personal names or denote a person and never derive, in these conditions, from common nouns (SNOJ 2007: loc. cit.). The inhabitants of this city call themselves Prishtinali in local Gheg Albanian or Prištevci (Приштевци) in the local Serbian dialect.
Pristina is located at the geographical coordinates 42° 40' 0" North and 21° 10' 0" East and covers 572 square kilometres (221 sq mi). It lies in the north-eastern part of Kosovo close to the Goljak mountains. From Pristina there is a good view of the Šar Mountains which lie several kilometres away in the south of Kosovo. Pristina is located beside two large towns, Obilić and Kosovo Polje. In fact Pristina has grown so much these past years that it has connected with Kosovo Polje. Lake Badovac is just a few kilometres to the south of the city.
There is no river passing through the city of Pristina now but there was one that passed through the centre. The river flows through underground tunnels and is let out into the surface when it passes the city. The reason for covering the river was because the river passed by the local market and everyone dumped their waste there. This caused an awful smell and the river had to be covered.[citation needed]
The river now only flows through Pristina's suburbs in the north and in the south.
Pristina has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen classification), with an obvious continental influence. The city features (very) warm summers and relatively cold, often snowy winters.
| Climate data for Pristina |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
3
(37) |
6
(43) |
11
(52) |
15
(59) |
21
(70) |
25
(77) |
27
(81) |
28
(82) |
22
(72) |
17
(63) |
10
(50) |
4
(39) |
15.8
(60.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−5
(23) |
−3
(27) |
0
(32) |
4
(39) |
9
(48) |
12
(54) |
14
(57) |
14
(57) |
10
(50) |
6
(43) |
1
(34) |
−3
(27) |
4.9
(40.9) |
| Avg. rainy days |
6 |
4 |
7 |
13 |
13 |
8 |
7 |
7 |
8 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
97 |
| Source: Weather2 [4] |
Pristina, end of the 19th century
In Roman times, a large town called Ulpiana existed 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) to the south of modern-day Pristina. This city was destroyed but was restored by the Emperor Justinian I. Today the town of Lipljan stands on the site of the Roman city, and remains of the old city can still be seen.
After the fall of Rome, Pristina grew from the ruins of the former Roman city. The city was located at a junction of roads leading in all directions throughout the Balkans and it soon rose to become an important trading centre on the main trade routes across south-eastern Europe.
Pristina came to great importance in the medieval Serbian state, and served as the capital of King Milutin (1282–1321) and other Serbian rulers from the Nemanjić and Branković dynasties until the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, when an invading Ottoman army decisively defeated the Balkans coalition army. In the following decades the area gradually came under Ottoman control, with an Ottoman law-court established in 1423. The whole of Serbia was subsequently conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1459.
Kosovar Government Central Building (Formerly a bank, damaged in the
1999 war, now fully renovated)
Pjetër Bogdani, an original writer of early Albanian literature, spent the last three years of his life in Kosovo and from March 1686 he promoted resistance to the armies of the Ottoman Empire. At the same time the Great Serb exodus started; tens of thousands of Kosovo Serb families withdrew from Kosovo to the Habsburg Empire, led by their patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic and the Habsburg army.[5][5] The demographic balance slowly shifted in favour of Albanians.[6]
During the Ottoman Empire, Pristina became increasingly Ottoman in character following the conversion to Islam of many of its inhabitants, both Albanians and Slavs.
From the 1870s onwards Albanians in the region formed the League of Prizren to resist Ottoman rule, and a provisional government was formed in 1881. On the other hand Serbia tried to enlist the support of Albanians against the Ottomans but this came to nothing, as Albanian Mujahidin were encouraging a policy akin to ethnic cleansing.[7] This increased the number of Kosovo Serbs emigrating from Kosovo, while for their part, Albanians from Albania migrated from the infertile lands of northern Albania to take advantage of the fertile lands of Kosovo.[8]
The First Balkan War erupted in 1912 and the Albanians, with Serbian assistance, launched a rebellion against Ottoman rule.[9] By September, all of Kosovo and central and southern Albania were in rebel hands, but the Ottoman rulers persuaded the Albanians to abandon their uprising by promising reforms.[10] The invasion of Kosovo by the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro saw the expulsion of many Albanians, while the same number of Serbs fled from Albanian mercenaries who exacted vengeance.[11] After the Serbian Army took the city of Pristina in October 1912, the retaliation against the civilian population was fierce.[12] Austro-Hungarian news-reports claimed that immediately upon entering the city, the Serbian Army began "hunting" Albanians, causing bloodshed and "literally decimating" Pristina's population.[13] The number of Kosovo Albanians of Pristina that were killed in the early days of Serbian rule is estimated to be approximately 5,000.[12][14]
The occupation of Kosovo and Albania by Serbia's Army ensued, but the Kingdom of Serbia had to concede independence to Albania as a result of the conference of ambassadors in London in 1913, while it was agreed that Kosovo should remain within its territory.[15] In 1918, Kosovo became a part of the newly formed Yugoslavia, though without any of the autonomy that the region later enjoyed.
Before World War II, Pristina was an ethnically mixed town with large communities of Albanians and Serbs. However, a mass series of both ethnic cleansing and genocide perpetrated by ethnic Albanians backed by the Nazis swung this largely in the Albanian's favour.[16][17]
In 1946, Pristina became the capital of the Socialist Autonomous Region of Kosovo. Between 1953 and 1999, the population increased from around 24,000 to over 300,000. All of the national communities of the city increased over this period, but the greatest increase was among the Albanian population, a large number of whom had moved from mountain areas to settle in the city. The Albanian population increased from around 9,000 in 1953 to nearly 76,000 in 1981. The Serbian and Montenegrin population increased too but by a far more modest number, from just under 8,000 in 1953 to around 21,000 by 1981. By the start of the 1980s, Albanians constituted over 70% of the city's population.
Although Kosovo was under the rule of local Albanian members of the Communist Party, economic decline and political instability in the late 1960s and at the start of the 1980s led to outbreaks of nationalist unrest. In November 1968, student demonstrations and riots in Belgrade spread to Pristina, but were put down by the Yugoslav security forces. Some of the demands of the students were nonetheless met by the Tito government, including the establishment in 1970 of the University of Pristina as an independent institution. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of Belgrade University and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use the Albanian flag.
In March 1981, students at Pristina University rioted over poor food in their university canteen. This seemingly trivial dispute rapidly spread throughout Kosovo and took on the character of a national revolt, with massive popular demonstrations in Pristina and other Kosovo towns. The Communist Yugoslav presidency quelled the disturbances by sending in riot police and the army and proclaiming a state of emergency, with several people being killed in clashes and thousands subsequently being imprisoned or disciplined.
Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in 1989, a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Serbian government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions.[citation needed] The University of Pristina was seen as a hotbed of Albanian nationalism and was duly purged: 800 lecturers were sacked and 22,500 of the 23,000 students expelled.[citation needed] In response, the Kosovo Albanians set up a "shadow government" under the authority of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), led by the writer Ibrahim Rugova. Although the city was formally controlled by Serbs appointed by the Milošević government, the LDK established parallel structures, funded by private contributions, to provide free services such as health care and education that were largely denied to the Albanian population.
The LDK's role meant, that when the Kosovo Liberation Army began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Pristina remained largely calm until the outbreak of the Kosovo War in March 1999. The city was placed under a state of emergency at the end of March and large areas were sealed off.[citation needed] After NATO began air strikes against Yugoslavia on March 24, 1999, widespread violence broke out in Pristina. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting and destruction of Albanian properties. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Pristina's main station for the express purpose of deporting them to the border of the Republic of Macedonia, where they were forced into exile. The United States Department of State estimated in May 1999 that between 100,000–120,000 people had been driven out of Pristina by government forces and paramilitaries.[citation needed]
On, or about, 1 April 1999, Serbian police went to the homes of Kosovo Albanians in the city of Pristina/Prishtinë and forced the residents to leave in a matter of minutes. During the course of Operation Horseshoe, a number of people were killed. Many of those forced from their homes went directly to the train station, while others sought shelter in nearby neighbourhoods. Hundreds of ethnic Albanians, guided by Serb police at all the intersections, gathered at the train station and then were loaded onto overcrowded trains or buses after a long wait where no food or water was provided. Those on the trains went as far as Đeneral Janković, a village near the Macedonian border. During the train ride many people had their identification papers taken from them.[18]
— War Crimes Indictment against Milošević and others
Several strategic targets in Pristina were attacked by NATO during the war, but serious physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighbourhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war, most of the city's 40,000[19] Serbs fled. The few who remained were subjected to harassment and violence in revenge attacks by gangs of Albanian thugs, which reduced Pristina's Serb population even further. Other national groups accused by the Albanians of collaboration with the Serbian war effort–notably the Roma– were also driven out. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, by August 1999 fewer than 2,000 Serbs were left in the city. The number reportedly fell even further after the March 2004 unrest in Kosovo.
The number of registered businesses in Pristina is currently at 8,725, with a total of 75,089 employees[citation needed]. The exact number of businesses is unknown because not all are registered. Since independence the Mayor of Pristina, Isa Mustafa has built many new roads in Pristina. Also he has plans to construct a ring road around the city.[20] The national government is taking part in modernising the roadways as well, building motorways to Uroševac and other cities[citation needed]. An Albanian millionaire in Croatia is building the largest building in the Balkans with a projected height of up to 262 metres (860 ft) and capacity to hold 20,000 people. The cost for this is 400 million Euro.[21] The Lakriste area is designated by Municipality as high-rise area with many complex building. The buildings such as ENK, World Trade Centre, Hysi and AXIS towers are being constructed in an area which previously served as an industrial zone.[22]
Limak Holding and French firm Aéroport de Lyon won the concession tender for Pristina International Airport. Two companies pledged investment of 140 million euros by 2012.[23]
The Museum of Kosovo is located in an Austro-Hungarian inspired building originally built for the regional administration of the Ottoman Vilayet of Kosovo. From 1945 until 1975 it served as headquarters for the Yugoslav National Army. In 1963 it was sold to the Kosovo Museum. From 1999 until 2002, the European Agency for Reconstruction had its main office in the museum building.
The Kosovo Museum has an extensive collection of archaeological and ethnological artifacts, including the Neolithic Goddess on the Throne terracotta, unearthed near Pristina in 1960[24] and depicted in the city's emblem. Although a large number of artifacts from antiquity is still in Belgrade, even though the museum was looted in 1999.
The Clock Tower (Sahat Kulla) dates back to the 19th century. Following a fire, the tower has been reconstructed using bricks. The original bell was brought to Kosovo from Moldavia. It bore an inscription reading "this bell was made in 1764 for Jon Moldova Rumen." In 2001, the original bell was stolen. The same year, French KFOR troops replaced the old clock mechanism with an electric one. Given Kosovo's electricity problems the tower is struggling to keep time.
City Park was a badly managed, and was the only real green place in Pristina.[citation needed] Three markets (one of them very large) used to be a hotspot for dumping waste and other materials on the roads.[citation needed]
After the war of 1999, Pristina has changed dramatically.[citation needed] City Park has been fully changed.[citation needed] It now has stone pathways, tall trees, flowers have been planted and a public area has been built for children.[citation needed] The much larger Gërmia Park, located to the east of the city is the best place for a family to go and relax. Restaurants, small paths for people to have a run and a large outdoor swimming pool, basketball and volleyball court have been built for the pleasure of the citizens. Lately a new green place called Tauk Bashqe has been made half way between Gërmia and City Park.[citation needed]
After the construction of the new Mother Teresa Square, many trees and flowers have been planted. This had a big impact on the city because of the trees releasing oxygen in the air. Many old buildings in front of the government building have been cleared to provide open space.[citation needed]
Basketball has been, since 2000, one of the most popular sports in Pristina. In this sport Pristina is represented in the Basketball National League by two teams. Streetball Kosova is a traditionally organized sport and cultural event in Germia Lake in Pristina, since Year 2000, too. Football is also very popular. Pristina's representatives KF Prishtina play their home games in the city's stadium.
Handball is also very popular. Pristina's representatives are recognised internationally and play international matches.
The Ottomans started conducting census surveys in Rumelia in 1486. Approximate populations reported were:
- 1486: 392 families
- 1487: 412 Christian households and 94 Muslim households
- 1569: 692 families
- 1669: 2,060 families
- 1685: 3,000 families
- 1689: 4,000 families
From 1850, surveys were conducted in the Vilayet of Kosovo. Populations reported were:
- 1850: 12,000 citizens, in 3,000 families
- 1902: 18,000 citizens, in 3,760 families
-
The 1948 official population census of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija organised by the government of the People's Republic of Serbia under the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia government recorded 19,631 citizens in 4,667 families.
The 1953 official population census of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija organised by the government of Serbia under the Yugoslav government recorded 24,229 citizens:
-
The 1971 official population census of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo organised by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government 69,514 citizens in 14,813 families:
-
The 1981 official population census of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo organised by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government 108,083 citizens in 21,017 families:
-
According to the last census in 1991 (boycotted by the Albanian majority), the population of the Pristina municipality was 199,654, including 77.63% Albanians, 15.43% Serbs and Montenegrins, 1.72% Muslims by nationality, and others.[25] This census cannot be considered accurate as it is based on previous records and estimates.
In 2004 it was estimated that the population exceeded half a million, and that Albanians form around 98% of it. The Serbian population in the city has fallen significantly since 1999, many of the city's Serbs having fled or been expelled following the end of the war. In early 1999 Pristina had about 230,000 inhabitants. There were more than 40,000 Serbs and about 6,500 Romas with the remainder being Albanians.
| Ethnic Composition, Including IDPs1 |
| Year |
Albanians |
% |
Serbs |
% |
Roma |
% |
Others2 |
% |
Total |
| 1991 census3 |
161,314 |
78.7 |
27,293 |
13.3 |
6,625 |
3.2 |
9,861 |
4.8 |
205,093 |
| 19984 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
225,388 |
| February 2000 estimate5 |
550,000 |
97.4 |
12,000 |
2.2 |
1,000 |
0.1 |
1,800 |
0.3 |
564,800 |
Source: OSCE Priština municipal profilePDF (511 KB), June 2006, page 2 (Table 1.1).
1. IDP: Internally displaced person.
2. Others include Montenegrins, Muslim Slavs, Turks, etc.
3. 1991 figures from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) Institute for Statistics. It is noted that the 1991 census was highly politicised and is thus unreliable.
4. 1999 figures from UNHCR, "Kosovo Village List", 9 March 1999 (1998 population estimate excluding forced displacement).
5. 2001 figures from KFOR – MNB (c) and for minority figures OSCE/UNHCR ‘Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo’, February 2001.
|
Notes:
References:
- ^ Official gov't census: http://esk.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/docs/REKOS%20LEAFLET%20ALB%20FINAL.pdf
- ^ SNOJ, Marko. 2007. Origjina e emrit të vendit Prishtinë. In: BOKSHI, Besim (ed.). Studime filologjike shqiptare: konferencë shkencore, 21–22 nëntor 2007. Prishtinë: Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, 2008, pp. 277–281.
- ^ This etymology is mentioned in ROOM, Adrian: Placenames of the World, Second Edition, McFarland, 2006, page 304. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3
- ^ "Climate profile for Pristina | Holiday and Travel". MyWeather2.com. http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Serbia-And-Montenegro/Pristina/climate-profile.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ a b Serbia: the history behind the name. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=0_3Wt46vBv8C&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=serb+migrations+emperor+leopold&source=bl&ots=9pUqtVbDhw&sig=ROm-TTMNu9bLWuN_8y9dSVFNwwE&hl=en&ei=zXxIS8TbFpyOnQPH8bWFCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBEQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ Silber, Laura. "Kosovo: A Short History (9780060977757): Noel Malcolm, University Pres New York: Books". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0060977752. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Kosovo: a history of clashing empires". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr230/sagall.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "Kosovo: a history of clashing empires". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr230/sagall.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "Kosovo: a history of clashing empires". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr230/sagall.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "Kosovo: a history of clashing empires". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr230/sagall.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "Kosovo: a history of clashing empires". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr230/sagall.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ a b "Archbishop Lazër Mjeda: Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosova and Macedonia". Albanianhistory.net. http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ "Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha". Albanianhistory.net. http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ "The New York Times, 31. December 1912". New York Times. 1912-12-31. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=2&res=9D0CEEDA1E3AE633A25752C3A9649D946396D6CF&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ "Kosovo: what everyone needs to know - Tim Judah - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=M2IbzZcAnUUC&pg=PP39&lpg=PP39&dq=conference+of+ambassadors+london+kosovo&source=bl&ots=GzVZUAIJoh&sig=TQ9xKRRxVuiXomUrLtFsikhYfPw&hl=en&ei=eJXXTrDWJNCcOs6V1a4O&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CGwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=conference%20of%20ambassadors%20london%20kosovo&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ Dragutin Mladich. "Carl Kosta Savich: Albanian Skenderbeg SS Division". Guskova.ru. http://www.guskova.ru/~mladich/Kosmet/skenderbeg. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Skenderbey SS Division". Kosovo.net. http://www.kosovo.net/skenderbeyss.html. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Indictment against Milosevic and others". Americanradioworks.publicradio.org. http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/kosovo/more2.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ "EuroNews Serbs in Kosovo vote in Gracanica and Mitrovica published February 3, 2008 accessed February 3, 2008". Euronews.net. http://www.euronews.net/index.php?article=468126&lng=1&option=1. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ Komuna e Prishtinës: Investime të mëdha në infrastrukturë
- ^ Macedonia participates in large Kosovo investment
- ^ New Kosova Report: Record setting skyscraper to go up in Pristina
- ^ Todays Zaman: Kosovo to open to world with Turkish-built airport, by Ali Aslan Kiliç, 14 August 2010, Saturday
- ^ a b Kosovo contest for state symbols, by Nick Thorpe, BBC, Priština, 4 June 2007. Retrieved on 21 February 2008.
- ^ Statistic data for the municipality of Priština – grad[dead link]
- ^ "Turkey's Bursa, Kosovo's Pristina become sister cities" worldbulletin.net 2 September 2010 Link accessed 2 September 2010
- ^ "Twinning Cities: International Relations" (PDF). Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ^ Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
Coordinates: 42°40′N 21°10′E / 42.667°N 21.167°E / 42.667; 21.167
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| Western |
Northern |
Central |
Southern |
Eastern |
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